메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 577-593

Cognitive Task Analysis

Author keywords

Automated knowledge: About how to do something; with repetition, it operates outside of conscious awareness and executes much faster than conscious processes.; Cognitive task analysis: Interview and observation protocols for extracting implicit and explicit knowledge from experts for use in instruction and expert systems.; Complex tasks: Tasks where performance requires the integrated use of both controlled and automated knowledge to perform tasks that often extend over many hours or days.; Declarative knowledge: Knowledge about what or why; hierarchically structured; formatted as propositional, episodic, or visuospatial information that is accessible in long term memory and consciously observable in working memory.; Subject matter expert (SME): A person with extensive experience who is able to perform a class of tasks rapidly and successfully.

Indexed keywords


EID: 85144969482     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203880869-48     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (213)

References (85)
  • 1
    • 0032992075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conscious and nonconscious African-American stereotypes: Impact on first impression and diagnostic ratings by therapists
    • Abreu, J. M. (1999). Conscious and nonconscious African-American stereotypes: impact on first impression and diagnostic ratings by therapists. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol., 67, 387-393.
    • (1999) J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. , vol.67 , pp. 387-393
    • Abreu, J.M.1
  • 3
    • 0000884737 scopus 로고
    • ACT: A simple theory of complex cognition
    • Anderson, J. R. (1995) ACT: a simple theory of complex cognition. Am. Psychol., 51, 355-365.
    • (1995) Am. Psychol. , vol.51 , pp. 355-365
    • Anderson, J.R.1
  • 5
    • 0034328207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond behaviorism: On the automaticity of higher mental processes
    • Bargh, J. A. and Ferguson, M. J. (2000). Beyond behaviorism: on the automaticity of higher mental processes. Psychol. Bull., 126, 925-945.*
    • (2000) Psychol. Bull. , vol.126 , pp. 925-945
    • Bargh, J.A.1    Ferguson, M.J.2
  • 7
    • 0032351869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral routines in decision making: The effects of novelty in task presentation and time pressure on routine maintenance and deviation
    • Betsch, T., Fiedler, K., and Brinkmann, J. (1998). Behavioral routines in decision making: the effects of novelty in task presentation and time pressure on routine maintenance and deviation. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol., 28, 861-878.
    • (1998) Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. , vol.28 , pp. 861-878
    • Betsch, T.1    Fiedler, K.2    Brinkmann, J.3
  • 9
    • 84993019021 scopus 로고
    • Beyond the repertory grid: New approaches to constructivist knowledge acquisition tool development
    • edited by K. M. Ford and J. M. Bradshaw, New York: John Wiley and Sons
    • Bradshaw, J. M., Ford, K. M., Adams-Webber, J. R., and Agnew, N. M. (1993). Beyond the repertory grid: new approaches to constructivist knowledge acquisition tool development. In Knowledge Acquisition as Modelling, edited by K. M. Ford and J. M. Bradshaw, pp. 9-32. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
    • (1993) Knowledge Acquisition as Modelling , pp. 9-32
    • Bradshaw, J.M.1    Ford, K.M.2    Adams-Webber, J.R.3    Agnew, N.M.4
  • 10
    • 21844488614 scopus 로고
    • Percentage of procedural knowledge acquired as a function of the number of experts from whom knowledge is acquired for diagnosis, debugging and interpretation tasks
    • Chao, C.-J. and Salvendy, G. (1994). Percentage of procedural knowledge acquired as a function of the number of experts from whom knowledge is acquired for diagnosis, debugging and interpretation tasks. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact., 6, 221-233.*
    • (1994) Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact. , vol.6 , pp. 221-233
    • Chao, C.-J.1    Salvendy, G.2
  • 11
    • 84970205820 scopus 로고
    • The role of anomalous data in knowledge acquisition: A theoretical framework and implications for science education
    • Chinn, C. A. and Brewer, W. F. (1993). The role of anomalous data in knowledge acquisition: a theoretical framework and implications for science education. Rev. Educ. Res., 63(1), 1-49.
    • (1993) Rev. Educ. Res. , vol.63 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-49
    • Chinn, C.A.1    Brewer, W.F.2
  • 12
    • 0012042341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction to cognitive task analysis
    • edited by J. M Schraagen, S. F. Chipman, and V. J. Shute, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.*
    • Chipman, S. F., Schraagen, J. M., and Shalin, V. L. (2000) Introduction to cognitive task analysis. In Cognitive Task Analysis, edited by J. M Schraagen, S. F. Chipman, and V. J. Shute, pp. 3-23. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.*
    • (2000) Cognitive Task Analysis , pp. 3-23
    • Chipman, S.F.1    Schraagen, J.M.2    Shalin, V.L.3
  • 13
    • 84885963393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Final Report on Contract DAAD 19-99-D-0046-0004 from TRADOC to the Institute for Creative Technology and the Rossier School of Education
    • Clark, R. E. (2004). Design Document for a Guided Experiential Learning Course, Final Report on Contract DAAD 19-99-D-0046-0004 from TRADOC to the Institute for Creative Technology and the Rossier School of Education.
    • (2004) Design Document for a Guided Experiential Learning Course
    • Clark, R.E.1
  • 15
    • 34548649319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When less is more: Research and theory insights about instruction for complex learning
    • edited by J. Elen and R. E. Clark, Oxford: Elsevier.*
    • Clark, R. E. and Elen, J. (2006). When less is more: research and theory insights about instruction for complex learning. In Handling Complexity in Learning Environments: Research and Theory, edited by J. Elen and R. E. Clark, pp. 283-297. Oxford: Elsevier.*
    • (2006) Handling Complexity in Learning Environments: Research and Theory , pp. 283-297
    • Clark, R.E.1    Elen, J.2
  • 16
    • 0346429067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive task analysis
    • Clark, R. E. and Estes, F. (1996) Cognitive task analysis. Int. J. Educ. Res., 25, 403-417.*
    • (1996) Int. J. Educ. Res. , vol.25 , pp. 403-417
    • Clark, R.E.1    Estes, F.2
  • 17
    • 33846042981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motivational challenges experienced in highly complex learning environments
    • edited by J. Elen and R. E. Clark, Oxford: Elsevier
    • Clark, R. E., Howard, K., and Early, S. (2006). Motivational challenges experienced in highly complex learning environments. In Handling Complexity in Learning Environments: Research and Theory, edited by J. Elen and R. E. Clark, pp. 27-43. Oxford: Elsevier.
    • (2006) Handling Complexity in Learning Environments: Research and Theory , pp. 27-43
    • Clark, R.E.1    Howard, K.2    Early, S.3
  • 18
    • 84979968533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Knowledge modeling for the preservation of institutional memory
    • Coffey, J. W. and Hoffman, R. R. (2003). Knowledge modeling for the preservation of institutional memory. J. Knowl. Manage., 7(3), 38-52.
    • (2003) J. Knowl. Manage. , vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp. 38-52
    • Coffey, J.W.1    Hoffman, R.R.2
  • 19
    • 11944272254 scopus 로고
    • A power primer
    • Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychol. Bull., 112, 155-159.
    • (1992) Psychol. Bull. , vol.112 , pp. 155-159
    • Cohen, J.1
  • 21
    • 0008647110 scopus 로고
    • Modeling human expertise in expert systems
    • edited by R. R. Hoffman, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
    • Cooke, N. J. (1992). Modeling human expertise in expert systems. In The Psychology of Expertise: Cognitive Research and Empirical AI, edited by R. R. Hoffman, pp. 29-60. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    • (1992) The Psychology of Expertise: Cognitive Research and Empirical AI , pp. 29-60
    • Cooke, N.J.1
  • 22
    • 0028736412 scopus 로고
    • Varieties of knowledge elicitation techniques
    • Cooke, N. J. (1994). Varieties of knowledge elicitation techniques. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud., 41, 801-849.*
    • (1994) Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud. , vol.41 , pp. 801-849
    • Cooke, N.J.1
  • 23
    • 0041150759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Knowledge elicitation
    • edited by F. T. Durso, New York: Wiley
    • Cooke, N. J. (1999). Knowledge elicitation. In Handbook of Applied Cognition, edited by F. T. Durso, pp. 479-509. New York: Wiley.
    • (1999) Handbook of Applied Cognition , pp. 479-509
    • Cooke, N.J.1
  • 24
    • 0028305270 scopus 로고
    • Constructing naive theories of motion on-the-fly
    • Cooke, N. J. and Breedin, S. D. (1994). Constructing naive theories of motion on-the-fly. Mem. Cogn., 22, 474-493.
    • (1994) Mem. Cogn. , vol.22 , pp. 474-493
    • Cooke, N.J.1    Breedin, S.D.2
  • 25
    • 0001350523 scopus 로고
    • Role of high-level knowledge in memory for chess positions
    • Cooke, N. J., Atlas, R. S., Lane, D. M., and Berger, R. C. (1993). Role of high-level knowledge in memory for chess positions. Am. J. Psychol., 106, 321-351.
    • (1993) Am. J. Psychol. , vol.106 , pp. 321-351
    • Cooke, N.J.1    Atlas, R.S.2    Lane, D.M.3    Berger, R.C.4
  • 27
    • 0027654353 scopus 로고
    • Critical decision method: A technique for eliciting concrete assessment indicators from the ‘intuition’ of NICU nurses
    • Crandall, B. and Gretchell-Leiter, K. (1993). Critical decision method: a technique for eliciting concrete assessment indicators from the ‘intuition’ of NICU nurses. Adv. Nurs. Sci., 16(1), 42-51.
    • (1993) Adv. Nurs. Sci. , vol.16 , Issue.1 , pp. 42-51
    • Crandall, B.1    Gretchell-Leiter, K.2
  • 30
    • 0033464812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relation between assessment practices and outcomes of studies: The case of research on prior knowledge
    • Dochy, F., Segers, M., and Buehl, M. M. (1999). The relation between assessment practices and outcomes of studies: the case of research on prior knowledge. Rev. Educ. Res., 69(2), 145-186.
    • (1999) Rev. Educ. Res. , vol.69 , Issue.2 , pp. 145-186
    • Dochy, F.1    Segers, M.2    Buehl, M.M.3
  • 31
    • 0000423219 scopus 로고
    • Expert judgment: Some necessary conditions and an example
    • Einhorn, H. (1974). Expert judgment: some necessary conditions and an example. J. Appl. Psychol., 59, 562-571.
    • (1974) J. Appl. Psychol. , vol.59 , pp. 562-571
    • Einhorn, H.1
  • 32
    • 0029287202 scopus 로고
    • Long-term working memory
    • Ericsson, K. A. and Kintsch, W. (1995). Long-term working memory. Psychol. Rev., 102, 211-245.*
    • (1995) Psychol. Rev. , vol.102 , pp. 211-245
    • Ericsson, K.A.1    Kintsch, W.2
  • 36
    • 85144980501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of research on expertise for curriculum and pedagogy
    • press
    • Feldon, D. F. (in press). Implications of research on expertise for curriculum and pedagogy. Educ. Psychol. Rev.
    • Educ. Psychol. Rev.
    • Feldon, D.F.1
  • 38
    • 0011495621 scopus 로고
    • Application of automatic/controlled processing theory to training of tactical command and control skills: I. Background and task analytic methodology
    • Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society
    • Fisk, A. D. and Eggemeier, R. T. (1988). Application of automatic/controlled processing theory to training of tactical command and control skills: I. Background and task analytic methodology. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting, pp. 281-285. Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society.
    • (1988) Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting , pp. 281-285
    • Fisk, A.D.1    Eggemeier, R.T.2
  • 39
    • 0000506979 scopus 로고
    • The acquisition of knowledge
    • Gagné, R. M. (1962). The acquisition of knowledge. Psychol. Rev., 69, 355-365.
    • (1962) Psychol. Rev. , vol.69 , pp. 355-365
    • Gagné, R.M.1
  • 40
    • 84917052345 scopus 로고
    • Learning hierarchies
    • Gagné, R. M. (1968). Learning hierarchies. Educ. Psychol., 6, 1-9.
    • (1968) Educ. Psychol. , vol.6 , pp. 1-9
    • Gagné, R.M.1
  • 41
    • 4243340113 scopus 로고
    • Developments in learning psychology: Implications for instructional design and effects of computer technology on instructional design and development
    • Gagné, R. M. (1982). Developments in learning psychology: implications for instructional design and effects of computer technology on instructional design and development. Educ. Technol., 22(6), 11-15.
    • (1982) Educ. Technol. , vol.22 , Issue.6 , pp. 11-15
    • Gagné, R.M.1
  • 44
    • 84965572216 scopus 로고
    • Components of a psychology of instruction: Toward a science of design
    • Glaser, R. (1976). Components of a psychology of instruction: toward a science of design. Rev. Educ. Res., 46(1), 1-24.
    • (1976) Rev. Educ. Res. , vol.46 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-24
    • Glaser, R.1
  • 45
    • 0004141421 scopus 로고
    • Overview
    • edited by M. T. H. Chi, R. Glaser, and M. J. Farr, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
    • Glaser, R. and Chi, M. T. H. (1988). Overview. In The Nature of Expertise, edited by M. T. H. Chi, R. Glaser, and M. J. Farr, pp. xv-xxviii. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    • (1988) The Nature of Expertise , pp. xv-xxviii
    • Glaser, R.1    Chi, M.T.H.2
  • 47
    • 0034418219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Automatic attitude activation and efficiency: The fourth horseman of automaticity
    • Hermans, D., Crombez, G., and Eelen, P. (2000). Automatic attitude activation and efficiency: the fourth horseman of automaticity. Psychol. Belg., 40(1), 3-22.
    • (2000) Psychol. Belg. , vol.40 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-22
    • Hermans, D.1    Crombez, G.2    Eelen, P.3
  • 48
    • 0035542064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bothered by abstraction: The effect of expertise on knowledge transfer and subsequent novice performance
    • Hinds, P. J., Patterson, M., and Pfeffer, J. (2001). Bothered by abstraction: the effect of expertise on knowledge transfer and subsequent novice performance. J. Appl. Psychol., 86, 1232-1243.
    • (2001) J. Appl. Psychol. , vol.86 , pp. 1232-1243
    • Hinds, P.J.1    Patterson, M.2    Pfeffer, J.3
  • 49
    • 0014290358 scopus 로고
    • An analysis of variance model for the assessment of configural cue utilization in clinical judgment
    • Hoffman, P., Slovic, P., and Rorer, L. (1968). An analysis of variance model for the assessment of configural cue utilization in clinical judgment. Psychol. Bull., 69, 338-349.
    • (1968) Psychol. Bull. , vol.69 , pp. 338-349
    • Hoffman, P.1    Slovic, P.2    Rorer, L.3
  • 51
    • 0032104351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of the critical decision method to elicit expert knowledge: A case study in the methodology of cognitive task analysis
    • Hoffman, R. R., Crandall, B., and Shadbolt, N. (1998). Use of the critical decision method to elicit expert knowledge: a case study in the methodology of cognitive task analysis. Hum. Factors, 40, 254-277.*
    • (1998) Hum. Factors , vol.40 , pp. 254-277
    • Hoffman, R.R.1    Crandall, B.2    Shadbolt, N.3
  • 52
    • 0020713567 scopus 로고
    • What kind of expert should a system be?
    • Johnson, P. E. (1983). What kind of expert should a system be? J. Med. Philos., 8, 77-97.
    • (1983) J. Med. Philos. , vol.8 , pp. 77-97
    • Johnson, P.E.1
  • 54
    • 0028026773 scopus 로고
    • Human judgment and estimation of premorbid intellectual function
    • Kareken, D. A. and Williams, J. M. (1994). Human judgment and estimation of premorbid intellectual function. Psychol. Assess., 6(2), 83-91.
    • (1994) Psychol. Assess. , vol.6 , Issue.2 , pp. 83-91
    • Kareken, D.A.1    Williams, J.M.2
  • 55
    • 33744807434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why minimally guided learning does not work: An analysis of the failure of discovery learning, problem-based learning, experiential learning and inquiry-based learning
    • Kirschner, P., Sweller, J., and Clark, R. E. (2006). Why minimally guided learning does not work: an analysis of the failure of discovery learning, problem-based learning, experiential learning and inquiry-based learning. Educ. Psychol., 41(2), 75-86.*
    • (2006) Educ. Psychol. , vol.41 , Issue.2 , pp. 75-86
    • Kirschner, P.1    Sweller, J.2    Clark, R.E.3
  • 58
    • 1142289754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formative research on the heuristic task analysis process
    • Lee, J.-Y. and Reigeluth, C. M. (2003). Formative research on the heuristic task analysis process. Educ. Technol. Res. Dev., 51(4), 5-24.
    • (2003) Educ. Technol. Res. Dev. , vol.51 , Issue.4 , pp. 5-24
    • Lee, J.-Y.1    Reigeluth, C.M.2
  • 61
    • 0010434088 scopus 로고
    • Predicting mathemathantic effects in the teaching of higher-order thinking skills
    • Lohman, D. F. (1986). Predicting mathemathantic effects in the teaching of higher-order thinking skills. Educ. Psychol., 21(3), 191-208.
    • (1986) Educ. Psychol. , vol.21 , Issue.3 , pp. 191-208
    • Lohman, D.F.1
  • 63
    • 33749029295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pebble-in-the-pond model for instructional design
    • Merrill, M. D. (2002). A pebble-in-the-pond model for instructional design. Perform. Improv., 41(7), 39-44.
    • (2002) Perform. Improv. , vol.41 , Issue.7 , pp. 39-44
    • Merrill, M.D.1
  • 64
    • 0024668624 scopus 로고
    • Experts estimation of uncertain quantities and its implications for knowledge acquisition
    • Mullin, T. M. (1989). Experts estimation of uncertain quantities and its implications for knowledge acquisition. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybernet., 19, 616-625.
    • (1989) IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybernet. , vol.19 , pp. 616-625
    • Mullin, T.M.1
  • 65
    • 0002866591 scopus 로고
    • Knowledge compilation: Mechanisms for the automatization of cognitive skills
    • edited by J. R. Anderson, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
    • Neves, D. M. and Anderson, J. R. (1981). Knowledge compilation: mechanisms for the automatization of cognitive skills. In Cognitive Skills and Their Acquisition, edited by J. R. Anderson, pp. 335-359. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    • (1981) Cognitive Skills and Their Acquisition , pp. 335-359
    • Neves, D.M.1    Anderson, J.R.2
  • 66
    • 0038756158 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive task analysis for instructional design: Applications in distance education
    • Redding, R. E. (1995). Cognitive task analysis for instructional design: applications in distance education. Dist. Educ., 16, 88-106.
    • (1995) Dist. Educ. , vol.16 , pp. 88-106
    • Redding, R.E.1
  • 67
    • 0024759167 scopus 로고
    • The validity of verbal protocols
    • Russo, J. E., Johnson, E. J., and Stephens, D. L. (1989). The validity of verbal protocols. Mem. Cogn., 17(6), 759-769.
    • (1989) Mem. Cogn. , vol.17 , Issue.6 , pp. 759-769
    • Russo, J.E.1    Johnson, E.J.2    Stephens, D.L.3
  • 68
    • 21144461678 scopus 로고
    • Integrating cognitive task analysis into instructional systems development
    • Ryder, J. M. and Redding, R. E. (1993). Integrating cognitive task analysis into instructional systems development. Educ. Technol. Res. Dev., 41, 75-96.
    • (1993) Educ. Technol. Res. Dev. , vol.41 , pp. 75-96
    • Ryder, J.M.1    Redding, R.E.2
  • 69
    • 0035220375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The science of training: A decade of progress
    • Salas, E. and Cannon-Bowers, J. A. (2001). The science of training: a decade of progress. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 52, 471-497.
    • (2001) Annu. Rev. Psychol. , vol.52 , pp. 471-497
    • Salas, E.1    Cannon-Bowers, J.A.2
  • 70
    • 0033920850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive task analysis and innovation of training: The case of the structured troubleshooting
    • Schaafstal, A., Schraagen, J. M., and van Berlo, M. (2000). Cognitive task analysis and innovation of training: the case of the structured troubleshooting. Hum. Factors 42, 75-86.
    • (2000) Hum. Factors , vol.42 , pp. 75-86
    • Schaafstal, A.1    Schraagen, J.M.2    van Berlo, M.3
  • 71
    • 0022085077 scopus 로고
    • Training high-performance skills: Fallacies and guidelines
    • Schneider, W. (1985). Training high-performance skills: fallacies and guidelines. Hum. Factors, 27, 285-300.
    • (1985) Hum. Factors , vol.27 , pp. 285-300
    • Schneider, W.1
  • 72
    • 0346384291 scopus 로고
    • Controlled and automatic human information processing. 1. Detection, search, and attention
    • Schneider, W. and Shiffrin, R. M. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing. 1. Detection, search, and attention. Psychol. Rev., 84, 1-66.
    • (1977) Psychol. Rev. , vol.84 , pp. 1-66
    • Schneider, W.1    Shiffrin, R.M.2
  • 73
    • 0012042341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stateof-the-art review of cognitive task analysis techniques
    • edited by J. M Schraagen, S. F. Chipman, and V. J. Shute, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
    • Schraagen, J. M., Chipman, S. F., and Shute, V. J. (2000) Stateof-the-art review of cognitive task analysis techniques. In Cognitive Task Analysis, edited by J. M Schraagen, S. F. Chipman, and V. J. Shute, pp. 467-487. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    • (2000) Cognitive Task Analysis , pp. 467-487
    • Schraagen, J.M.1    Chipman, S.F.2    Shute, V.J.3
  • 75
    • 33847392682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive conceptions of expertise and their relations to giftedness
    • edited by R. C. Friedman and K. B. Rogers, Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.*
    • Sternberg, R. J. and Horvath, J. A. (1998). Cognitive conceptions of expertise and their relations to giftedness. In Talent in Context, edited by R. C. Friedman and K. B. Rogers, pp. 177-191. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.*
    • (1998) Talent in Context , pp. 177-191
    • Sternberg, R.J.1    Horvath, J.A.2
  • 76
    • 0039862136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Representation of the conceptual change model in science teacher education
    • Thorley, N. and Stofflet, R. (1996). Representation of the conceptual change model in science teacher education. Sci. Educ., 80, 317-339.
    • (1996) Sci. Educ. , vol.80 , pp. 317-339
    • Thorley, N.1    Stofflet, R.2
  • 80
    • 0347360144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive task analysis for teaching technical skills in an inanimate surgical skills laboratory
    • Velmahos, G. C., Toutouzas, K. G., Sillin, L. F., Chan, L., Clark, R. E., Theodorou, D., and Maupin, F. (2004). Cognitive task analysis for teaching technical skills in an inanimate surgical skills laboratory. Am. J. Surg., 18, 114-119.*
    • (2004) Am. J. Surg. , vol.18 , pp. 114-119
    • Velmahos, G.C.1    Toutouzas, K.G.2    Sillin, L.F.3    Chan, L.4    Clark, R.E.5    Theodorou, D.6    Maupin, F.7
  • 81
    • 7744223509 scopus 로고
    • Capturing and modeling the process of conceptual change
    • Vosniadou, S. (1994). Capturing and modeling the process of conceptual change. Learn. Instruct., 4, 45-69 (special issue).
    • (1994) Learn. Instruct. , vol.4 , Issue.special issue , pp. 45-69
    • Vosniadou, S.1
  • 83
    • 3042767582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cognitive task analysis methods for job and task design: Review and reappraisal
    • Wei, J. and Salvendy, G. (2004). The cognitive task analysis methods for job and task design: review and reappraisal. Behav. Inform. Technol., 23(4), 273-299.*
    • (2004) Behav. Inform. Technol. , vol.23 , Issue.4 , pp. 273-299
    • Wei, J.1    Salvendy, G.2
  • 85
    • 0002435819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some concrete advantages of abstraction: How experts’ representations facilitate reasoning
    • edited by P. J. Feltovich, K. M. Ford, and R. R. Hoffman, Menlo Park, CA: American Association for Artificial Intelligence
    • Zeitz, C. M. (1997). Some concrete advantages of abstraction: how experts’ representations facilitate reasoning. In Expertise in Context, edited by P. J. Feltovich, K. M. Ford, and R. R. Hoffman, pp. 43-65. Menlo Park, CA: American Association for Artificial Intelligence.
    • (1997) Expertise in Context , pp. 43-65
    • Zeitz, C.M.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.