Anthrax vaccine

Vaccines

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 111-126

  Brachman, Philip S ^a   Friedlander, Arthur M ^b,c   Grabenstein, John D ^d  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center   (United States)

^c UNITED STATES ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

^d MERCK RESEARCH LABORATORIES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85158988483     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-3611-1.50012-x     Document Type: Chapter

References (212)

1. PCB Turnbull (1991) Anthrax vaccines: past, present and future. Vaccine 9 533-539.
2. FM LaForce (1978) Woolsorters’ disease, England. Bull N Y Acad Med 54 956-963.
3. Wool disinfection and anthrax a year's working of the model station. Lancet 2 1295-1296.
4. HN Glassman (1958) World incidence of anthrax in man. Public Health Rep 73 22-24.
5. JCA Davies (1982) A major epidemic of anthrax in Zimbabwe. Part 1. Cent Afr J Med 28 291-298.
6. JCA Davies (1983) A major epidemic of anthrax in Zimbabwe. Part 2. Cent Afr J Med 29 8-12.
7. JCA Davies (1985) A major epidemic of anthrax in Zimbabwe. Part 3. Cent Afr J Med 31 176-180.
8. FA Abramova, IM Grinberg, OV Yampolskaya and DH Walker (1993) Pathology of inhalational anthrax in 42 cases from the Sverdlovsk outbreak in 1979. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90 2291-2294.
9. M Meselson, J Guillemin, M Hugh-Jones, et al. (1994) The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979. Science 266 1202-1208.
10. RA Zilinskas (1997) Iraq's biological weapons: the past as future? JAMA 278 418-424.
11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2001) Ongoing investigation of anthrax-Florida, October 2001. MMWR 50 877.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2001) Update: investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax-Connecticut, 2001. MMWR 50 1077-1079.
13. JA Jernigan, DS Stephens, DA Ashford, et al. (2001) for the Anthrax Bioterrorism Investigation Team Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 7 933-944.
14. DM Bell, PE Kozarsky and DS Stephens (2002) Clinical issues in the prophylaxis, diagnosis, and treatment of anthrax. Emerg Infect Dis 8 222-225.
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2001) Evaluation of Bacillus anthracis contamination inside the Brentwood mail processing and distribution center-District of Columbia, October 2001. MMWR 50 1129-1132.
16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2001) Update: investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and interim guidelines for clinical evaluation of persons with possible anthrax. MMWR 50 941-948. (published errata in MMWR 50:991, 2001).
17. AF Kaufman, MI Meltzer and GE Schmid (1997) The economic impact of a bioterrorist attack: are prevention and postattack intervention programs justifiable? Emerg Infect Dis 3 83-94.
18. DW Henderson, S Peacock and FC Belton (1956) Observations on the prophylaxis of experimental pulmonary anthrax in the monkey. J Hyg 54 28-36.
19. WS Gochenour Jr, WD Sawyer, JE Henderson, et al. (1963) On the recognition and therapy of Simian woolsorter's disease. J Hyg (Camb) 61 317-325.
20. HN Glassman (1966) Industrial inhalation anthrax: discussion. Bacteriol Rev 30 657-659.
21. AM Friedlander, SL Welkos, MLM Pitt, et al. (1993) Postexposure prophylaxis against experimental inhalation anthrax. J Infect Dis 167 1239-1243.
22. TC Dixon, M Meselson, J Guillemin and PC Hanna (1999) Anthrax. N Engl J Med 341 815-826.
23. MN Schwartz (2001) Recognition and management of anthrax-an update. N Engl J Med 345 1621-1626.
24. SA Plotkin, PS Brachman, M Utell, et al. (1960) An epidemic of inhalation anthrax, the first in the twentieth century: I. Clinical features. Am J Med 29 992-1001.
25. JE Holty, DM Bravata, H Liu, et al. (2006) Systematic review: A century of inhalational anthrax cases from 1900 to 2005. Ann Intern Med 144 270-280.
26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2006) Inhalation anthrax associated with dried animal hides–Pennsylvania and New York City, 2006. MMWR 55 280-282.
27. LB Price, M Hugh-Jones, PJ Jackson and P Keim (1999) Genetic diversity in the protective antigen gene of Bacillus anthracis. J Bacteriol 181 2358-2362.
28. P Keim, LB Price, AM Klevytska, et al. (2000) Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis reveals genetic relationships within Bacillus anthracis. J Bacteriol 182 2928-2936.
29. O Bail (1959) Cited in Sterne M. Anthrax. AW Stableforth, IA Galloway (Eds) Infectious Diseases of Animals Vol. 1 London: Butterworth Scientific Publications 22.
30. M Sterne (1959) Anthrax. AW Stableforth, IA Galloway (Eds) Infectious Diseases of Animals Vol. 1 London: Butterworth Scientific Publications 16-52.
31. M Sterne (1967) Distribution and economic importance of anthrax. Fed Proc 26 1493-1495.
32. BD Green, L Battisti, TM Koehler and GB Thorne (1985) Demonstration of a capsule plasmid in Bacillus anthracis. Infect Immun 49 291-297.
33. I Uchida, T Sekizaki, K Hashimoto and N Terkado (1985) Association of the encapsulation of Bacillus anthracis with a 60 megadalton plasmid. J Gen Microbiol 131 363-367.
34. JW Ezzell Jr, BE Ivins, J Jemski, et al. (1986) Immunization studies with attenuated strains of Bacillus anthracis. Infect Immun 52 454-458.
35. J Keppie, PW Harris-Smith and H Smith (1963) The chemical basis of the virulence of Bacillus anthracis. IX. Its aggressions and their mode of action. Br J Exp Pathol 44 446-453.
36. R Koch (1938) Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen. Med Classics 2 787-820.
37. H Smith and J Keppie (1954) Observations on experimental anthrax: demonstration of a specific lethal factor produced in vivo by Bacillus anthracis. Nature 173 869-870.
38. DG Evans and JG Shoesmith (1954) Production of toxin by Bacillus anthracis. Lancet 1 136.
39. RE Lincoln and DC Fish (1970) Anthrax toxin. TG Montie, S Kadis, SJ Ajl (Eds) Microbial Toxins Vol. 3 New York: Academic Press 361-414.
40. J Stephen (1986) Anthrax toxin. F Domer, J Drews (Eds) Pharmacology of Bacterial Toxins Oxford: Pergamon Press 381-395.
41. SH Leppla (1991) The anthrax toxin complex. JE Alouf, JH Freer (Eds) Sourcebook of Bacterial Protein Toxins London: Academic Press 277-302.
42. FGF Dalldorf, AF Kaufmann and PS Brachman (1971) Woolsorters’ disease: an experimental model. Arch Pathol 92 418-426.
43. JL Stanley and H Smith (1961) Purification of factor I and recognition of a third factor of the anthrax toxin. J Gen Microbiol 26 49-66.
44. FA Beall, MJ Taylor and GB Thorne (1962) Rapid lethal effects in rats of a third component found upon fractionating the toxin of Bacillus anthracis. J Bacteriol 83 1274-1280.
45. AM Firoved, GF Miller, M Moayeri, et al. (2005) Bacillus anthracis edema toxin causes extensive tissue lesions and rapid lethality in mice. Am J Pathol 167 1309-1320.
46. SH Leppla (1982) Anthrax toxin edema factor: a bacterial adenylate cyclase that increases cyclic AMP concentrations of eukaryotic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 79 3162-3166.
47. SE Hammond and PG Hanna (1998) Lethal factor active-site mutations affect catalytic activity in vitro. Infect Immun 66 2374-2378.
48. NS Duesbury, CP Webb, SH Leppla, et al. (1998) Proteolytic inactivation of MAP-kinase-kinase by anthrax lethal factor. Science 280 734-737.
49. ED Boyden and WF Dietrich (2006) Nalp1b controls mouse macrophage susceptibility to anthrax lethal toxin. Nature Genetics 38 240-244.
50. C Petosa, RJ Collier, KR Klimpel, et al. (1997) Crystal structure of the anthrax toxin protective antigen. Nature 385 833-838.
51. AD Pannifer, TY Wong, R Schwarzenbacher, et al. (2001) Crystal structure of the anthrax lethal factor. Nature 414 229-233.
52. CL Drum, S-Z Yan, J Bard, et al. (2002) Structural basis for the activation of anthrax adenylyl cyclase exotoxin by calmodulin. Nature 415 396-402.
53. KA Bradley, J Mogridge, M Mourez, et al. (2001) Identification of the cellular receptor for anthrax toxin. Nature 414 225-229.
54. HM Scobie, GJ Rainey, KA Bradley and JA Young (2003) Human capillary morphogenesis protein 2 functions as an anthrax toxin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 5170-5174.
55. W Wei, Q Lu, GJ Chaudry, et al. (2006) The LDL receptor-related protein LRP6 mediates internalization and lethality of anthrax toxin. Cell 124 1141-1154.
56. P Mikesell, BE Ivins, JD Ristroph and TM Dreier (1983) Evidence for plasmid-mediated toxin production in Bacillus anthracis. Infect Immun 39 371-376.
57. A Cataldi, F Labruyere and M Mock (1990) Construction and characterization of a protective antigen-deficient Bacillus anthracis strain. Mol Microbiol 4 1111-1117.
58. O Bail and F Weil (1911) Beitrage zum Studium der Milzbrandinfektion. Arch Hyg Bakteriol 73 218-264.
59. S Kashiba, T Motishima, K Kato, et al. (1959) Leucotoxic substance produced by Bacillus anthracis. Biken J 2 97-104.
60. J O'Brien, A Friedlander, T Dreier, et al. (1985) Effects of anthrax toxin components on human neutrophils. Infect Immun 47 306-310.
61. GG Wright, PW Read and GL Mandell (1988) Lipopolysaccharide releases a priming substance from platelets that augments the oxidative response of polymorphonuclear neutrophils to chemotactic peptide. J Infect Dis 157 690-696.
62. DL Hoover, AM Friedlander, LC Rogers, et al. (1994) Anthrax edema toxin differentially regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced monocyte production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 by increasing intracellular cyclic AMP. Infect Immun 62 4432-4439.
63. R Pellizzari, C Guidi-Rontani, G Vitale, et al. (1999) Anthrax lethal factor cleaves MKK3 in macrophages and inhibits the LPS/IFN-gamma-induced release of NO and TNFalpha. FEBS Lett 462 199-204.
64. PC Hanna, D Acosta and RJ Collier (1993) On the role of macrophages in anthrax. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90 10198-10201.
65. AM Friedlander (1986) Macrophages are sensitive to anthrax lethal toxin through an acid-dependent process. J Biol Chem 261 7123-7126.
66. SR Paccani, F Tonello, R Ghittoni, et al. (2005) Anthrax toxins suppress T lymphocyte activation by disrupting antigen receptor signaling. J Exp Med 201 325-331.
67. JE Comer, AK Chopra, JW Peterson and R Konig (2005) Direct inhibition of T-lymphocyte activation by anthrax toxins in vivo. Infect Immun 73 8275-8281.
68. A Agrawal, J Lingappa, SH Leppla, et al. (2003) Impairment of dendritic cells and adaptive immunity by anthrax lethal toxin. Nature 424 329-334.
69. JN Tournier, A Quesnel-Hellmann, J Mathieu, et al. (2005) Anthrax edema toxin cooperates with lethal toxin to impair cytokine secretion during infection of dendritic cells. J Immunology 174 4934-4941.
70. JE Kirby (2004) Anthrax lethal toxin induces human endothelial cell apoptosis. Infect Immun 72 430-439.
71. JI Webster, LH Tonelli, M Moayeri, et al. (2003) Anthrax lethal factor represses glucocorticoid and progesterone receptor activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 5706-5711.
72. G Pezard, P Berche and M Mock (1991) Contribution of individual toxin components to virulence of Bacillus anthracis. Infect Immun 59 3472-3477.
73. JM Ross (1957) The pathogenesis of anthrax following the administration of spores by the respiratory route. J Pathol Bacteriol 73 485-494.
74. JW Ezzell Jr and TG Abshire (1992) Serum protease cleavage of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen. J Gen Microbiol 138 543-549.
75. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Update: investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and interim guidelines for exposure management and antimicrobial therapy, October 2001. MMWR 50:909–919, 2001. (published errata in MMWR 50:962, 2001)
76. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2001) Update: interim recommendations for antimicrobial prophylaxis for children and breastfeeding mothers and treatment of children with anthrax. MMWR 50 1014-1016.
77. Food and Drug Administration (2001) Prescription drug products: doxycycline and penicillin G procaine administration for inhalational anthrax (post-exposure). Fed Reg 66 55679-55682.
78. TV Inglesby, T O'Toole, DA Henderson, et al. (2002) for the Working Group on Civilian BiodefenseAnthrax as a biological weapon, 2002: updated recommendations for management. JAMA 287 2236-2252.
79. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2001) Update: investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and adverse events from antimicrobial prophylaxis. MMWR 50 973-976.
80. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2001) Update: adverse events associated with anthrax prophylaxis among postal employees-New Jersey, New York City, and the District of Columbia metropolitan area, 2001. MMWR 50 1051-1054.
81. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2001) Updated recommendations for antimicrobial prophylaxis among asymptomatic pregnant women after exposure to Bacillus anthracis. MMWR 50 960.
82. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (2000) Use of anthrax vaccine in the United States. MMWR 49(RR-15), 1-20.
83. PCB Turnbull (1998) Guidelines for the Surveillance and Control of Anthrax in Humans and Animals 3rd edn Geneva: World Health Organization (report no WHO/EMC/ZDI/98.6)
84. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1999) Summary of notifiable diseases, United States-1999. MMWR 48 1-94.
85. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2001) Human anthrax associated with an epizootic among livestock-North Dakota, 2000. MMWR 50 677-680.
86. PM Kaweh and F Entessar (1947) Two cases of accidental infection of man by an attenuated (vaccine) strain of Bacillus anthracis. Archives de L'Institut d'Hessarek 5 73-77.
87. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (2002) Evaluation of postexposure antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent anthrax. MMWR 51 59.
88. HJ Parish (1965) A History of Immunizations Edinburgh: E&S Livingstone 42-50.
89. A Sclavo (1954) Serum treatment of anthrax in man. Riv Ital Igine 14 161-175.
90. JC Regan (1921) The advantage of serum therapy as shown by a comparison of various methods of treatment of anthrax. Am J Med Sci 162 406-423.
91. GG Reinle and RA Archibald (1916) A case of anthrax. J Infect Dis 19 718-720.
92. JB Ludy and EC Rice (1918) Anthrax at Camp Hancock, Ga. JAMA 71 1133-1136.
93. JC Regan (1921) The local and general serum treatment of cutaneous anthrax. JAMA 77 1944-1948.
94. A Fleming and GE Petrie (1934) Recent Advances in Vaccine and Serum Therapy Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's 152-156.
95. PF Lucchesi (1932) Serum treatment of 19 cases of anthrax including one of external, internal and bacteremic type. Am J Med Sci 183 795-802.
96. FW Eurich (1933) Some notes on industrial anthrax: its diagnosis and treatment. Br Med J 2 50-53.
97. G Ivanovics (1938) The standardization of anti-anthrax sera. Bull Health Org League Nations 7 836-844.
98. PE Lucchesi and N Gildersleeve (1941) Treatment of anthrax. JAMA 116 1506-1508.
99. P Grabar and A-M Staub (1942) Fractionation of horse anti-anthrax serum. Ann Inst Pasteur 68 355-360.
100. AE Hodgson (1941) Cutaneous anthrax. Lancet 1 811-813.
101. H Gold (1955) Anthrax: a report of one hundred seventeen cases. Arch Intern Med 96 387-396.
102. SL Dong (1990) Progress in the control and research of anthrax in China. Salisbury Med Bull Suppl 68 104-105.
103. FG Belton and RE Strange (1954) Studies on a protective antigen produced in vitro from Bacillus anthracis: medium and methods of production. Br J Exp Pathol 37 144-152.
104. SF Little, BE Ivins, PF Fellows and AM Friedlander (1997) Passive protection by polyclonal antibodies against Bacillus anthracis infection in guinea pigs. Infect Immun 65 5171-5175.
105. S Reuveny, MD White, YY Adar, et al. (2001) Search for correlates of protective immunity conferred by anthrax vaccine. Infect Immun 69 2888-2893.
106. D Kobiler, Y Gozes, H Rosenberg, et al. (2002) Efficiency of protection of guinea pigs against infection with Bacillus anthracis spores by passive immunization. Infect Immun 70 544-560.
107. RJ Beedham, PCB Turnbull and ED Williamson (2001) Passive transfer of protection against Bacillus anthracis infection in a murine model. Vaccine 19 4409-4416.
108. M Enserink (2002) Anthrax: ‘borrowed immunity’ may save future victims. Science 295 777.
109. GP Gladstone (1946) Immunity to anthrax: protective antigen present in cell-free culture filtrates. Br J Exp Pathol 27 394-418.
110. GG Wright, M Puziss and WB Neely (1962) Studies on immunity in anthrax. IX. Effect of variations in cultural conditions on elaboration of protective antigen by strains of Bacillus anthracis. J Bacteriol 83 515-522.
111. GG Wright, TW Green and RG Kanode (1954) Studies on immunity in anthrax. V. Immunizing activity of alum-precipitated protective antigen. J Immunol 73 387-391.
112. M Puziss and GG Wright (1963) Studies on immunity in anthrax. X. Gel-adsorbed protective antigen for immunization of man. J Bacteriol 85 230-236.
113. A Scorpio, TE Blank, WA Day and DJ Chabot (2006) Anthrax vaccines: Pasteur to the present. Cell Mol Life Sci 63 2237-2248.
114. O Bail (1904) Untersuchungen über naturliche und kunstliche Milzbrandimmunitat. Zentralbl Bakteriol I Abt Orig 37 270-280.
115. WJ Cromartie, DW Watson, WL Bloom and RJ Heckly (1947) Studies on infection with Bacillus anthracis. II. The immunological and tissue damaging properties of extracts prepared from lesions of B. anthracis infection. J Infect Dis 80 14-27.
116. JL Stanley and H Smith (1963) The three factors of anthrax toxin: their immunogenicity and lack of demonstrable enzymic activity. J Gen Microbiol 31 329-337.
117. BG Mahlandt, F Klein, RE Lincoln, et al. (1966) Immunologic studies of anthrax. IV. Evaluation of the immunogenicity of three components of anthrax toxin. J Immunol 96 727-733.
118. BE Ivins and SL Welkos (1986) Cloning and expression of the Bacillus anthracis protective antigen gene in Bacillus subtilis. Infect Immun 54 537-542.
119. BE Ivins and SL Welkos (1988) Recent advances in the development of an improved, human anthrax vaccine. Eur J Epidemiol 4 12-19.
120. BE Ivins, MLM Pitt, PF Fellows, et al. (1998) Comparative efficacy of experimental anthrax vaccine candidates against inhalation anthrax in rhesus macaques. Vaccine 16 1141-1148.
121. G Hermanson, V Whitlow, S Parker, et al. (2004) A cationic lipid-formulated plasmid DNA vaccine confers sustained antibody-mediated protection against aerosolized anthrax spores. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101 13601-13661.
122. M Zeng, Q Xu, ED Hesek and ME Pichichero (2006) N-fragment of edema factor as a candidate antigen for immunization against anthrax. Vaccine 24 662-670.
123. LM Joellenbeck, L Zwanziger, JS Durch and BL Strom (Eds) (2002) The Anthrax Vaccine: Is It Safe? Does It Work Washington, DC: National Academy Press
124. NJ Vietri, BK Purcell, JV Lawler, et al. (2006) Short-course postexposure antibiotic prophylaxis combined with vaccination protects against experimental inhalational anthrax. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 7813-7816.
125. SF Little and GB Knudson (1986) Comparative efficacy of Bacillus anthracis live spore vaccine and protective antigen vaccine against anthrax in the guinea pig. Infect Immun 52 509-512.
126. PCB Turnbull, MG Broster, JA Carman, et al. (1986) Development of antibodies to protective antigen and lethal factor components of anthrax toxin in humans and guinea pigs and their relevance to protective immunity. Infect Immun 52 356-363.
127. HM Darlow, FC Belton and DW Henderson (1956) The use of anthrax antigen to immunise man and monkey. Lancet 2 476-479.
128. Vaccine against anthrax (1965) Br Med J 2 717-718.
129. HM Darlow (1970) Vaccination against anthrax. IH Silver (Eds) Aerobiology London: Academic Press 199.
130. P Hambleton, JA Carman and J Melling (1984) Anthrax: the disease in relation to vaccines. Vaccine 2 125-132.
131. PCB Turnbull (2000) Current status of immunization against anthrax: old vaccines may be here to stay for a while. Curr Opin Infect Dis 13 113-120.
132. PCB Turnbull, SH Leppla, MG Broster, et al. (1988) Antibodies to anthrax toxin in humans and guinea pigs and their relevance to protective immunity. Med Microbiol Immunol 177 293-303.
133. Grunow R, Porsch-özcürümez M, Splettstoesser W, et al. Monitoring of ELISA-reactive antibodies against anthrax protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), and toxin-neutralising antibodies in serum of individuals vaccinated against anthrax with the PA-based UK anthrax vaccine. Vaccine 25:in press 9, 2007.
134. EN Shlyakhov and E Rubinstein (1994) Human live anthrax vaccine in the former USSR. Vaccine 12 727-730.
135. VP Shuylak (1970) Epidemiological efficacy of anthrax STI vaccine in Tadjik SSR [in Russian]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 47 117-120.
136. V Demicheli, D Rivetti, JJ Decks, et al. (1998) The effectiveness and safety of vaccines against human anthrax: a systematic review. Vaccine 16 880-884.
137. P Hambleton and PCB Turnbull (1990) Anthrax vaccine development: a continuing story. Adv Biotechnol Processes 13 105-122.
138. AV Stepanov, LI Marinin, AP Pomerantsev and NA Staritsin (1996) Development of novel vaccines against anthrax in man. J Biotechnol 44 155-160.
139. E Shlyakhov, E Rubinstein and I Novikov (1997) Anthrax post-vaccinal cell-mediated immunity in humans: kinetics pattern. Vaccine 15 631-636.
140. A Johnson-Winegar (1984) Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent and hemagglutination assays for determining anthrax antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 20 357-361.
141. TM Buchanan, JG Feeley, PS Hayes and PS Brachman (1971) Anthrax indirect microhemagglutination test. J Immunol 107 1631-1636.
142. T Sirisanthana, KE Nelson, J Ezzell and TG Abshire (1988) Serological studies of patients with cutaneous and oral-oropharyngeal anthrax from northern Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39 575-581.
143. PR Pittman, G Kim-Ahn, DY Pifat, et al. (2002) Anthrax vaccine: safety and immunogenicity of a dose-reduction, route comparison study in humans. Vaccine 20 1412-1420.
144. PR Pittman, G Kim-Ahn, DY Pifat, et al. (2002) Anthrax vaccine: Safety and immunogenicity of a dose-reduction, route comparison study in humans. Vaccine 20 1412-1420.
145. PR Pittman, JA Mangiafico, CA Rossi, et al. (2000) Anthrax vaccine: increasing intervals between the first two doses enhances antibody response in humans. Vaccine 18 213-216.
146. PR Pittman, D Hack, J Mangiafico, et al. (2002) Antibody response to a delayed booster dose of anthrax vaccine and botulinum toxoid. Vaccine 20 2107-2115.
147. LA Lininger, ME Cullum, MB Lyles and DR Bienek (2007) The impact of incomplete vaccination schedules on the magnitude and duration of protective antigen-specific IgG responses in recipients of the US licensed anthrax vaccine. Vaccine 25 1619-1625.
148. E Shlyakhov (1996) Anthraxin-α skin test for early and retrospective diagnosis of anthrax and anthrax vaccination assessment. Salisbury Med Bull Suppl 87 109-110.
149. RM Pfisterer (1990) Retrospective verification of the diagnosis of anthrax by means of the intracutaneous skin test with the Russian allergen ‘anthraxin’ in a recent epidemic in Switzerland. Salisbury Med Bull Suppl 68 80.
150. LH Harrison, JW Ezzell, TG Abshire, et al. (1989) Evaluation of serologic tests for diagnosis of anthrax after an outbreak of cutaneous anthrax in Paraguay. J Infect Dis 160 706-710.
151. DL Doolan, DA Freilich, GT Brice, et al. (2007) The US capitol bioterrorism anthrax exposures: Clinical epidemiological and immunological characteristics. J Infect Dis 195 174-184.
152. JL Hadler (2007) Learning from the 2001 anthrax attacks: Immunological characteristics. Infect Dis 195 163-164.
153. VA Semenova, DS Schmidt, TH Taylor Jr, et al. (2007) Analysis of anti-protective antigen IgG subclass distribution in recipients of anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA) and patients with cutaneous and inhalation anthrax. Vaccine 25 1780-1788.
154. MLM Pitt, SF Little, BE Ivins, et al. (2001) In vitro correlation of immunity in a rabbit model of inhalational anthrax. Vaccine 19 4768-4773.
155. JP Barnard and AM Friedlander (1999) Vaccination against anthrax with attenuated recombinant strains of Bacillus anthracis that produce protective antigen. Infect Immun 67 562-567.
156. S Cohen, I Mendelson, Z Altboum, et al. (2000) Attenuated nontoxinogenic and nonencapsulated recombinant Bacillus anthracis spore vaccines protect against anthrax. Infect Immun 68 4549-4558.
157. Food & Drug Administration (2005) Biological products; Bacterial vaccines and toxoids; Implementation of efficacy review; Anthrax vaccine adsorbed; Final order. Fed Reg 70 75180-75198.
158. PS Brachman, H Gold, SA Plotkin, et al. (1962) Field evaluation of a human anthrax vaccine. Am J Public Health 52 632-645.
159. MM McNeil, IS Chiang, JT Wheeling and Y Zhang (2007) Short-term reactogenicity and gender effect of anthrax vaccine: Analysis of a 1967–1972 study and review of the 1955–2005 medical literature. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 16 259-274.
160. BE Ivins, PF Fellows, MLM Pitt, et al. (1996) Efficacy of a standard human anthrax vaccine against Bacillus anthracis aerosol spore challenge in rhesus monkeys. Salisbury Med Bull Suppl 87 125-126.
161. MLM Pitt, BE Ivins, JE Estep, et al. (1996) Comparison of the efficacy of purified protective antigen and MDPH to protect non-human primates from inhalation anthrax. Salisbury Med Bull Suppl 87 130.
162. AM Friedlander, PR Pittman and GW Parker (1999) Anthrax vaccine: evidence for safety and efficacy against inhalational anthrax. JAMA 282 2104-2106.
163. PF Fellows, MK Linscott, BE Ivins, et al. (2001) Efficacy of a human anthrax vaccine in guinea pigs, rabbits, and rhesus macaques against challenge by Bacillus anthracis isolates of diverse geographical origin. Vaccine 19:3241–3247, 2001. Erratum in Vaccine 20 635.
164. Institute of Medicine (2002) An assessment of the CDC anthrax vaccine safety and efficacy research program Washington, DC: National Academy Press
165. Food and Drug Administration (1985) Biological products; bacterial vaccines and toxoids; implementation of efficacy review. Fed Reg 50 51002-51117.
166. Product information (January 31, 2002) BioThrax, Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed Lansing, MI: BioPort Corporation
167. PR Pittman, PH Gibbs, TL Cannon and AM Friedlander (2001) Anthrax vaccine: short-term safety experience in humans. Vaccine 20 972-978.
168. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2000) Surveillance for adverse events associated with anthrax vaccination-U.S. Department of Defense, 1998–2000. MMWR 49 341-345.
169. GM Wasserman, JD Grabenstein, PR Pittman, et al. (2003) Analysis of adverse events after anthrax vaccination in US Army medical personnel. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine 45 222-233.
170. K Hoffman, C Costello, M Menich, et al. (2003) Using a structured medical note for determining the safety profile of anthrax vaccine for U.S. Soldiers in Korea. Vaccine 21 4399-4409.
171. JL Lange, SE Lesikar, JF Brundage and MV Rubertone (2003) Comprehensive systematic surveillance for adverse effects of anthrax vaccine adsorbed, US Armed Forces, 1998–2000. Vaccine 21 1620-1628.
172. TS Wells, PA Sato, TC Smith, et al. (2006) Military hospitalizations among deployed US service members following anthrax vaccination, 1998–2001. Human Vaccines 2 54-59.
173. SI Sulsky, JD Grabenstein and RG Delbos (2004) Disability among U.S. Army personnel vaccinated against anthrax. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine 46 1065-1075.
174. RN Peeler, LE Cluff and RW Trever (1958) Hyper-immunization of man. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 103 183-198.
175. RN Peeler, PJ Kadull and LE Cluff (1965) Intensive immunization of man: evaluation of possible adverse consequences. Ann Intern Med 63 44-57.
176. CS White III, WH Adler and VG McGann (1974) Repeated immunization: possible adverse effects Reevaluation of human subjects at 25 years. Ann Intern Med 81 594-600.
177. PR Pittman, KM Coonan, PH Gibbs, et al. (2004) Long-term health effects of repeated exposure to multiple vaccines. Vaccine 23 525-536.
178. JL Sever, AI Brenner, AD Gale, et al. (2002) Safety of anthrax vaccine: a review by the Anthrax Vaccine Expert Committee (AVEC) of adverse events reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Safety 11 189-202.
179. JL Sever, AI Brenner, AD Gale, et al. (2004) Safety of anthrax vaccine: An expanded review and evaluation of adverse events reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Pharmacoepidemiology & Drug Safety 13 825-840.
180. JB Kerrison, D Lounsbury, CE Thirkill, et al. (2002) Optic neuritis after anthrax vaccination. Ophthalmology 109 99-104.
181. CE Rose Jr, DC Payne, J Kerrison, et al. (2006) Anthrax vaccination and risk of optic neuritis in the United States military, 1998–2003. Arch Neurol 63 871-875.
182. AR Wiesen and CT Littell (2002) Relationship between prepregnancy anthrax vaccination and pregnancy and birth outcomes among US Army women. JAMA 287 1556-1560.
183. WH Catherino, A Levi, T-C Kao, et al. (2005) The anthrax vaccine does not affect semen parameters, embryo quality, or pregnancy outcome in couples with a vaccinated male military service member. Fertility & Sterility 83 480-483.
184. D Hunter, D Zoutman, J Whitehead and J Hutchings (2004) Health effects of anthrax vaccination in the Canadian Forces. Military Medicine 169 833-838.
185. Y Singh, KR Klimpel, CP Quinn, et al. (1991) The carboxy-terminal end of protective antigen is required for receptor binding and anthrax toxin activity. J Biol Chem 266 15493-15497.
186. SE Little and JR Lowe (1991) Location of receptor-binding region of protective antigen from Bacillus anthracis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 180 531-537.
187. Y Singh, VK Chaudhary and SH Leppla (1989) A deleted variant of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen is non-toxic and blocks anthrax toxin action in vivo. J Biol Chem 264 19103-19107.
188. JM Novak, MP Stein, SE Little, et al. (1992) Functional characterization of protease-treated Bacillus anthracis protective antigen. J Biol Chem 267 17186-17193.
189. BE Ivins, SL Welkos, SE Little, et al. (1992) Immunization against anthrax with Bacillus anthracis protective antigen combined with adjuvants. Infect Immun 60 662-668.
190. PCB Turnbull, CP Quinn, R Hewron, et al. (1990) Protection conferred by microbially-Supplemented UK and purified PA vaccines. Salisbury Med Bull Suppl 68 89-91.
191. HC Flick-Smith, JE Eyles, R Hebdon, et al. (2002) Mucosal or parenteral administration of microsphere-associated Bacillus anthracis protective antigen protects against anthrax infection in mice. Infect Immun 70 2022-2028.
192. GR Matyas, AM Friedlander, GM Glenn, et al. (2004) Needle-free skin patch vaccination method for anthrax. Infect Immun 72 1181-1183.
193. JA Mikszta, VJ Sullivan, C Dean, et al. (2005) Protective immunization against inhalational anthrax: a comparison of minimally invasive delivery platforms. J Infect Dis 191 278-288.
194. JA Mikszta, JP Dekker 3rd, NG Harvey, et al. (2006) Microneedle-based intradermal delivery of the anthrax recombinant protective antigen vaccine. Infect Immun 74 6806-6810.
195. BE Ivins, SL Welkos, GB Knudson and SF Little (1990) Immunization against anthrax with aromatic compound-dependent (aro-) mutants of Bacillus anthracis and with recombinant strains of Bacillus subtilis that produce anthrax protective antigen. Infect Immun 58 303-308.
196. BW McBride, A Mogg, JL Telfer, et al. (1998) Protective efficacy of a recombinant protective antigen against Bacillus anthracis challenge and assessment of immunological markers. Vaccine 16 810-817.
197. WA Keitel (2006) Recombinant protective antigen 102 (rPA102): Profile of second-generation anthrax vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 5 417-430.
198. GJ Gorse, W Keitel, H Keyserling, et al. (2006) Immunogenicity and tolerance of ascending doses of a recombinant protective antigen (rPA102) anthrax vaccine: A randomized, double-blinded, controlled, multicenter trial. Vaccine 24 5950-5959.
199. TK Zink (2007) Letter to the Editor. Vaccine 25 2766-2767.
200. NM Coulson, M Fulop and RM Titball (1994) Bacillus anthracis protective antigen, expressed in Salmonella typhimurium SL3261, affords protection against anthrax spore challenge. Vaccine 12 1395-1401.
201. LC Iacono-Connors, SL Welkos, BE Ivins and JM Dalrymple (1991) Protection against anthrax with recombinant-virus-expressed protective antigen in experimental animals. Infect Immun 59 1961-1965.
202. BM Price, AL Liner, S Park, et al. (2001) Protection against anthrax lethal toxin challenge by genetic immunization with a plasmid encoding the lethal factor protein. Infect Immun 69 4509-4515.
203. J Riemenschneider, A Garrison, J Geisbert, et al. (2003) Comparison of individual and combination DNA vaccines for B. anthracis, Ebola virus, Marburg virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Vaccine 21 4071-4080.
204. JS Lee, AG Hadjipanayis and SL Welkos (2003) Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-vectored vaccines protect mice against anthrax spore challenge. Infect Immun 71 1491-1496.
205. MJ McConnell, PC Hanna and MJ Imperiale (2007) Adenovirus-based prime-boost immunization for rapid vaccination against anthrax. Mol Ther 15 203-210.
206. I Mendelson, O Gat, R Aloni-Grinstein, et al. (2005) Efficacious, nontoxigenic Bacillus anthracis spore vaccines based on strains expressing mutant variants of lethal toxin components. Vaccine 23 5688-5697.
207. F Brossier, M Levy and M Mock (2002) Anthrax spores make an essential contribution to vaccine efficacy. Infect Immun 70 661-664.
208. DJ Chabot, A Scorpio, SA Tobery, et al. (2004) Anthrax capsule vaccine protects against experimental infection. Vaccine 23 43-47.
209. J Joyce, J Cook, D Chabot, R Hepler, et al. (2006) Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of Bacillus anthracis poly-gamma-D-glutamic acid capsule covalently coupled to a protein carrier using a novel triazine-based conjugation strategy. J Biol Chem 281 4831-4843.
210. TD Read, SN Peterson, N Tourasse, et al. (2003) The genome sequence of Bacillus anthracis Ames and comparison to closely related bacteria. Nature 423 81-86.
211. PA Rehme, R Williams and JD Grabenstein (2002) Ambulatory medical visits among anthrax-vaccinated and unvaccinated personnel after return from southwest Asia. Military Medicine 167 205-210.
212. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2002) Cutaneous anthrax in a laboratory worker–Texas, 2002. MMWR 51 482.