Safety of intravenous iron in clinical practice: Implications for anemia management protocols

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

Volumn 15, Issue SUPPL. 2, 2004, Pages

  Aronoff, George R ^a  

^a University of Louisville School of Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ERYTHROPOIETIN; FERRIC GLUCONATE; FERRIC HYDROXIDE SUCROSE; FERRITIN; HEMOGLOBIN; IRON; IRON DEXTRAN; IRON POLYMALTOSE;

ANGIONEUROTIC EDEMA; BACTEREMIA; BRONCHOSPASM; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; DRUG SAFETY; FERRITIN BLOOD LEVEL; HEMODIALYSIS; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION; HYPOTENSION; INFECTION RISK; IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA; IRON THERAPY; LARYNX SPASM; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PICA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; URTICARIA;

EID: 9644295720     PISSN: 10466673     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.ASN.0000143815.15433.87     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Hadnagy C, Andreicut S, Binder P: [Geophagia sideropenica]. Folia Haematol Int Mag Klin Morphol Blutforsch 104: 648-655, 1977
2. Sloand JA, Shelly MA, Feigin A, Bernstein P, Monk RD: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous iron dextran therapy in patients with ESRD and restless legs syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 43: 663-670, 2004
3. Connor JR, Boyer PJ, Menzies SL, Dellinger B, Allen RP, Ondo WG, Earley CJ: Neuropathological examination suggests impaired brain iron acquisition in restless legs syndrome. Neurology 61: 304-309, 2003
4. Feldman HI, Joffe M, Robinson B, Knauss J, Cizman B, Guo W, Franklin-Becker E, Faich G: Administration of parenteral iron and mortality among hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 15: 1623-1632, 2004
5. Harford A, Stidley C, Hunt C, Paine S, Pai A, Scavini S, Brown R, Zager P: Iron dose and survival in hemodialysis patients [Abstract]. J Am Soc Nephrol 14: 266A, 2003
6. Locatelli F, Pisoni RL, Combe C, Bommer J, Andreucci VE, Piera L, Greenwood R, Feldman HI, Port FK, Held PJ: Anaemia in haemodialysis patients of five European countries: Association with morbidity and mortality in the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Nephrol Dial Transplant 19: 121-132, 2004
7. Rayner HC, Pisoni RL, Bommer J, Canaud B, Hecking E, Locatelli F, Piera L, Bragg-Gresham JL, Feldman HI, Goodkin DA, Gillespie B, Wolfe RA, Held PJ, Port FK: Mortality and hospitalization in haemodialysis patients in five European countries: Results from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Nephrol Dial Transplant 19: 108-120, 2004
8. Allon M, Depner TA, Radeva M, Bailey J, Beddhu S, Butterly D, Coyne DW, Gassman JJ, Kaufman AM, Kaysen GA, Lewis JA, Schwab SJ: Impact of dialysis dose and membrane on infection-related hospitalization and death: Results of the HEMO Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 14: 1863-1870, 2003
9. Hoen B, Paul-Dauphin A, Hestin D, Kessler M: EPIBACDIAL: A multicenter prospective study of risk factors for bacteremia in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 9: 869-876, 1998
10. Aronoff GR, Bennett WM, Blumenthal S, Charytan C, Pennell JP, Reed J, Rothstein M, Strom J, Wolfe A, Van Wyck DB, Yee J: Iron sucrose in hemodialysis patients: Safety of replacement and maintenance regimens. Kidney Int 66: 1193-1198, 2004
11. Furuland H, Linde T, Ahlmen J, Christensson A, Strombom U, Danielson BG: A randomized controlled trial of haemoglobin normalization with epoetin alfa in pre-dialysis and dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18: 353-361, 2003
12. Prakash S, Walele A, Dimkovic N, Bargman J, Vas S, Oreopoulos D: Experience with a large dose (500 mg) of intravenous iron dextran and iron saccharate in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 21: 290-295, 2001
13. Allen JR, Troidle LK, Juergensen PH, Kliger AS, Finkelstein FO: Incidence of peritonitis in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients infused with intravenous iron dextran. Perit Dial Int 20: 674-678, 2000
14. Vychytil A, Haag-Weber M: Iron status and iron supplementation in peritoneal dialysis patients. Kidney Int Suppl 69: S71-S78, 1999
15. Canziani ME, Yumiya ST, Rangel EB, Manfredi SR, Neto MC, Draibe SA: Risk of bacterial infection in patients under intravenous iron therapy: dose versus length of treatment. Artif Organs 25: 866-869, 2001
16. Parkkinen J, von Bonsdorff L, Peltonen S, Gronhagen-Riska C, Rosenlof K: Catalytically active iron and bacterial growth in serum of haemodialysis patients after i.v. iron-saccharate administration. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15: 1827-1834, 2000
17. Mossey RT, Sondheimer J: Listeriosis in patients with long-term hemodialysis and transfusional iron overload. Am J Med 79: 397-400, 1985
18. Ampel N, Bejarano G, Saavedra M: Deferoxamine increases the susceptibility of beta-thalassemic, iron-overloaded mice to infection with listeria monocytogenes. Life Sci 50: 1327-1332, 1992
19. Zager RA, Johnson AC, Hanson SY: Parenteral iron therapy exacerbates experimental sepsis. Kidney Int 65: 2108-2112, 2004
20. Sengoelge G, Kletzmayr J, Ferrara I, Perschl A, Horl WH, Sunder-Plassmann G: Impairment of transendothelial leukocyte migration by iron complexes. J Am Soc Nephrol 14: 2639-2644, 2003
21. Guo D, Jaber BL, Lee S, Perianayagam MC, King AJ, Pereira BJ, Balakrishnan VS: Impact of iron dextran on polymorphonuclear cell function among hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 58; 134-142, 2002
22. Forbes JR, Gros P: Iron, manganese, and cobalt transport by Nramp1 (S1c11a1) and Nramp2 (S1c11a2) expressed at the plasma membrane. Blood 102: 1884-1892, 2003
23. Collins HL: The role of iron in infections with intracellular bacteria. Immunol Lett 85: 193-195, 2003
24. Collins HL, Kaufmann SH, Schaible UE: Iron chelation via deferoxamine exacerbates experimental salmonellosis via inhibition of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-dependent respiratory burst. J Immunol 168: 3458-3463, 2002
25. Ahluwalia N, Sun J, Krause D, Mastro A, Handte G: Immune function is impaired in iron-deficient, homebound, older women. Am J Clin Nutr 79: 516-521, 2004
26. de Silva A, Atukorala S, Weerasinghe I, Ahluwalia N: Iron supplementation improves iron status and reduces morbidity in children with or without upper respiratory tract infections: A randomized controlled study in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Am J Clin Nutr 77: 234-241, 2003
27. Mazmanian SK, Skaar EP, Caspar AH, Humayun M, Gornicki P, Jelenska J, Joachmiak A, Missiakas DM, Schneewind O: Passage of heme-iron across the envelope of Staphylococcus aureus. Science 299: 906-909, 2003
28. Cossart P, Jonquieres R: Sortase, a universal target for therapeutic agents against gram-positive bacteria? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97: 5013-5015, 2000
29. Locatelli F, Canaud B, Eckardt KU, Stenvinkel P, Wanner C, Zoccali C: Oxidative stress in end-stage renal disease: An emerging threat to patient outcome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18: 1272-1280, 2003
30. Deicher R, Ziai F, Cohen G, Mullner M, Horl WH: High-dose parenteral iron sucrose depresses neutrophil intracellular killing capacity. Kidney Int 64: 728-736, 2003
31. Zager RA, Johnson AC, Hanson SY, Wasse H: Parenteral iron formulations: A comparative toxicologic analysis and mechanisms of cell injury. Am J Kidney Dis 40: 90-103, 2002
32. Esposito BP, Breuer W, Slotki I, Cabantchik ZI: Labile iron in parenteral iron formulations and its potential for generating plasma nontransferrin-bound iron in dialysis patients. Eur J Clin Invest 32[Suppl 1]: 42-49, 2002
33. Michelis R, Gery R, Sela S, Shurtz-Swirski R, Grinberg N, Snitkovski T, Shasha SM, Kristal B: Carbonyl stress induced by intravenous iron during haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18: 924-930, 2003
34. Salahudeen AK, Oliver B, Bower JD, Roberts LJ: Increase in plasma esterified F2-isoprostanes following intravenous iron infusion in patients on hemodialysis. Kidney Int 60: 1525-1531, 2001
35. Pollak A, Hayde M, Hayn M, Herkner K, Lombard KA, Lubec G, Weninger M, Widness JA: Effect of intravenous iron supplementation on erythropoiesis in erythropoietin-treated premature infants. Pediatrics 107: 78-85, 2001
36. Breuer W, Ronson A, Slotki IN, Abramov A, Hershko C, Cabantchik ZI: The assessment of serum nontransferrin-bound iron in chelation therapy and iron supplementation. Blood 95: 2975-2982, 2000
37. Knutson MD, Walter PB, Ames BN, Viteri FE: Both iron deficiency and daily iron supplements increase lipid peroxidation in rats. J Nutr 130: 621-628, 2000
38. Kothari T, Algiri PS, Lee JCK, Mangla JC, Cestero RVM: Hepatic hemosiderosis in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Dig Dis Sci 25: 363-368, 1980
39. Hussein S, Prieto J, O'Shea M, Hoffbrand AV, Baillod RA, Moorhead JF: Serum ferritin assay and iron status in chronic renal failure and haemodialysis. Br Med J 1: 546-548, 1975
40. Lim PS, Wei YH, Yu YL, Kho B: Enhanced oxidative stress in haemodialysis patients receiving intravenous iron therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14: 2680-2687, 1999
41. Drueke T, Witko-Sarsat V, Massy Z, Descamps-Latscha B, Guerin AP, Marchais SJ, Gausson V, London GM: Iron therapy, advanced oxidation protein products, and carotid artery intimamedia thickness in end-stage renal disease. Circulation 106: 2212-2217, 2002
42. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Rodriguez RA, Humphreys MH: Association between serum ferritin and measures of inflammation, nutrition and iron in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19: 141-149, 2004
43. Canavese C, Bergamo D, Ciccone G, Burdese M, Maddalena E, Barbieri S, Thea A, Fop F: Low-dose continuous iron therapy leads to a positive iron balance and decreased serum transferrin levels. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19: 1564-1570, 2004
44. Tovbin D, Mazor D, Vorobiov M, Chaimovitz C, Meyerstein N: Induction of protein oxidation by intravenous iron in hemodialysis patients: Role of inflammation. Am J Kidney Dis 40: 1005-1012, 2002
45. Kato A, Odamaki M, Nakamura H, Yodoi J, Hishida A: Elevation of blood thioredoxin in hemodialysis patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Kidney Int 63: 2262-2268, 2003
46. Himmelfarb J, Stenvinkel P, Ikizler TA, Hakim RM: The elephant in uremia: Oxidant stress as a unifying concept of cardiovascular disease in uremia. Kidney Int 62: 1524-1538, 2002
47. Hamstra RD, Block MH, Schocket AL: Intravenous iron dextran in clinical medicine. J Am Med Assoc 243: 1726-1731, 1980
48. Sloand JA, Shelly MA, Erenstone AL, Schiff MJ, Talley TE, Dhakal MP: Safety and efficacy of total dose iron dextran administration in patients on home renal replacement therapies. Perit Dial Int 18: 522-527, 1998
49. Chandler G, Harchowal J, Macdougall IC: Intravenous iron sucrose: Establishing a safe dose. Am J Kidney Dis 38: 988-991, 2001
50. Novey HS, Pahl M, Haydik M, Vaziri ND: Immunologic studies of anaphylaxis to iron dextran in patients on renal dialysis. Ann Allergy 72: 224-228, 1994
51. Monaghan MS, Glasco G, St. John G, Bradsher RW, Olsen KM: Safe administration of iron dextran to a patient who reacted to the test dose. South Med J 87: 1010-1012, 1994
52. Canavese C, Bergamo D, Ciccone G, Longo F, Fop F, Thea A, Martina G, Piga A: Validation of serum ferritin values by magnetic susceptometry in predicting iron overload in dialysis patients. Kidney Int 65: 1091-1098, 2004
53. Lin JL, Chang MY, Tan DT, Leu ML: Short-term small-dose intravenous iron trial to detect functional iron deficiency in dialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 21: 91-97, 2001
54. Fishbane S, Kowalski EA, Imbriano LJ, Maesaka JK: The evaluation of iron status in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 7: 2654-2657, 1996
55. Mittman N, Sreedhara R, Mushnick R, Chattopadhyay J, Zelmanovic D, Vaseghi M, Avram MM: Reticulocyte hemoglobin content predicts functional iron deficiency in hemodialysis patients receiving rHuEPO. Am J Kidney Dis 30: 912-922, 1997
56. Low CL, Bailie GR, Eisele G: Sensitivity and specificity of transferrin saturation and serum ferritin as markers of iron status after intravenous iron dextran in hemodialysis patients. Ren Fail 19: 781-788, 1997
57. Heath CW, Strauss MB, Castle WB: Quantitative aspects of iron deficiency in hypochromic anemia. J Clin Invest 11: 1293-1312, 1932
58. Friend DG: Iron ascorbate in the treatment of anemia. N Engl J Med 219: 910-912, 1938
59. Goetsch AT, Moore CV, Minnich V: Observations on the effect of massive doses of iron given intravenously to patients with hypochromic anemia. Blood 1: 129-142, 1946
60. Marchasin S, Wallerstein RO: The treatment of iron-deficiency anemia with intravenous iron dextran. Blood 23: 354-358, 1964
61. Wallerstein RO: Intravenous iron-dextran complex. Blood 32: 690-695, 1968
62. Auerbach M, Witt D, Toler W, Fierstein M, Lerner RG, Ballard H: Clinical use of the total dose intravenous infusion of iron dextran. J Lab Clin Med 111: 566-570, 1988
63. St. Peter WL, Lambrecht LJ, Macres M: Randomized cross-over study of adverse reactions and cost implications of intravenous push compared with infusion of iron dextran in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 28: 523-528, 1996
64. Fishbane S, Ungureanu VD, Maesaka JK, Kaupke CJ, Lim V, Wish J: The safety of intravenous iron dextran in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 28: 529-534, 1996
65. McCarthy JT, Regnier CE, Loebertmann CL, Bergstralh EJ: Adverse events in chronic hemodialysis patients receiving intravenous iron dextran-A comparison of two products. Am J Nephrol 20: 455-462, 2000
66. Barton JC, Barton EH, Bertoli LF, Gothard CH, Sherrer JS: Intravenous iron dextran therapy in patients with iron deficiency and normal renal function who failed to respond to or did not tolerate oral iron supplementation. Am J Med 109: 27-32, 2000
67. Fletes R, Lazarus JM, Gage J, Chertow GM: Suspected iron dextran-related adverse drug events in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 37: 743-749, 2001
68. Walters BAJ, Van Wyck DB: Benchmarking iron dextran sensitivity: Reactions requiring resuscitative medications in incident and prevalent patients. 2004, in press
69. Pascual J, Teruel JL, Liano F, Sureda A, Ortuno J: Serious adverse reactions after intravenous ferric gluconate [Letter]. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1: 271-272, 1992
70. Hallak M, Sharon AS, Diukman R, Auslender R, Abramovici H: Supplementing iron intravenously in pregnancy. A way to avoid blood transfusions. J Reprod Med 42: 99-103, 1997
71. Navarro JF, Teruel JL, Liano F, Marcen R, Ortuno J: Effectiveness of intravenous administration of Fe-gluconate-Na complex to maintain adequate body iron stores in hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 16: 268-272, 1996
72. Nissenson AR, Lindsay RM, Swan S, Seligman P, Strobos J: Sodium ferric gluconate complex in sucrose is safe and effective in hemodialysis patients: North American clinical trial. Am J Kidney Dis 33: 471-482, 1999
73. Kosch M, Bahner U, Bettger H, Matzkies F, Teschner M, Schaefer RM: A randomized controlled parallel-group trial on efficacy and safety of iron sucrose (Venofer(R)) vs iron gluconate (Ferrlecit(R)) in haemodialysis patients treated with rHuEpo. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16: 1239-1244, 2001
74. Panesar A, Agarwal R: Safety and efficacy of sodium ferric gluconate complex in patients with chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 40: 924-931, 2002
75. Michael B, Coyne DW, Fishbane S, Folkert V, Lynn R, Nissenson AR, Agarwal R, Eschbach JW, Fadem SZ, Trout JR, Strobos J, Warnock DG: Sodium ferric gluconate complex in hemodialysis patients: Adverse reactions compared to placebo and iron dextran. Kidney Int 61: 1830-1839, 2002
76. Jain AK, Bastani B: Safety profile of a high dose ferric gluconate in patients with severe chronic renal insufficiency. J Nephrol 15: 681-683, 2002
77. Bastani B, Jain A, Pandurangan G: Incidence of side-effects associated with high-dose ferric gluconate in patients with severe chronic renal failure. Nephrology (Carlton) 8: 8-10, 2003
78. Folkert VW, Michael B, Agarwal R, Coyne DW, Dahl N, Myirski P, Warnock DG: Chronic use of sodium ferric gluconate complex in hemodialysis patients: Safety of higher-dose (> or =250 mg) administration. Am J Kidney Dis 41: 651-657, 2003
79. Michael B, Coyne DW, Folkert VW, Dahl NV, Warnock DG: Sodium ferric gluconate complex in haemodialysis patients: A prospective evaluation of long-term safety. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19: 1576-1580, 2004
80. Van Wyck DB, Cavallo G, Spinowitz BS, Adhikarla R, Gagnon S, Charytan C, Levin N: Safety and efficacy of iron sucrose in patients sensitive to iron dextran: North American clinical trial. Am J Kidney Dis 36: 88-97, 2000
81. Charytan C, Levin N, Al Saloum M, Hafeez T, Gagnon S, Van Wyck DB: Efficacy and safety of iron sucrose for iron deficiency in patients with dialysis-associated anemia: North American clinical trial. Am J Kidney Dis 37: 300-307, 2001
82. Charytan C, Schwenk MH, Al Saloum MM, Spinowitz BS: Safety of iron sucrose in hemodialysis patients intolerant to other parenteral iron products. Nephron Clin Pract 96: C63-C66, 2004
83. Venofer product package insert, IN2340 Rev 6/03, Shirley, NY, American Regent, Inc., 2003
84. Blaustein DA, Schwenk MH, Chattopadhyay J, Singh H, Daoui R, Gadh R, Avram MM: The safety and efficacy of an accelerated iron sucrose dosing regimen in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl 64: 72-77, 2003