The concept of security: Should it be redefined?

Journal of Strategic Studies

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2001, Pages

  Miller, Benjamin ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 9944234201     PISSN: 01402390     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01402390108565553     Document Type: Article

References (160)

1. These citations are in Emma Rothschild, 'What is Security?', Daedalus 124/3 (Summer 1995) pp.53-98 at pp.55-6.
2. Richard Ullman, 'Redefining Security', International Security 8/1 (Summer 1983).
3. Cited in Barry Buzan, People, States & Fear: An Agenda for international security studies in the post-Cold War era (Chapel Hill: UNC 1991) p.17; and in Marc Levy, 'Is the Environment a National Security Issue?', International Security 20/2 (Fall 1995) pp.35-62 at p.40. See also the citations of new definitions of the concept security in Daniel Deudney, 'The Case against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security', Millennium 19/3 (Winter 1990) pp.461-76 at p.462; and the review in Levy (note 3) and the long list of references in Peter Katzenstein (ed.) The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (NY: Columbia UP 1996) p.9, n.20.
4. Cited in Barry Buzan, People, States & Fear: An Agenda for international security studies in the post-Cold War era (Chapel Hill: UNC 1991) p.17; and in Marc Levy, 'Is the Environment a National Security Issue?', International Security 20/2 (Fall 1995) pp.35-62 at p.40. See also the citations of new definitions of the concept security in Daniel Deudney, 'The Case against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security', Millennium 19/3 (Winter 1990) pp.461-76 at p.462; and the review in Levy (note 3) and the long list of references in Peter Katzenstein (ed.) The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (NY: Columbia UP 1996) p.9, n.20.
5. Cited in Barry Buzan, People, States & Fear: An Agenda for international security studies in the post-Cold War era (Chapel Hill: UNC 1991) p.17; and in Marc Levy, 'Is the Environment a National Security Issue?', International Security 20/2 (Fall 1995) pp.35-62 at p.40. See also the citations of new definitions of the concept security in Daniel Deudney, 'The Case against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security', Millennium 19/3 (Winter 1990) pp.461-76 at p.462; and the review in Levy (note 3) and the long list of references in Peter Katzenstein (ed.) The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (NY: Columbia UP 1996) p.9, n.20.
6. Cited in Barry Buzan, People, States & Fear: An Agenda for international security studies in the post-Cold War era (Chapel Hill: UNC 1991) p.17; and in Marc Levy, 'Is the Environment a National Security Issue?', International Security 20/2 (Fall 1995) pp.35-62 at p.40. See also the citations of new definitions of the concept security in Daniel Deudney, 'The Case against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security', Millennium 19/3 (Winter 1990) pp.461-76 at p.462; and the review in Levy (note 3) and the long list of references in Peter Katzenstein (ed.) The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (NY: Columbia UP 1996) p.9, n.20.
7. Levy (note 3) p.61; Keith Krause and Michael C. Williams, 'Broadening the Agenda of Security Studies: Politics and Methods', Mershon International Studies Review 40/2 (Oct. 1996) pp.229-54 at p.233.
8. See Stephen Walt, 'The Renaissance of Security Studies', International Studies Quarterly 35/2 (1991) pp.211-40 at p.212. See also Deudney (note 3); and Levy (note 3). For a critique of Wall, see Edward A. Kolodziej, 'Renaissance in Security Studies? Caveat lector!' International Studies Quarterly 36/4 (Dec. 1992).
9. See Stephen Walt, 'The Renaissance of Security Studies', International Studies Quarterly 35/2 (1991) pp.211-40 at p.212. See also Deudney (note 3); and Levy (note 3). For a critique of Wall, see Edward A. Kolodziej, 'Renaissance in Security Studies? Caveat lector!' International Studies Quarterly 36/4 (Dec. 1992).
10. Helga Haftendorn, 'The Security Puzzle: Theory Building and Discipline Building in International Security', International Studies Quarterly 35/1 (1991) pp.3-17 cited in Levy (note 3) p.39. See also the useful discussion by Patrick M. Morgan 'Regional Security Complexes and Regional Orders', in David A. Lake and Patrick M. Morgan (eds.) Regional Orders: Building Security in a New World (University Park: Pennsylvania State UP 1997) pp.22-4.
11. Helga Haftendorn, 'The Security Puzzle: Theory Building and Discipline Building in International Security', International Studies Quarterly 35/1 (1991) pp.3-17 cited in Levy (note 3) p.39. See also the useful discussion by Patrick M. Morgan 'Regional Security Complexes and Regional Orders', in David A. Lake and Patrick M. Morgan (eds.) Regional Orders: Building Security in a New World (University Park: Pennsylvania State UP 1997) pp.22-4.
12. This refers to normally functioning states. In the case of 'weak', and especially 'failed' or collapsed states, the state is unable to maintain a monopoly over means of violence and provide security to its citizens. The result is instability and insecurity similar, in principle, to the anarchic international system. In practice, the level of violence in these failed states might far exceed the situation in a particular international system, especially if various stabilizing mechanisms operate effectively in that system, as discussed below. On weak and collapsed or failed states, see Buzan (note 3) pp.99-103; Mohammed Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1995); William Zartman, Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1995); K.J. Holsti, War, The State, and the State of War (Cambridge: CUP 1996); and Barry Buzan and Ole Waever and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Famework for Analysis (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1998).
13. This refers to normally functioning states. In the case of 'weak', and especially 'failed' or collapsed states, the state is unable to maintain a monopoly over means of violence and provide security to its citizens. The result is instability and insecurity similar, in principle, to the anarchic international system. In practice, the level of violence in these failed states might far exceed the situation in a particular international system, especially if various stabilizing mechanisms operate effectively in that system, as discussed below. On weak and collapsed or failed states, see Buzan (note 3) pp.99-103; Mohammed Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1995); William Zartman, Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1995); K.J. Holsti, War, The State, and the State of War (Cambridge: CUP 1996); and Barry Buzan and Ole Waever and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Famework for Analysis (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1998).
14. This refers to normally functioning states. In the case of 'weak', and especially 'failed' or collapsed states, the state is unable to maintain a monopoly over means of violence and provide security to its citizens. The result is instability and insecurity similar, in principle, to the anarchic international system. In practice, the level of violence in these failed states might far exceed the situation in a particular international system, especially if various stabilizing mechanisms operate effectively in that system, as discussed below. On weak and collapsed or failed states, see Buzan (note 3) pp.99-103; Mohammed Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1995); William Zartman, Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1995); K.J. Holsti, War, The State, and the State of War (Cambridge: CUP 1996); and Barry Buzan and Ole Waever and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Famework for Analysis (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1998).
15. This refers to normally functioning states. In the case of 'weak', and especially 'failed' or collapsed states, the state is unable to maintain a monopoly over means of violence and provide security to its citizens. The result is instability and insecurity similar, in principle, to the anarchic international system. In practice, the level of violence in these failed states might far exceed the situation in a particular international system, especially if various stabilizing mechanisms operate effectively in that system, as discussed below. On weak and collapsed or failed states, see Buzan (note 3) pp.99-103; Mohammed Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1995); William Zartman, Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1995); K.J. Holsti, War, The State, and the State of War (Cambridge: CUP 1996); and Barry Buzan and Ole Waever and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Famework for Analysis (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1998).
16. On international anarchy, see Robert Jervis, 'Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma', World Politics 30/2 (Jan. 1978) pp. 167-214; Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley 1979); Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (NY: Columbia UP 1977); and Buzan (note 3) p.21. For critiques of the realist conception of anarchy, see Helen Milner, 'The assumption of anarchy in international relations theory: a critique', Review of International Studies 17 (1991) pp.67-85; and Alexander Wendt, 'Anarchy is what states make of it', International Organization 46 (Spring 1992). See also Robert Powell, 'Anarchy in international relations theory: the neorealist-neoliberal debate', ibid. 48/2 (Spring 1994) pp.313-44; James Fearon, 'Rationalist explanations for war', ibid. 49/3 (Summer 1995) pp.379-414; and Jonathan Mercer, 'Anarchy and identity', ibid. 49/2 (Spring 1995) pp.229-52.
17. On international anarchy, see Robert Jervis, 'Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma', World Politics 30/2 (Jan. 1978) pp. 167-214; Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley 1979); Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (NY: Columbia UP 1977); and Buzan (note 3) p.21. For critiques of the realist conception of anarchy, see Helen Milner, 'The assumption of anarchy in international relations theory: a critique', Review of International Studies 17 (1991) pp.67-85; and Alexander Wendt, 'Anarchy is what states make of it', International Organization 46 (Spring 1992). See also Robert Powell, 'Anarchy in international relations theory: the neorealist-neoliberal debate', ibid. 48/2 (Spring 1994) pp.313-44; James Fearon, 'Rationalist explanations for war', ibid. 49/3 (Summer 1995) pp.379-414; and Jonathan Mercer, 'Anarchy and identity', ibid. 49/2 (Spring 1995) pp.229-52.
18. On international anarchy, see Robert Jervis, 'Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma', World Politics 30/2 (Jan. 1978) pp. 167-214; Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley 1979); Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (NY: Columbia UP 1977); and Buzan (note 3) p.21. For critiques of the realist conception of anarchy, see Helen Milner, 'The assumption of anarchy in international relations theory: a critique', Review of International Studies 17 (1991) pp.67-85; and Alexander Wendt, 'Anarchy is what states make of it', International Organization 46 (Spring 1992). See also Robert Powell, 'Anarchy in international relations theory: the neorealist-neoliberal debate', ibid. 48/2 (Spring 1994) pp.313-44; James Fearon, 'Rationalist explanations for war', ibid. 49/3 (Summer 1995) pp.379-414; and Jonathan Mercer, 'Anarchy and identity', ibid. 49/2 (Spring 1995) pp.229-52.
19. On international anarchy, see Robert Jervis, 'Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma', World Politics 30/2 (Jan. 1978) pp. 167-214; Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley 1979); Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (NY: Columbia UP 1977); and Buzan (note 3) p.21. For critiques of the realist conception of anarchy, see Helen Milner, 'The assumption of anarchy in international relations theory: a critique', Review of International Studies 17 (1991) pp.67-85; and Alexander Wendt, 'Anarchy is what states make of it', International Organization 46 (Spring 1992). See also Robert Powell, 'Anarchy in international relations theory: the neorealist-neoliberal debate', ibid. 48/2 (Spring 1994) pp.313-44; James Fearon, 'Rationalist explanations for war', ibid. 49/3 (Summer 1995) pp.379-414; and Jonathan Mercer, 'Anarchy and identity', ibid. 49/2 (Spring 1995) pp.229-52.
20. On international anarchy, see Robert Jervis, 'Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma', World Politics 30/2 (Jan. 1978) pp. 167-214; Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley 1979); Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (NY: Columbia UP 1977); and Buzan (note 3) p.21. For critiques of the realist conception of anarchy, see Helen Milner, 'The assumption of anarchy in international relations theory: a critique', Review of International Studies 17 (1991) pp.67-85; and Alexander Wendt, 'Anarchy is what states make of it', International Organization 46 (Spring 1992). See also Robert Powell, 'Anarchy in international relations theory: the neorealist-neoliberal debate', ibid. 48/2 (Spring 1994) pp.313-44; James Fearon, 'Rationalist explanations for war', ibid. 49/3 (Summer 1995) pp.379-414; and Jonathan Mercer, 'Anarchy and identity', ibid. 49/2 (Spring 1995) pp.229-52.
21. On international anarchy, see Robert Jervis, 'Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma', World Politics 30/2 (Jan. 1978) pp. 167-214; Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley 1979); Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (NY: Columbia UP 1977); and Buzan (note 3) p.21. For critiques of the realist conception of anarchy, see Helen Milner, 'The assumption of anarchy in international relations theory: a critique', Review of International Studies 17 (1991) pp.67-85; and Alexander Wendt, 'Anarchy is what states make of it', International Organization 46 (Spring 1992). See also Robert Powell, 'Anarchy in international relations theory: the neorealist-neoliberal debate', ibid. 48/2 (Spring 1994) pp.313-44; James Fearon, 'Rationalist explanations for war', ibid. 49/3 (Summer 1995) pp.379-414; and Jonathan Mercer, 'Anarchy and identity', ibid. 49/2 (Spring 1995) pp.229-52.
22. On international anarchy, see Robert Jervis, 'Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma', World Politics 30/2 (Jan. 1978) pp. 167-214; Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley 1979); Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (NY: Columbia UP 1977); and Buzan (note 3) p.21. For critiques of the realist conception of anarchy, see Helen Milner, 'The assumption of anarchy in international relations theory: a critique', Review of International Studies 17 (1991) pp.67-85; and Alexander Wendt, 'Anarchy is what states make of it', International Organization 46 (Spring 1992). See also Robert Powell, 'Anarchy in international relations theory: the neorealist-neoliberal debate', ibid. 48/2 (Spring 1994) pp.313-44; James Fearon, 'Rationalist explanations for war', ibid. 49/3 (Summer 1995) pp.379-414; and Jonathan Mercer, 'Anarchy and identity', ibid. 49/2 (Spring 1995) pp.229-52.
23. On international anarchy, see Robert Jervis, 'Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma', World Politics 30/2 (Jan. 1978) pp. 167-214; Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley 1979); Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (NY: Columbia UP 1977); and Buzan (note 3) p.21. For critiques of the realist conception of anarchy, see Helen Milner, 'The assumption of anarchy in international relations theory: a critique', Review of International Studies 17 (1991) pp.67-85; and Alexander Wendt, 'Anarchy is what states make of it', International Organization 46 (Spring 1992). See also Robert Powell, 'Anarchy in international relations theory: the neorealist-neoliberal debate', ibid. 48/2 (Spring 1994) pp.313-44; James Fearon, 'Rationalist explanations for war', ibid. 49/3 (Summer 1995) pp.379-414; and Jonathan Mercer, 'Anarchy and identity', ibid. 49/2 (Spring 1995) pp.229-52.
24. Kenneth Waltz, Man, the State and War (NY: Columbia UP 1959).
25. Waltz (note 8) pp.112-13.
26. On the security dilemma, see John H. Herz, 'Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma', World Politics 2/2 (Jan. 1950) pp.157-80; Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton UP 1976); Jervis (note 8); Robert Jervis, 'Security Regimes', in Stephen Krasner (ed.) International Regimes (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP 1983); idem, 'From Balance of Power to Concert: A Study of International Security Cooperation', World Politics 38/1 (Oct. 1985) pp.58-79; Alexander George, 'Factors Influencing Security Cooperation', in idem, Philip Farley, and Alexander Dallin (eds.) U.S.-Soviet Security Cooperation: Achievements, Failures, Lessons (NY: OUP 1988) Ch.27, pp.656-8; and Benjamin Miller, 'Polarity, Nuclear Weapons, and Major War', Security Studies 4/3 (Summer 1994).
27. On the security dilemma, see John H. Herz, 'Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma', World Politics 2/2 (Jan. 1950) pp.157-80; Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton UP 1976); Jervis (note 8); Robert Jervis, 'Security Regimes', in Stephen Krasner (ed.) International Regimes (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP 1983); idem, 'From Balance of Power to Concert: A Study of International Security Cooperation', World Politics 38/1 (Oct. 1985) pp.58-79; Alexander George, 'Factors Influencing Security Cooperation', in idem, Philip Farley, and Alexander Dallin (eds.) U.S.-Soviet Security Cooperation: Achievements, Failures, Lessons (NY: OUP 1988) Ch.27, pp.656-8; and Benjamin Miller, 'Polarity, Nuclear Weapons, and Major War', Security Studies 4/3 (Summer 1994).
28. On the security dilemma, see John H. Herz, 'Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma', World Politics 2/2 (Jan. 1950) pp.157-80; Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton UP 1976); Jervis (note 8); Robert Jervis, 'Security Regimes', in Stephen Krasner (ed.) International Regimes (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP 1983); idem, 'From Balance of Power to Concert: A Study of International Security Cooperation', World Politics 38/1 (Oct. 1985) pp.58-79; Alexander George, 'Factors Influencing Security Cooperation', in idem, Philip Farley, and Alexander Dallin (eds.) U.S.-Soviet Security Cooperation: Achievements, Failures, Lessons (NY: OUP 1988) Ch.27, pp.656-8; and Benjamin Miller, 'Polarity, Nuclear Weapons, and Major War', Security Studies 4/3 (Summer 1994).
29. On the security dilemma, see John H. Herz, 'Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma', World Politics 2/2 (Jan. 1950) pp.157-80; Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton UP 1976); Jervis (note 8); Robert Jervis, 'Security Regimes', in Stephen Krasner (ed.) International Regimes (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP 1983); idem, 'From Balance of Power to Concert: A Study of International Security Cooperation', World Politics 38/1 (Oct. 1985) pp.58-79; Alexander George, 'Factors Influencing Security Cooperation', in idem, Philip Farley, and Alexander Dallin (eds.) U.S.-Soviet Security Cooperation: Achievements, Failures, Lessons (NY: OUP 1988) Ch.27, pp.656-8; and Benjamin Miller, 'Polarity, Nuclear Weapons, and Major War', Security Studies 4/3 (Summer 1994).
30. On the security dilemma, see John H. Herz, 'Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma', World Politics 2/2 (Jan. 1950) pp.157-80; Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton UP 1976); Jervis (note 8); Robert Jervis, 'Security Regimes', in Stephen Krasner (ed.) International Regimes (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP 1983); idem, 'From Balance of Power to Concert: A Study of International Security Cooperation', World Politics 38/1 (Oct. 1985) pp.58-79; Alexander George, 'Factors Influencing Security Cooperation', in idem, Philip Farley, and Alexander Dallin (eds.) U.S.-Soviet Security Cooperation: Achievements, Failures, Lessons (NY: OUP 1988) Ch.27, pp.656-8; and Benjamin Miller, 'Polarity, Nuclear Weapons, and Major War', Security Studies 4/3 (Summer 1994).
31. On the security dilemma, see John H. Herz, 'Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma', World Politics 2/2 (Jan. 1950) pp.157-80; Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton UP 1976); Jervis (note 8); Robert Jervis, 'Security Regimes', in Stephen Krasner (ed.) International Regimes (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP 1983); idem, 'From Balance of Power to Concert: A Study of International Security Cooperation', World Politics 38/1 (Oct. 1985) pp.58-79; Alexander George, 'Factors Influencing Security Cooperation', in idem, Philip Farley, and Alexander Dallin (eds.) U.S.-Soviet Security Cooperation: Achievements, Failures, Lessons (NY: OUP 1988) Ch.27, pp.656-8; and Benjamin Miller, 'Polarity, Nuclear Weapons, and Major War', Security Studies 4/3 (Summer 1994).
32. Waltz (note 9) p.234; Jervis (note 11, 1976) pp.67, 94; Jervis (note 8); Robert Jervis, 'Systems Theories and Diplomatic History', in Lauren G. Paul (ed.) Diplomacy: New Approaches in History, Theory, and Policy (NY: Free Press 1979) pp.213, 217; Jervis (note 11, 1985); Alexander George, 'Ideology and International Relations: A Conceptual Analysis', Draft of a paper prepared for a conference on Ideology and its Influence on International Politics (Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem 1984) pp.4-5; Benjamin Miller, When Opponents Cooperate: Great Power Conflict and Collaboration in World Politics (Ann Arbor: U. of Michigan Press 1995) Ch.3; and Charles Glaser, 'The Security Dilemma Revisited', World Politics 50/1 (Oct. 1997).
33. Waltz (note 9) p.234; Jervis (note 11, 1976) pp.67, 94; Jervis (note 8); Robert Jervis, 'Systems Theories and Diplomatic History', in Lauren G. Paul (ed.) Diplomacy: New Approaches in History, Theory, and Policy (NY: Free Press 1979) pp.213, 217; Jervis (note 11, 1985); Alexander George, 'Ideology and International Relations: A Conceptual Analysis', Draft of a paper prepared for a conference on Ideology and its Influence on International Politics (Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem 1984) pp.4-5; Benjamin Miller, When Opponents Cooperate: Great Power Conflict and Collaboration in World Politics (Ann Arbor: U. of Michigan Press 1995) Ch.3; and Charles Glaser, 'The Security Dilemma Revisited', World Politics 50/1 (Oct. 1997).
34. Waltz (note 9) p.234; Jervis (note 11, 1976) pp.67, 94; Jervis (note 8); Robert Jervis, 'Systems Theories and Diplomatic History', in Lauren G. Paul (ed.) Diplomacy: New Approaches in History, Theory, and Policy (NY: Free Press 1979) pp.213, 217; Jervis (note 11, 1985); Alexander George, 'Ideology and International Relations: A Conceptual Analysis', Draft of a paper prepared for a conference on Ideology and its Influence on International Politics (Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem 1984) pp.4-5; Benjamin Miller, When Opponents Cooperate: Great Power Conflict and Collaboration in World Politics (Ann Arbor: U. of Michigan Press 1995) Ch.3; and Charles Glaser, 'The Security Dilemma Revisited', World Politics 50/1 (Oct. 1997).
35. Waltz (note 9) p.234; Jervis (note 11, 1976) pp.67, 94; Jervis (note 8); Robert Jervis, 'Systems Theories and Diplomatic History', in Lauren G. Paul (ed.) Diplomacy: New Approaches in History, Theory, and Policy (NY: Free Press 1979) pp.213, 217; Jervis (note 11, 1985); Alexander George, 'Ideology and International Relations: A Conceptual Analysis', Draft of a paper prepared for a conference on Ideology and its Influence on International Politics (Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem 1984) pp.4-5; Benjamin Miller, When Opponents Cooperate: Great Power Conflict and Collaboration in World Politics (Ann Arbor: U. of Michigan Press 1995) Ch.3; and Charles Glaser, 'The Security Dilemma Revisited', World Politics 50/1 (Oct. 1997).
36. See Ayoob (note 7) pp.4-12.
37. Arnold Wolfers, Discord and Collaboration (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP 1962) p.150. See also the refinement in David A. Baldwin 'The Concept of Security', Review of International Studies 23 (1997) pp.5-26 at p.13: 'a low probability of damage to acquired values'.
38. Arnold Wolfers, Discord and Collaboration (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP 1962) p.150. See also the refinement in David A. Baldwin 'The Concept of Security', Review of International Studies 23 (1997) pp.5-26 at p.13: 'a low probability of damage to acquired values'.
39. See Lippmann's definition, cited in Ayoob (note 7) p.5.
40. These five components constitute an ideal type and there are differences on some of these points among different traditionalist scholars.
41. A considerable amount of research shows that most wars take place between neighboring states. For a review of these findings, see John A. Vasquez, 'Why do Neighbors Fight? Proximity, Interaction or Territoriality', Journal of Peace Research 32/3 (1995) pp.277-93 at pp.278-9.
42. The balance of power school (overviewed in Benjamin Miller, 'Competing Realist Approaches to Great Power Crisis Behavior', Security Studies 5/2, Spring 1996) underlines the prevalence under anarchy of states preserving their security by balancing either the power of the strong states in the international system (Waltz, note 8) or particularly the power of threatening states (Stephen Walt, The Origins of Alliances (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP 1987)). The balancing is done either internally (armament) or externally (alliances).
43. The balance of power school (overviewed in Benjamin Miller, 'Competing Realist Approaches to Great Power Crisis Behavior', Security Studies 5/2, Spring 1996) underlines the prevalence under anarchy of states preserving their security by balancing either the power of the strong states in the international system (Waltz, note 8) or particularly the power of threatening states (Stephen Walt, The Origins of Alliances (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP 1987)). The balancing is done either internally (armament) or externally (alliances).
44. The best critique is Wolfers' classic essay: Arnold Wolfers, 'National Security as an Ambiguous Symbol', in Wolfers (note 14) pp. 147-65.
45. Wolfers (note 19) p.159.
46. Ibid, p.161.
47. On the Munich analogy, see Yuen Foong Khong, Analogies at War (Princeton UP 1992) Ch.7.
48. The classic discussion is Jervis (note 11, 1976) Ch.3. For an overview, see Martin Patchen, Resolving Disputes between Nations: Coercion or Conciliation? (Durham, NC: Duke UP 1988). The dilemma is implied as a major point of contention in the current debate between defensive and offensive realists. For overviews of the debate, see Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven Miller, 'Preface', in Michael E. Brown, Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven E. Miller (eds.) The Perils of Anarchy: Contemporary Realism and International Security (Cambridge: MIT Press 1995); Benjamin Frankel, 'Restating the Realist Case: An Introduction', Security Studies 5/3 (Spring 1996); Sean M. Lynn-Jones, 'Realism and America's Rise: A Review Essay', International Security 23 (Fall 1998) pp.157-82; and Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, 'SecuritySeeking Under Anarchy: Defensive Realism Reconsidered', Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association (Washington DC, Feb. 1999).
49. The classic discussion is Jervis (note 11, 1976) Ch.3. For an overview, see Martin Patchen, Resolving Disputes between Nations: Coercion or Conciliation? (Durham, NC: Duke UP 1988). The dilemma is implied as a major point of contention in the current debate between defensive and offensive realists. For overviews of the debate, see Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven Miller, 'Preface', in Michael E. Brown, Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven E. Miller (eds.) The Perils of Anarchy: Contemporary Realism and International Security (Cambridge: MIT Press 1995); Benjamin Frankel, 'Restating the Realist Case: An Introduction', Security Studies 5/3 (Spring 1996); Sean M. Lynn-Jones, 'Realism and America's Rise: A Review Essay', International Security 23 (Fall 1998) pp.157-82; and Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, 'SecuritySeeking Under Anarchy: Defensive Realism Reconsidered', Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association (Washington DC, Feb. 1999).
50. The classic discussion is Jervis (note 11, 1976) Ch.3. For an overview, see Martin Patchen, Resolving Disputes between Nations: Coercion or Conciliation? (Durham, NC: Duke UP 1988). The dilemma is implied as a major point of contention in the current debate between defensive and offensive realists. For overviews of the debate, see Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven Miller, 'Preface', in Michael E. Brown, Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven E. Miller (eds.) The Perils of Anarchy: Contemporary Realism and International Security (Cambridge: MIT Press 1995); Benjamin Frankel, 'Restating the Realist Case: An Introduction', Security Studies 5/3 (Spring 1996); Sean M. Lynn-Jones, 'Realism and America's Rise: A Review Essay', International Security 23 (Fall 1998) pp.157-82; and Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, 'SecuritySeeking Under Anarchy: Defensive Realism Reconsidered', Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association (Washington DC, Feb. 1999).
51. The classic discussion is Jervis (note 11, 1976) Ch.3. For an overview, see Martin Patchen, Resolving Disputes between Nations: Coercion or Conciliation? (Durham, NC: Duke UP 1988). The dilemma is implied as a major point of contention in the current debate between defensive and offensive realists. For overviews of the debate, see Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven Miller, 'Preface', in Michael E. Brown, Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven E. Miller (eds.) The Perils of Anarchy: Contemporary Realism and International Security (Cambridge: MIT Press 1995); Benjamin Frankel, 'Restating the Realist Case: An Introduction', Security Studies 5/3 (Spring 1996); Sean M. Lynn-Jones, 'Realism and America's Rise: A Review Essay', International Security 23 (Fall 1998) pp.157-82; and Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, 'SecuritySeeking Under Anarchy: Defensive Realism Reconsidered', Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association (Washington DC, Feb. 1999).
52. The classic discussion is Jervis (note 11, 1976) Ch.3. For an overview, see Martin Patchen, Resolving Disputes between Nations: Coercion or Conciliation? (Durham, NC: Duke UP 1988). The dilemma is implied as a major point of contention in the current debate between defensive and offensive realists. For overviews of the debate, see Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven Miller, 'Preface', in Michael E. Brown, Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven E. Miller (eds.) The Perils of Anarchy: Contemporary Realism and International Security (Cambridge: MIT Press 1995); Benjamin Frankel, 'Restating the Realist Case: An Introduction', Security Studies 5/3 (Spring 1996); Sean M. Lynn-Jones, 'Realism and America's Rise: A Review Essay', International Security 23 (Fall 1998) pp.157-82; and Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, 'SecuritySeeking Under Anarchy: Defensive Realism Reconsidered', Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association (Washington DC, Feb. 1999).
53. Richard Rosecrance, The Rise of the Trading State: Commerce and Conquest in the Modern World (NY: Basic Books 1986).
54. John Mueller, Retreat from Doomsday: The Obsolescence of Major War (NY: Basic Books 1989) pp.3-62, 217-65.
55. Francis Fukuyama, 'The End of History?' The National Interest 16 (Summer 1989) pp.3-18.
56. Krause and Williams (note 4).
57. Ayoob (note 7); J. Ann Tickner, 'Re-visioning Security', in Ken Booth and Steve Smith (eds.) International Relations Theory Today (Oxford: OUP 1995) pp.175-97 at p.179.
58. James Mayall, Nationalism and International Society (Cambridge: CUP 1990); Buzan, Waever and de Wilde (note 7) p.53.
59. Ayoob (note 7); KJ. Holsti, 'International Theory and War in the Third World', in Brian Job (ed.) The Insecurity Dilemma: National Security of Third World States (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1992) pp.37-62 at pp.37-8; Holsti (note 7); Morgan (note 6) p.23 and the citations he cites.
60. Nicole Ball, Security and Economy in the Third World (Princeton UP 1988); Buzan (note 3) pp.43-50.
61. See Rothschild (note 1).
62. Ullman (note 2); see also Tickner (note 28) p.182.
63. See Buzan (note 3); for further development of this conception of security, see Buzan, Waever and de Wilde (note 7).
64. E. Azar and C. Moon (eds.) National Security in the Third World (London: Edward Elgar 1988); Myron Weiner, 'Security, Stability, and International Migration', International Security 17/3 (Winter 1992-93); Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (NY: Simon & Schuster 1996).
65. E. Azar and C. Moon (eds.) National Security in the Third World (London: Edward Elgar 1988); Myron Weiner, 'Security, Stability, and International Migration', International Security 17/3 (Winter 1992-93); Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (NY: Simon & Schuster 1996).
66. E. Azar and C. Moon (eds.) National Security in the Third World (London: Edward Elgar 1988); Myron Weiner, 'Security, Stability, and International Migration', International Security 17/3 (Winter 1992-93); Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (NY: Simon & Schuster 1996).
67. Buzan (note 3).
68. Ball (note 31).
69. C. Thomas, In Search of Security: The Third World in International Relations (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1987); Seyom Brown, 'World Interests and the Changing Dimensions of Security', in Michael T. Klare and Yogesh Chandrani, World Security: Challenges for New Security (NY: St Martin's Press 1998); additional citations in Tickner (note 28) pp. 180-2.
70. C. Thomas, In Search of Security: The Third World in International Relations (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner 1987); Seyom Brown, 'World Interests and the Changing Dimensions of Security', in Michael T. Klare and Yogesh Chandrani, World Security: Challenges for New Security (NY: St Martin's Press 1998); additional citations in Tickner (note 28) pp. 180-2.
71. Buzan, Waever and de Wilde (note 7) pp.71-94.
72. Jessica Mathews. 'Redefining Security', Foreign Affairs 68/2 (Spring 1989) pp. 162-77. For additional citations see Duedney (note 3) p.462 and Levy (note 3).
73. Ball (note 31).
74. Kant cited in Michael Doyle, 'Liberalism and World Polities', American Political Science Review 80 (Dec. 1986) pp.1151-69; Zeev Maoz and Bruce Russett, 'Structural and Normative causes of Peace between Democracies', American Political Science Review 87/3 (Sept. 1993) pp.624-38.
75. Kant cited in Michael Doyle, 'Liberalism and World Polities', American Political Science Review 80 (Dec. 1986) pp.1151-69; Zeev Maoz and Bruce Russett, 'Structural and Normative causes of Peace between Democracies', American Political Science Review 87/3 (Sept. 1993) pp.624-38.
76. Edward Mansfield and Jack Snyder 'Democratization and War', Foreign Affairs 74/3 (May/June 1995) pp.79-97.
77. Ayoob (note 7); Holsti (note 7).
78. Rosecrance (note 24); Carl Kaysen, 'Is War Obsolete? A Review Essay', International Security 14/4 (Spring 1990); reprinted in Sean M. Lynn-Jones (ed.) The Cold War and After: Prospects for Peace (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1990) pp.81-103.
79. Rosecrance (note 24); Carl Kaysen, 'Is War Obsolete? A Review Essay', International Security 14/4 (Spring 1990); reprinted in Sean M. Lynn-Jones (ed.) The Cold War and After: Prospects for Peace (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1990) pp.81-103.
80. See Buzan (note 3) p.13, n.35.
81. Tickner (note 28) pp.181-2.
82. On cooperative security and multilateralism, see Janne E. Nolan (ed.) Global Engagement: Cooperation and Security in the 21st Century (Washington DC: Brookings 1994); John G. Ruggie (ed.) Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form (NY: Columbia UP 1993); and the citations in Barry R. Posen and Andrew L. Ross 'Competing Visions for U.S. Grand Strategy', International Security 21/3 (Winter 1996-97) pp.5-53 at pp.23-32.
83. On cooperative security and multilateralism, see Janne E. Nolan (ed.) Global Engagement: Cooperation and Security in the 21st Century (Washington DC: Brookings 1994); John G. Ruggie (ed.) Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form (NY: Columbia UP 1993); and the citations in Barry R. Posen and Andrew L. Ross 'Competing Visions for U.S. Grand Strategy', International Security 21/3 (Winter 1996-97) pp.5-53 at pp.23-32.
84. On cooperative security and multilateralism, see Janne E. Nolan (ed.) Global Engagement: Cooperation and Security in the 21st Century (Washington DC: Brookings 1994); John G. Ruggie (ed.) Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form (NY: Columbia UP 1993); and the citations in Barry R. Posen and Andrew L. Ross 'Competing Visions for U.S. Grand Strategy', International Security 21/3 (Winter 1996-97) pp.5-53 at pp.23-32.
85. For the institutionalist perspective in International Relations, see R. Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy (Princeton UP 1984); R. Keohane, International Institutions and State Power: Essays in International Relations Theory (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1989).
86. For the institutionalist perspective in International Relations, see R. Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy (Princeton UP 1984); R. Keohane, International Institutions and State Power: Essays in International Relations Theory (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1989).
87. On state sovereignty and international intervention, see Gene M. Lyons and Michael Mastanduno (eds.) Beyond Westphalia? State Sovereignty and International Intervention (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP 1995).
88. Patrick M. Morgan, 'Regional Security Complexes and Regional Orders', in David A. Lake and Patrick M. Morgan (eds.) Regional Orders: Building Security in a New World (University Park: Pennsylvania State UP 1997) pp.20-44 at p.24.
89. Posen and Ross (note 48) pp.25-9.
90. Fukuyama (note 26); Mueller (note 25); Samuel Huntington, 'No Exit: The Errors of Endism', The National Interest 17 (Fall 1989).
91. Morgan (note 51) pp.22-3.
92. See Jim Hoagland, 'In New Millennium, the World is Confronted by a Tableau of Contradictions', International Herald Tribune (3 Jan. 2000) pp.1, 5.
93. Buzan (note 3); Ayoob (note 7); Stephen Van Evera, 'Hypotheses on Nationalism and War', International Security 18 (Spring 1994) pp.5-39; Holsti (note 7).
94. See Benjamin Miller, 'Explaining Regional War-Propensity: The Middle East in a Comparative Perspective', Paper presented at the meeting of the International Studies Association, Washington DC (1999a); idem, 'Between War and Peace: Systemic Effects on the Transition of the Middle East and the Balkans from the Cold War to the Post-Cold War Era', Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta (1999b); idem, 'The Sources of Regional War and Peace: Integrating the Effects of Nationalism, Liberalism and the International System', Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta (1999c); idem, 'Hot War, Cold Peace: International-Regional Synthesis', in Zeev Maoz and Azar Gat (eds.) War in a Changing World (Ann Arbor: U.of Michigan Press, forthcoming).
95. See Benjamin Miller, 'Explaining Regional War-Propensity: The Middle East in a Comparative Perspective', Paper presented at the meeting of the International Studies Association, Washington DC (1999a); idem, 'Between War and Peace: Systemic Effects on the Transition of the Middle East and the Balkans from the Cold War to the Post-Cold War Era', Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta (1999b); idem, 'The Sources of Regional War and Peace: Integrating the Effects of Nationalism, Liberalism and the International System', Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta (1999c); idem, 'Hot War, Cold Peace: International-Regional Synthesis', in Zeev Maoz and Azar Gat (eds.) War in a Changing World (Ann Arbor: U.of Michigan Press, forthcoming).
96. See Benjamin Miller, 'Explaining Regional War-Propensity: The Middle East in a Comparative Perspective', Paper presented at the meeting of the International Studies Association, Washington DC (1999a); idem, 'Between War and Peace: Systemic Effects on the Transition of the Middle East and the Balkans from the Cold War to the Post-Cold War Era', Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta (1999b); idem, 'The Sources of Regional War and Peace: Integrating the Effects of Nationalism, Liberalism and the International System', Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta (1999c); idem, 'Hot War, Cold Peace: International-Regional Synthesis', in Zeev Maoz and Azar Gat (eds.) War in a Changing World (Ann Arbor: U.of Michigan Press, forthcoming).
97. See Benjamin Miller, 'Explaining Regional War-Propensity: The Middle East in a Comparative Perspective', Paper presented at the meeting of the International Studies Association, Washington DC (1999a); idem, 'Between War and Peace: Systemic Effects on the Transition of the Middle East and the Balkans from the Cold War to the Post-Cold War Era', Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta (1999b); idem, 'The Sources of Regional War and Peace: Integrating the Effects of Nationalism, Liberalism and the International System', Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta (1999c); idem, 'Hot War, Cold Peace: International-Regional Synthesis', in Zeev Maoz and Azar Gat (eds.) War in a Changing World (Ann Arbor: U.of Michigan Press, forthcoming).
98. On concept 'stretching', see Giovanni Sartori, 'Concept Misinformation in Comparative Polities', American Political Science Review 64 (Dec. 1970) pp.1033-53.
99. Walt (note 5) pp.212-3; Katzenstein (note 3) p.11.
100. Brown and Matthews cited in Deudney (note 3) p.462, n.2.
101. Deudney (note 3) p.465.
102. Baldwin (note 14) p.15; Morgan (note 51) p.22.
103. Baldwin (note 14) pp.16-7, 21-2.
104. Ayoob (note 7); Holsti (note 7).
105. See Benjamin Miller, 'The Logic of US Military Interventions in the post-Cold War Era', Contemporary Security Policy 19/3 (Dec. 1998) pp.72-109.
106. Deudney (note 3) p.465; Levy (note 3) p.44.
107. Buzan, Waever and de Wilde (note 7).
108. The proposed definition of inter-group violence excludes personal or gang violence and occasional strikes or riots from the security domain, but includes armed inter-state and low-intensity conflict 'ranging from guerrilla and partisan war, insurgence and counterinsurgency, unconventional war and protracted conflict'. Edwin G. Corr and Stephen Sloan (eds.) Low-Intensity Conflict (Boulder, CO: Westview 1992) p.7.
109. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations 5th ed. (NY: Knopf 1978); Fareed Zakaria, From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America's World Role (Princeton UP 1998).
110. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations 5th ed. (NY: Knopf 1978); Fareed Zakaria, From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America's World Role (Princeton UP 1998).
111. Waltz (note 8).
112. Jervis (note 8); Glaser (note 12).
113. Stephen Van Evera, 'Hypotheses on Nationalism and War', International Security 18 (Spring 1994) pp.5-39.
114. Benjamin Miller, 'The Sources of Regional War and Peace: Integrating the Effects of Nationalism, Liberalism and the International System', Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta (1999c).
115. Thomas F. Homer-Dixon, 'Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from Cases', International Security 19/1 (Summer 1994); Peter H. Gleick, 'Water and Conflict: Fresh Water Resources and International Security', International Security 18 (1993) pp.79-112; and Miriam R. Lowi, 'Bridging the Divide: Transboundary Resource Disputes and the Case of West Bank Water', International Security 18 (1993) pp.113-38.
116. Thomas F. Homer-Dixon, 'Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from Cases', International Security 19/1 (Summer 1994); Peter H. Gleick, 'Water and Conflict: Fresh Water Resources and International Security', International Security 18 (1993) pp.79-112; and Miriam R. Lowi, 'Bridging the Divide: Transboundary Resource Disputes and the Case of West Bank Water', International Security 18 (1993) pp.113-38.
117. Thomas F. Homer-Dixon, 'Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from Cases', International Security 19/1 (Summer 1994); Peter H. Gleick, 'Water and Conflict: Fresh Water Resources and International Security', International Security 18 (1993) pp.79-112; and Miriam R. Lowi, 'Bridging the Divide: Transboundary Resource Disputes and the Case of West Bank Water', International Security 18 (1993) pp.113-38.
118. Ayoob (note 7); Holsti (note 7).
119. On various aspects of the realist-liberal debate, see Joseph Nye, 'Neorealism and Neoliberalism', World Politics 40/2 (Jan. 1988) pp.235-51; David A. Baldwin (ed.) Neorealism and Neoliberralism: The Contemporary Debate (NY: Columbia UP 1993); Charles W. Kegley Jr (ed.) Controversies in International Relations Theory: Realism and the Neoliberal Challenge (NY: St Martin's Press 1995); and Michael Doyle, Ways of War and Peace (NY: Norton 1997).
120. On various aspects of the realist-liberal debate, see Joseph Nye, 'Neorealism and Neoliberalism', World Politics 40/2 (Jan. 1988) pp.235-51; David A. Baldwin (ed.) Neorealism and Neoliberralism: The Contemporary Debate (NY: Columbia UP 1993); Charles W. Kegley Jr (ed.) Controversies in International Relations Theory: Realism and the Neoliberal Challenge (NY: St Martin's Press 1995); and Michael Doyle, Ways of War and Peace (NY: Norton 1997).
121. On various aspects of the realist-liberal debate, see Joseph Nye, 'Neorealism and Neoliberalism', World Politics 40/2 (Jan. 1988) pp.235-51; David A. Baldwin (ed.) Neorealism and Neoliberralism: The Contemporary Debate (NY: Columbia UP 1993); Charles W. Kegley Jr (ed.) Controversies in International Relations Theory: Realism and the Neoliberal Challenge (NY: St Martin's Press 1995); and Michael Doyle, Ways of War and Peace (NY: Norton 1997).
122. On various aspects of the realist-liberal debate, see Joseph Nye, 'Neorealism and Neoliberalism', World Politics 40/2 (Jan. 1988) pp.235-51; David A. Baldwin (ed.) Neorealism and Neoliberralism: The Contemporary Debate (NY: Columbia UP 1993); Charles W. Kegley Jr (ed.) Controversies in International Relations Theory: Realism and the Neoliberal Challenge (NY: St Martin's Press 1995); and Michael Doyle, Ways of War and Peace (NY: Norton 1997).
123. See John Mearsheimer, 'Back to the Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War', International Security 15/1 (Summer 1990) pp.5-56; John Mearsheimer, 'The False Promise of International Institutions', in Michael Brown, Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven E. Miller (eds.) The Perils of Anarchy: Contemporary Realism and International Security (Cambridge: MIT Press 1995); Zakaria (note 69).
124. See John Mearsheimer, 'Back to the Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War', International Security 15/1 (Summer 1990) pp.5-56; John Mearsheimer, 'The False Promise of International Institutions', in Michael Brown, Sean M. Lynn-Jones and Steven E. Miller (eds.) The Perils of Anarchy: Contemporary Realism and International Security (Cambridge: MIT Press 1995); Zakaria (note 69).
125. Jervis (note 8); Barry R. Posen, The Sources of Military Doctrine (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP 1984); Walt (note 18); Charles Glaser, 'Realists as Optimists: Cooperation as Self-Help', International Security 19/3 (Winter 1994-95); Glaser (note 12); Stephen Van Evera, The Causes of War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP 1999).
126. Jervis (note 8); Barry R. Posen, The Sources of Military Doctrine (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP 1984); Walt (note 18); Charles Glaser, 'Realists as Optimists: Cooperation as Self-Help', International Security 19/3 (Winter 1994-95); Glaser (note 12); Stephen Van Evera, The Causes of War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP 1999).
127. Jervis (note 8); Barry R. Posen, The Sources of Military Doctrine (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP 1984); Walt (note 18); Charles Glaser, 'Realists as Optimists: Cooperation as Self-Help', International Security 19/3 (Winter 1994-95); Glaser (note 12); Stephen Van Evera, The Causes of War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP 1999).
128. On the offense-defense balance as a key factor in affecting the likelihood of war in defensive realism, see Jervis (note 8); Glaser (note 12); Stephen Van Evera, Offense, Defense, and the Causes of War', International Security 22/4 (Spring 1998); Sean M. Lynn-Jones, Offense-defense theory and its critics', Security Studies 4/3 (Summer 1995); Charles Glaser and Chaim Kaufmann, 'What is the Offense-Defense Balance and How can We Measure It?' International Security 22/4 (Spring 1998).
129. On the offense-defense balance as a key factor in affecting the likelihood of war in defensive realism, see Jervis (note 8); Glaser (note 12); Stephen Van Evera, Offense, Defense, and the Causes of War', International Security 22/4 (Spring 1998); Sean M. Lynn-Jones, Offense-defense theory and its critics', Security Studies 4/3 (Summer 1995); Charles Glaser and Chaim Kaufmann, 'What is the Offense-Defense Balance and How can We Measure It?' International Security 22/4 (Spring 1998).
130. On the offense-defense balance as a key factor in affecting the likelihood of war in defensive realism, see Jervis (note 8); Glaser (note 12); Stephen Van Evera, Offense, Defense, and the Causes of War', International Security 22/4 (Spring 1998); Sean M. Lynn-Jones, Offense-defense theory and its critics', Security Studies 4/3 (Summer 1995); Charles Glaser and Chaim Kaufmann, 'What is the Offense-Defense Balance and How can We Measure It?' International Security 22/4 (Spring 1998).
131. Jervis (note 8); Kenneth Waltz, 'Nuclear Myths and Political Realities', American Political Science Review 84/3 (Sept. 1990) pp.731-46; Glaser (note 78).
132. On the distinctive effects of polarity and nuclear weapons on the occurrence of war, see Miller (note 11).
133. At the same time, classical and neoclassical realists (unlike neorealists) also accept the independent role of intentions through a key distinction between revisionist and status quo states. See Morgenthau (note 69); Henry Kissinger, A World Restored (NY: The Universal Library 1964); Randall Schweller, Deadly Imbalances: Tripolarity and Hitler's Strategy of World Conquest (NY: Columbia UP 1997).
134. At the same time, classical and neoclassical realists (unlike neorealists) also accept the independent role of intentions through a key distinction between revisionist and status quo states. See Morgenthau (note 69); Henry Kissinger, A World Restored (NY: The Universal Library 1964); Randall Schweller, Deadly Imbalances: Tripolarity and Hitler's Strategy of World Conquest (NY: Columbia UP 1997).
135. Doyle (note 42); Maoz and Russett (note 42). For critiques, see Michael Brown, Sean Lynn-Jones, and Steven E. Miller (eds.) Debating the Democratic Peace (Cambridge: MIT Press 1996).
136. Lake cited in Joanne Gowa, 'Democratic States and International Disputes', International Organization 49/3 (Summer 1995) pp.511-22, at p.511, n.1.
137. Clinton cited in Gowa (note 84) p.511, n.2.
138. Rosecrance (note 24); Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, Power and Interpendence: World Politics in Transition (Boston: Little Brown, 1977). For a critique, see Norrin M. Ripsman and Jean Marc F. Blanchard'Commercial liberalism under fire: evidence from 1914 and 1936', Security Studies 6/2 (Winter 1996-97) pp.5-50.
139. Rosecrance (note 24); Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, Power and Interpendence: World Politics in Transition (Boston: Little Brown, 1977). For a critique, see Norrin M. Ripsman and Jean Marc F. Blanchard'Commercial liberalism under fire: evidence from 1914 and 1936', Security Studies 6/2 (Winter 1996-97) pp.5-50.
140. Keohane (note 49); Stephen Krasner (ed.), International Regimes (Ithaca,
141. Keohane (note 49); Stephen Krasner (ed.), International Regimes (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP 1983). For critiques, see John Mearsheimer, 'The False Promise of International Institutions', in Michael Brown, Sean Lynn-Johns and Steven E. Miller (eds.) The Perils of Anarchy: Contemporary Realism and International Security (Cambridge: MIT Press 1995), and Korina Kagan, 'The Myth of the European Concert: The Realist-Institutionalist Debate and Great Power Behavior in the Eastern Question, 1821-41', Security Studies (Winter 1997-98) pp. 1-57.
142. Keohane (note 49); Stephen Krasner (ed.), International Regimes (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP 1983). For critiques, see John Mearsheimer, 'The False Promise of International Institutions', in Michael Brown, Sean Lynn-Johns and Steven E. Miller (eds.) The Perils of Anarchy: Contemporary Realism and International Security (Cambridge: MIT Press 1995), and Korina Kagan, 'The Myth of the European Concert: The Realist-Institutionalist Debate and Great Power Behavior in the Eastern Question, 1821-41', Security Studies (Winter 1997-98) pp. 1-57.
143. Inis Claude, Power and International Relations (NY: Random House 1962); Charles Kupchan and Clifford Kupchan, 'Concerts, Collective Security, and the Future of Europe', International Security 16/1 (Summer 1991) pp.114-61. For a critique, see Richard Betts, 'Systems for Peace or Causes of War? Collective Security, Arms Control, and the New Europe', International Security 17/1 (Summer 1992) pp.5-13.
144. Inis Claude, Power and International Relations (NY: Random House 1962); Charles Kupchan and Clifford Kupchan, 'Concerts, Collective Security, and the Future of Europe', International Security 16/1 (Summer 1991) pp.114-61. For a critique, see Richard Betts, 'Systems for Peace or Causes of War? Collective Security, Arms Control, and the New Europe', International Security 17/1 (Summer 1992) pp.5-13.
145. Inis Claude, Power and International Relations (NY: Random House 1962); Charles Kupchan and Clifford Kupchan, 'Concerts, Collective Security, and the Future of Europe', International Security 16/1 (Summer 1991) pp.114-61. For a critique, see Richard Betts, 'Systems for Peace or Causes of War? Collective Security, Arms Control, and the New Europe', International Security 17/1 (Summer 1992) pp.5-13.
146. On the balance of threats, see Walt (note 18).
147. The typology of hot war, cold war, cold peace and warm peace is based on Miller, 'The Sources of Regional War and Peace' (note 57, 1999c).
148. On this concept, see Arie M. Kacowicz, 'Explaining Zones of Peace: Democracies as Satisfied Powers?' Journal of Peace Research 32/3 (Aug. 1995) pp.265-76 at p.268.
149. On inadvertent wars, see Alexander George, Avoiding War: Problems of Crisis Management (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1991); and Miller (note II).
150. On crisis management, see Alexander George, David Hall and William Simons, The Limits of Coercive Diplomacy (Boston: Little, Brown 1971) pp.8-11 and others cited in Miller (note 12) p.93, n.34.
151. Cited in Stephen R. Rock, Why Peace Breaks Out: Great Power Rapprochement in Historical Perspective (Chapel Hill: UNC Press 1989) p.2.
152. David Vital, The Survival of Small States: Studies in Small Power/Great Power Conflict (London: Oxford UP 1971).
153. Korina Kagan, 'Authoritarian and Democratic Great Powers and their Proximate Spheres of Influence', PhD Dissertation (Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem 2000).
154. Karl Deutsch et al., Political Community and the North Atlantic Area: International Organization in the Light of Historical Experience (Princeton UP 1957); Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett, Pluralistic security communities (Cambridge: CUP 1998).
155. Karl Deutsch et al., Political Community and the North Atlantic Area: International Organization in the Light of Historical Experience (Princeton UP 1957); Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett, Pluralistic security communities (Cambridge: CUP 1998).
156. Benjamin Miller, 'When regions become peaceful: Explaining transitions from war to peace', Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Los Angeles (March 2000).
157. While there are other on-going processes conducive to the re-examination of the security concept, such as democratization and a growing concern about human rights, the technological/information revolution and the globalization of markets, all these processes are facilitated by US hegemony, thus highlighting how crucial this variable is with regard to the concept of security.
158. See Miller (note 57, 1999b).
159. On the strategies and conditions for achieving warm regional peace, see Miller (note 57, 1999c), Miller (note 98).
160. Mansfield and Snyder (note 43).