Energy Transformation in Cities

Climate Change and Cities: Second Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network

Volumn , Issue , 2018, Pages 443-490

  Marcotullio, Peter J ^a   Sarzynski, Andrea ^a   Sperling, Joshua ^a   Chávez, Abel ^a   Estiri, Hossein ^a   Pathak, Minal ^a   Zimmerman, Rae ^a   Garnick, Jonah ^a   Kennedy, Christopher ^a   Linky, Edward J ^a   Nahon, Claude ^a  

^a NONE   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85137433232     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/9781316563878.019     Document Type: Chapter

References (334)

1. Abrahamse, W., and Steg, L. (2009). How do socio-demographic and psychological factors related to households’ direct and indirect energy use and savings? Journal of Economic Psychology, 30(5), 711-720.
2. Adger, W. N., Arnell, N. W., and Tompkins, E. L. (2005). Successful adaptation to climate change across scales. Global Environmental Change 15 77-86.
3. Al-Sunaidy, A., and Green, R. (2006). Electricity deregulation in OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries. Electricity Market Reform and Deregulation 31 769-787.
4. Aleklett, K., Hook, M., Jakobsson, K., Lardelli, M., Snowden, S., and Soberbergh, B. (2010). The peak of the oil age analyzing the world oil production reference scenario in World Energy Outlook 2008. Energy Policy 38, 1398-1414.
5. Allcott, H. (2011). Social norms and energy conservation. Journal of Public Economics 95(9-10), 1082-1095.
6. Apte, J. S., Bombrun, E., Marshall, J. D., and Nazaroff, W. W. (2012). Global intra-urban intake fractions for air pollutants from vehicles and other distributed sources. Environmental Science, and Technology 46, 3415-3423.
7. Apte, J. S., Marshall, J. D., Cohen, A. J., and Brauer, M. (2015). Addressing global mortality from PM2.5 Environmental Science and Technology. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01236
8. Angel, S. (2012). Planet oSf Cities. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
9. Archer, D., Almansi, F., DiGregorio, M., Roberts, D., Sharma, D., and Syam, D. (2014). Moving towards inclusive urban adaptation: Approaches to integrating community-based adaptation to climate change at city and national scale. Climate and Development 6, 345-356.
10. ARUP, and C40 Cities. (2014). Climate action in megacities. C40 cities baseline and opportunities. Volume 2.0. Accessed May 17, 2015: www.arup.com/Projects/C40_Cities_Climate_Action_in_Megacities_report.aspx.
11. Aspen Environmental Group and M Cubed. (2005). Potential Changes in Hydropower Production from global climate change in California and western United States. Prepared in support of the 2005 Integrated Energy Policy Report Proceeding (Docket # 04-IEPR-01 G). California Energy Commission.
12. Aylett, A. (2013). Networked urban climate governance: Neighborhood-scale residential solar energy systems and the example of Solarize Portland. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 31, 858-875.
13. Aylett, A. (2014). Urban Climate Governance Report. MIT.
14. Aznar, A., Day, M., Doris, E., Mathur, S., and Donohoo-Vallett, P. (2015). City-Level Energy Decision Making: Data Use in Energy Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation in U.S. Cities. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Accessed January 8, 2016: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/64128.pdf
15. Bader, N., and Bleischwitz, R. (2009). Measuring urban greenhouse gas emissions: The challenge of comparability. SAPIENS 2, 1-15.
16. Baiocchi, G., Minx, J., and Hubacek, K. (2010). The impact of social factors and consumer behavior on carbon dioxide emissions in the United Kingdom. Journal of Industrial Ecology 14, 50-72.
17. Baxter, L. W., and Calandri, K. (1992). Global warming and electricity demand: A study of California. Energy Policy 20, 233-244.
18. Blanco, G., Gerlagh, R., Suh, S., Barrett, J., de Coninck, H. C., Morejon, C. F. D., Mathur, R., Nakicenovic, N., Ahenkorah, A. O., Pan, J., Pathak, H., Rice, J., Richels, R., Smith, S. J., Stern, D. I., Toth, F. L., and Zhou, P. (2014). Drivers, trends and mitigation. In Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y., Farahani, E., Kadner, S., Seyboth, K., Adler, A., Baum, I., Brunner, S., Eickemeier, P., Kriemann, B., Savolainen, J., Schlömer, S., von Stechow, C., Zwickel, T., and Minx, J. C. (eds.), Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (351-411). Cambridge University Press.
19. Breslow, P. B., and Sailor, D. J. (2002). Vulnerability of wind power resources to climate change in the continental United States. Renewable Energy 27, 585-598.
20. Brew-Hammond, A. (2010). Energy access in Africa: Challenges ahead.Energy Policy 38, 2291-2301.
21. Broto, V. C., and Bulkeley, H. (2013). A survey of urban climate change experiments in 100 cities. Global Environmental Change 23, 92-102.
22. Brown, M. A., Southworth, F., and Sarzynski, A. (2008). Shrinking the Carbon Footprint of Metropolitan America. The Brookings Institution.
23. Brown, R. R., and Farrelly, M. A. (2009). Delivering sustainable urban water management: A review of the hurdles we face. Water Science and Technology 59, 839-846.
24. Bruckner, T., Bashmakov, I. A., Mulugetta, Y., Chum, H., De la Vega Navarro, A., Edmonds, J., Faaij, A., Fungtammasan, B., Garg, A., Hertwich, E., Honnery, D., Infield, D., Kainuma, M., Khennas, S. Kim, S., Bashir Nimir, B., Riahi, K., Strachan, N., Wiser, R., and Zhang, X. (2014). Energy systems. In Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y., Farahani, E., Kadner, S., Seyboth, K., Adler, A., Baum, I., Brunner, S., Eickemeier, P., Kriemann, B., Savolainen, J., Schlömer, S., von Stechow, C., Zwickel, T., and Minx, J. C. (eds.), Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (511-597). Cambridge University Press.
25. Bulkeley, H., and Kern, K. (2006). Local government and the governing of climate change in Germany and the UK. Urban Studies 43, 2237-2259.
26. Bull, S. R., Bilello, D. E., Ekmann, J., Sale, J. M., and Schmalzer, D. K. (2007). Effects of climate change on energy production and distribution in the United States. In Effects of Climate Change on Energy Production and Use in the United States. U.S. Climate Change Science Program.C2ES. (2014). Market-Based Climate Mitigation Policies in Emerging Economies. Center for Climate and Energy Solutions.
27. C40 Cities, and ARUP. (2014). Working together: Global aggregation of city climate commitments. Accessed January 11, 2016: http://c40-production-images.s3.amazonaws.com/researches/images/24_Working_Together_Global_Aggregation.original.pdf
28. Calderon, F., Stern, N., Bonde, I., Burrow, S., Yuan, C., Clark, H., Diogo, L., Doctoroff, D. L., Gopalakrishan, S., Gurria, A., Holliday, C., Polman, P., Indrawati, S. M., Koch-Weser, C., Lagos, R., Lies, M. M., Manuel, T., Nakao, T., Paes, E., Parker, A., Shafik, N., Stoltenberg, J., van der Hoeven, M., and Zhu, L. (2014). The New Climate Economy. World Resource Institute.
29. Cardona, O. -D., Aalst, M. K. V., Birkmann, J., Fordham, M., McGregor, G., Perez, R., Pulwarty, R. S., Schipper, E. L. F., and Sinh, B. T. (2012). Determinants of risk: Exposure and vulnerability. In Field, C. B., Barros, V., Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Dokken, D. J., Ebi, K. L., Mastrandrea, M. D., Mach, K. J., Plattner, G. -K., Allen, S. K., Tignor, M., and Midgley, P. M. (eds.), Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (65-108). Cambridge University Press.
30. Carloni I, F. B. B. A. (2012). Gestão do inventário e do monitoramento de emissões de gases de efeito estufa em cidades: O caso do Rio de Janeiro. UFRJ/COPPE.
31. CDP, C40, and AECOM. (2014). Protecting our capital: How climate adaptation in cities creates a resilient place for business. London, UK. Accessed December 5, 2015: http://www.c40.org/researches/protecting-our-capital
32. Chavez, A. (2012). Comparing city-scale greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions accounting methods: Implementation, approximations, and policy relevance. Doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado.
33. Chávez, A. (2016). Community metabolism footprints: Scaling communities towards global sustainability. In preparation.
34. Chavez, A., and Ramaswami, A. (2013). Articulating a trans-boundary infrastructure supply chain greenhouse gas emission footprint for cities: Mathematical relationships and policy relevance. Energy Policy 54, 376-384.
35. Chester, M. V., Sperling, J., Stokes, E., Allenby, B., Kockelman, K., Kennedy, C., Baker, L. A., Keirstead, J., and Hendrickson, C. T. (2014). Positioning infrastructure and technologies for low-carbon urbanization. Earth’s Future 2, 533-547.
36. Ciccone, A., and Hall, R. E. (1996). Productivity and the density of economic activity. American Economic Review, 86(1), 54-70.
37. City of Aspen. (2015). Renewable energy city of Aspen. Aspen, Colorado, USA. Accessed February 2, 2016: http://www.aspenpitkin.com/Living-in-the-Valley/Green-Initiatives/Renewable-Energy/.
38. City of Seattle. (2013). Seattle climate action plan. Accessed May 27, 2014: http://www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/OSE/2013_CAP_20130612.pdf
39. Coase, R. H. (1950). The nationalization of electricity supply in Great Britain. Land Economics 26, 1-16.
40. Creutzig, F., Baiocchi, G., Bierkandt, R., Pichler, P. -P., and Seto, K. C. (2015). Global typology of urban energy use and potentials for an urbanization mitigation wedge. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 112, 6283-6288.
41. Croci, E., Melandri, S., and Molteni, T. (2010). A Comparative Analysis of Global City Policies in Climate Change Mitigation: London, New York, Milan, Mexico City and Bangkok. Bocconi IEFE, Working Paper Series No. 32. Center for Research on Energy and Environmental Economics and Policy at Bocconi University.
42. Davis, L. W., and Gertler, P. J. (2015). Contribution of air conditioning adoption to future energy use under global warming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 119, 5962-5967.
43. Davis, M., and Weible, C. M. (2011). Linking social actors and social theories: Toward improved GHG mitigation strategies. Carbon Management 2, 483-491.
44. Deffeyes, K. S. (2001). Hubbert’s Peak: The Impending World Oil Shortage. Princeton University Press.
45. Dhakal, S. (2009). Urban energy use and carbon emissions from cities in China and policy implications. Energy Policy 37, 4208-4219.
46. Dhakal, S. (2010). GHG emission from urbanization and opportunities for urban carbon mitigation. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2, 277-283.
47. Dilling, L., and Lemos, M. (2011). Creating usable science: Opportunities and constraints for climate knowledge use and their implications for science policy. Global Environmental Change 21, 680-689.
48. Dittmar, M. (2013). The end of cheap uranium. Science of the Total Environment 461-462, 792-798.
49. Dubeux, C. B. S. (2007). Mitigação de Emissões de Gases de Efeito Estufa por Municípios Brasileiros: Metodologias para Elaboração de Inventários Setoriais e Cenários de Emissões como Instrumentos de Planejamento. Tese de D.Sc, Planejamento Energético, COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro.
50. Eakin, H., and Lynd Luers, A. (2006). Assessing the vulnerabililty of social-environmental systems. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 31, 365-294.
51. Eberhard, A., Rosnes, O., Shkaratan, M., and Vennemo, H. (2011). Africa’s Power Infrastructure: Investment, Integration, Efficiency. World Bank.
52. Ebinger, J., and Vergera, W. (2011). Climate impacts on energy systems: Key issues for energy sector adaptation (No. 60051). Accessed April 5, 2014: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2011/01/13888226/climate-impacts-energy-systems-key-issues-energy-sector-adaptation
53. Economist Intelligence Unit. (2011a). African Green City Index. Siemens AG.
54. Economist Intelligence Unit. (2011b). Asian Cities Green City Index. Siemens AG.
55. Economist Intelligence Unit. (2011c). European Green City Index. Siemens AG.
56. Economist Intelligence Unit. (2011d). German Green City Index. Siemens AG.
57. Economist Intelligence Unit. (2011e). Latin American Green City Index. Siemens AG.
58. Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). (2011f). North American Green City Index. Siemens AG.
59. Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) (2012). The Green City Index: A Summary of the Green City Index Research Series. Siemens AG.
60. EEQ. (2012). Plan Estrategico 2012-2015.
61. EEQ. (2014). La Generación de electricidad en la EEQ: Gerencia de Generación y Subtransmisión.
62. Emelianoff, C. (2014). Local energy transition and multilevel climate governance: The contrasted experiences of two pioneer cities (Hanover, Germany, and Växjö, Sweden). Urban Studies 51, 1378-1393.
63. Environment America Research and Policy Center. (2015). Shining cities, at the forefront of America’s solar energy revolution. Accessed March 7, 2016: http://www.environmentamerica.org/sites/environment/files/reports/EA_ShiningCities2015_scrn.pdf
64. EPA-United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2015). Developing a greenhouse gas inventory. Accessed March 29, 2016: http://www.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/state/activities/ghg-inventory.html
65. Estiri, H. (2014). Building and household x-factors and energy consumption at the residential sector. Energy Economics 43, 178-184. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2014.02.013
66. Estiri, H. (2015). A structural equation model of energy consumption in the United States: Untangling the complexity of per-capita residential energy use. Energy Research and Social Science 6, 109-120. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2015.01.002.
67. Estiri, H., Gabriel, R., Howard, E., and Wang, L. (2013). Different regions, differences in energy consumption: Do regions account for the variability in household energy consumption? Working paper 134. University of Washington, Seattle. Accessed May 27, 2014: http://www.csss.washington.edu/Papers/wp134.pdf
68. European Union. (2015). Renewable energy: The promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources. Accessed March 16, 2016: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT?uri=URISERV:l27035
69. Evans, P. C., and Fox-Penner, P. (2014). Resilient and sustainable infrastructure for urban energy systems. Solutions 5, 48-54.
70. Farrell, D., and Remes, J. (2009). Promoting energy efficiency in the developing world. The McKinsey Quarterly 14.
71. Fenger, J. (2007). Impacts of climate change on renewable energy sources: Their role in the nordic energy system. Nordic Council of Ministers. Fidje, A., and Martinsen, T. (2006). Effects of climate change on the utilization of solar cells in Nordic region. In European Conference on Impacts of Climate Change on Renewable Energy Resources. Reykjavik, Iceland.
72. Florini, A., and Sovacool, B. K. (2009). Who governs energy? The challenges facing global energy governance. Energy Policy 37, 5239-5248.
73. Fouquet, R. (2010). The slow search for solutions: Lessons from historical energy transitions by sector and service. Energy Policy 38, 6586-6596.
74. Fouquet, R., and Pearson, P. J. G. (2012). Past and prospective energy transitions: Insight from history. Energy Policy 50, 1-7.
75. Franco, G. (2005). Climate change impacts and adaptation in California. Prepared in support of the 2005 Integrated Energy Policy Report Proceeding (Docket # 04-IEPR-01E). California Energy Commission.
76. Franco, G., and Sanstad, A. H. (2008). Climate change and electricity demand in California. Climatic Change 87, S139-S151.
77. Frantzeskaki, N., Avelino, F., and Loorbach, D. (2013). Outliers or frontrunners? Exploring the (self-) governance of community-owned sustainable energy in Scotland and the Netherlands. In Michalena, E., and Hills, J. M. (eds.), Renewable Energy Governance (101-116). Springer.
78. French, H. (2008). Severe snow storms batter China. New York Times, January 28.
79. Fussel, H. -M., and Klein, R. J. T. (2006). Climate change vulnerability assessments: An evolution of conceptual thinking. Climatic Change 75, 301-329.
80. Garnaut, R. (2008). The Garnaut Climate Change Review. Cambridge University Press. Accessed April 5, 2014: http://www.garnautreview.org.au/2008-review.html
81. GEA. (2012). Global Energy Assessment Toward a Sustainable Future. Cambridge University Press/International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.
82. Gill, S. E., Handley, J. F., Ennos, A. R., and Pauleit, S. (2007). Adapting cities for climate change: The role of the green infrastructure. Built Environment 33, 115-133.
83. Goldstein, N. J., Cialdini, R. B., and Griskevicius, V. (2008). A room with a viewpoint: Using social norms to motivate environmental conservation in hotels. Journal of Consumer Research 35(3), 472-482.
84. GPC. (2014). Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories: An Accounting and Reporting Standard for Cities. World Resources Institute, C40 Cities, ICLEI.
85. Grin, J., Rotmans, J., and Schot, J. (2012). Transitions to Sustainable Development: New Directions in the Study of Long Term Transformative Change. Routledge Studies in Sustainability Transitions. Taylor and Francis.
86. Grubler, A. (2004). Transitions in energy use. In Encyclopedia of Energy, Volume 6 (163-177). Elsevier.
87. Grubler, A. (2012). Energy transitions research: Insights and cautionary tales. Energy Policy 50, 8-16.
88. Grubler, A., Bai, X., Buettner, T., Dhakal, S., Fisk, D. J., Ichinose, T., Keirstead, J. E., Sammer, G., Satterthwaite, D., Schulz, N. B., Shah, N., Steinberger. J., and Weisz, H. (2012a). Chapter 18 Urban Energy Systems. In Global Energy Assessment Toward a Sustainable Future, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, pp. 1307-1400.
89. Grubler, A., Johansson, T. B., Mundaca, L., Nakicenovic, N., Pachauri, S., Riahi, K., Rogner, H. -H., and Strupeit, L. (2012b). Chapter 1 Energy Primer. In Global Energy Assessment Toward a Sustainable Future, Cambridge University Press, UK and New York, NY, USA and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, pp. 99-150.
90. Gupta, R., Barnfield, L., and Hipwood, T. (2014). Impacts of community-led energy retrofitting of owner-occupied dwellings. Building Research and Information 42, 446-461.
91. Hanson, S., Nicholls, R., Ranger, N., Hallegatte, S., Corfee-Morlot, J., Herwijer, C., and Chateau, J. (2011). A global ranking of port cities with high exposure to climate extremes. Climatic Change 104(1), 89-111.
92. Hamlet, A., Lee, S. -Y., Mickelson, K. B., and Elsner, M. (2010). Effects of projected climate change on energy supply and demand in the Pacific Northwest and Washington State. Climatic Change 102, 103-128.
93. Hammer, S. A., Keirstead, J., Dhakal, S., Mitchell, J., Colley, M., Connell, R., Gonzalez, R., Herve-Mignucci, M., Parshall, L., Schulz, N., and Hyams, M. (2011). Climate change and urban energy systems. In Rosenzweig, C., Solecki, W. D., Hammer, S. A., and Mehrotra, S. (eds.), Climate Change and Cities: First Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network. Cambridge University Press.
94. Harlan, S. L., and Ruddell, D. M. (2011). Climate change and health in cities: Impacts of heat and air pollution and potential co-benefits from mitigation and adaptation. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 3, 126-134.
95. Harrison, G. P., Cradden, L. C., and Chick, J. P. (2008). Preliminary assessment of climate change impacts on the UK onshore wind energy resource. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects 30, 1286-1299.
96. Hawkey, D., Webb, J., and Winskel, M. (2013). Organisation and governance of urban energy systems: District heating and cooling in the UK. Special Issue: Advancing Sustainable Urban Transformation 50, 22-31.
97. Heath, G. A., and Mann, M. K. (2012). Background and reflections on the life cycle assessment harmonization project. Journal of Industrial Ecology 16, 28-211.
98. Heinberg, R., and Fridley, D. (2010). The end of cheap coal. Nature 468, 367-369.
99. Heinonen, J., Jalas, M., Juntunen, J.K, Ala-Mantila, S., and Junnila, S. (2013). Situated lifestyles: I. How lifestyles change along with the level of urbanization and what the greenhouse gas implications are a study of Finland. Environmental Research Letters 8. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/025003
100. Hernández, D. (2015). Sacrifice along the energy continuum: A call for energy justice. Environmental Justice 8, 151-156.
101. Hess, J. J., Bednarz, D., Bae, J. Y., and Pierce, J. (2011). Petroleum and health care: Evaluating and managing health care’s vulnerability to petroleum supply shifts. American Journal of Public Health 101, 1568-1579.
102. Hewer, F. (2006). Climate Change and Energy Management. UK Met Office.
103. Hibbard, P. J. (2006). U.S. Energy Infrastructure Vulnerability: Lessons from the Gulf Coast Hurricanes. Analysis Group.
104. Hoornweg, D., Sugar, L., Lorena, C., and Gomez, T. (2011). Cities and greenhouse gas emissions: Moving forward. Environment and Urbanization 23, 207-227.
105. Hsu, A. (2015). Five key takeaways from China’s climate pledge. Yale environmental performance index blog. Accessed February 25, 2016: http://epi.yale.edu/the-metric/five-key-takeaways-chinas-new-climate-pledge
106. Hubbert, M. K. (1981). The world’s evolving energy system. American Journal of Physics 49, 1007-1029.
107. Hughes, L., and Rudolph, J. (2011). Future world oil production: Growth, plateau, or peak? Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 3, 225-235.
108. ICF. (1995). Potential Effects of climate change on electric utilities. Prepared for Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI) and Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI).
109. ICLEI. (2009). International Local Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocol (IEAP) Version 1.0. Accessed April 5, 2014: http://carbonn.org/fileadmin/user_upload/carbonn/Standards/IEAP_October2010_color.pdf
110. ICLEI. (2012). U.S. community protocol for accounting and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions. Version 1.0: ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability USA.
111. ICLEI. (2015). Carbon Climate Registry 2014-2015 Digest. Accessed January 10, 2016: http://carbonn.org/fileadmin/user_upload/cCCR/ccr-digest-2014-2015/ccr-digest-2014-2015-online-final.pdf
112. ICLEI, C40, and World Resources Institute. (2012). Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories: An accounting and reporting standard for cities. Accessed December 16, 2014: http://www.ghgprotocol.org/city-accounting
113. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. IGES.
114. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2014a). Climate Change 2014, Synthesis Report, Summary for Policymakers. IPCC.
115. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2014b). Summary for Policymakers. In Field, C. B., Barros, V. R., Dokken, D. J., Mach, K. J., Mastrandrea, M. D., Bilir, T. E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K. L., Estrada, Y. O., Genova, R. C., Girma, B., Kissel, E. S., Levy, A. N., MacCracken, S., Mastrandrea, P. R., and White, L. L. (eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1-34). Cambridge University Press.
116. International Energy Agency (IEA). (2008). World Energy Outlook. IEA.
117. International Energy Agency (IEA). (2010). World Energy Outlook. IEA.
118. International Energy Agency (IEA). (2012). World Energy Outlook. IEA.
119. International Energy Agency (IEA). (2013). World Energy Outlook. IEA.
120. International Energy Agency (IEA). (2014). World Energy Outlook. IEA.
121. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). (2007). Efficient Electrical Energy Transmission and Distribution. IEC.
122. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA). (2012). Global Energy Assessment Toward a Sustainable Future. Cambridge University Press,.
123. International Renewable Energy Agency. (2015). Renewable Energy Target Setting. IRENA.
124. Jaccard, M., Failing, L., and Berry, T. (1997). From equipment to infrastructure: Community energy management and greenhouse gas emission reduction. Energy Policy 25, 1065-1074.
125. Jacobson, M. Z., and Delucchi, M. A. (2011). Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials. Energy Policy 39, 1154-1169.
126. Jaglin, S. (2014). Urban energy policies and the governance of multilevel issues in Cape Town. Urban Studies 51, 1394-1414.
127. Jiusto, S. (2009). Energy transformations and geographic research. In Castree, N., Demeritt, D., Liverman, D., and Rhoads, B. (eds.), A Companion to Environmental Geography (533-551). Wiley-Blackwell.
128. JRC/PBL. (2013). Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR). Release Version 4.2 FT2010. Accessed July 3, 2015: http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu
129. Kahn, M. E. (2009). Urban growth and climate change. Annual Review of Resource Economics 1, 333-349.
130. Karekezi, S., Kimani, J., and Onguru, O. (2008). Energy access among the urban poor in Kenya. Energy for Sustainable Development 12, 38-48.
131. Karekezi, S., McDade, S., Boardman, B., and Kimani, J. (2012). Energy, poverty and development. In Global Energy Assessment Toward a Sustainable Future (153-190). Cambridge University Press.
132. Keirstead, J., and Shah, N. (2013). Urban Energy Systems: An Integrated Approach. Routledge.
133. Kennedy, C., Ramaswami, A., Carney, S., and Dhakal, S. (2011). Greenhouse gas emission baselines for global cities and metropolitan regions. In Hoornweg, D., Freire, M., Lee, M. J., Bhada-Tata, P., and Yuen, B. (eds.), Cities and Climate Change: Responding to an Urgent Agenda (15-54). World Bank.
134. Kennedy, C. A., Ibrahim, N., and Hoornweg, D. (2014). Low-carbon infrastructure strategies for cities. Nature Climate Change 4, 343-346.
135. Kennedy, C. A., Stewart, I., Facchini, A., Cersosimo, I., Mele, R., Chen, B., Uda, M., Kansal, A., Chiu, A., Kim, K. -G., Dubeux, C., Lebre La Rovere, E., Cunha, B., Pincetl, S., Keirstead, J., Barles, S., Pusaka, S., Gunawan, J., Adegbile, M., Nazariha, M., Hoque, S., Marcotullio, P. J., Otharán, F. G., Genena, T., Ibrahim, N., Farooqui, R., Cervantes, G., and Duran Sahin, A. (2015). Energy and material flows of megacities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 112, 5985-5990.
136. Kirshen, P., Ruth, M., and Anderson, W. (2007). Interdependencies of urban climate change impacts and adaptation strategies: A case study of Metropolitan Boston, USA. Climatic Change 86, 105-122.
137. Knowlton, K., Kulkarni, S., Azhar, G.S, Mavalankar, D., Jaiswal, A., Connolly, M., Nori-Sarma, A., Rajiva, A., Dutta, P., and Deol, B. (2014). Development and implementation of South Asia’s first heat-health action plan in Ahmedabad (Gujarat, India). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, 3473-3492.
138. Kovacs, K. F., Haight, R. G. Jung, S., Locke, D. H., and O’Neil-Dunne, J. (2013). The marginal cost of carbon abatement from planting street trees in New York City. Ecological Economics 95, 1-10.
139. Krzyzanowski, M., Apte, J. S., Bonjour, S. P., Brauer, M., Cohen, A. J., and Prüss-Üstün, A. (2014). Air pollution in the megacities. Current Environmental Health Reports 1, 185-191.
140. Kunchornrat, J., and Phdungsilp, A. (2012). Multi-level governance of low-carbon energy systems in Thailand. Energies 5, 531-544.
141. Larijani, K. M. (2009). Climate Change Effects on High-Elevation Hydropower System in California. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Davis.
142. Larsen, P. H., Goldsmith, S., Smith, O., Wilson, M. L., Strzepek, K., Chinowsky, P., and Saylor, B. (2008). Estimating future costs for Alaska public infrastructure at risk from climate change. Global Environmental Change 18, 442-457.
143. Lehner, B., Czisch, G., and Vassolo, S. (2001). Europe’s hydropower potential today and in the future. University of Kassel, Center for Environmental Systems Research.
144. Lin, J., Cao, B., Cui, S., Wang, W., and Bai, X. (2010). Evaluating the effectiveness of urban energy conservation and GHG mitigation measures: The case of Xiamen city, China. Energy Policy 38, 5123-5132.
145. Lo, K. (2014). Urban carbon governance and the transition toward low-carbon urbanism: Review of a global phenomenon. Carbon Management 5, 269-283.
146. Lovins, A. B., Datta, E. K. Feiler, T., Rábago, K. R., Swisher, J. N., Lehmann, A., and Wicker, K. (2002). Small Is Profitable: The Hidden Economic Benefits of Making Electrical Resources the Right Size. Rocky Mountain Institute.
147. Maggio, G., and Cacciola, G. (2012). When will oil, natural gas, and coal peak? Fuel 98, 111-123.
148. Mansanet-Bataller, M., Herve-Mignucci, M., and Leseur, A. (2008). Energy Infrastructures in France: Climate Change Vulnerabilities and Adaptation Possibilities. Mission Climate Working Paper, No. 2008-1. Caisse des Depots.
149. Marcotullio, P. J., Hughes, S., Sarzynski, A., Pincetl, S., Sanchez-Pena, L., Romero-Lankao, P., Runfola, D., and Seto, K. C. (2014). Urbanization and the carbon cycle: Contributions from social science. Earth’s Future 2, 496-514.
150. Marcotullio, P. J., Sarzynski, A., Albrecht, J., and Schulz, N. (2012). The geography of urban greenhouse gas emissions in Asia: A regional analysis. Global Environmental Change 22, 944-958.
151. Marcotullio, P. J., Sarzynski, A., Albrecht, J., Schulz, N., and Garcia, J. (2013). The geography of global urban greenhouse gas emissions: An exploratory analysis. Climatic Change 121, 621-634.
152. Marcotullio, P. J., Williams, E. W., and Marshall, J. D. (2005). Faster, sooner, and more simultaneously: How recent transportation CO2 emission trends in developing countries differ from historic trends in the United States of America. Journal of Environment and Development 14, 125-148.
153. Markoff, M. S., and Cullen, A. C. (2008). Impact of climate change on Pacific Northwest hydropower. Climatic Change 87, 451-469.
154. Marks, G., Hooghe, L., and Blank, K. (1996). European integration from the 1980s: State-centric v. multi-level governance. Journal of Common Market Studies 34, 341-378.
155. Martinsen, D., Krey, V., and Markewitz, P. (2007). Implications of high energy prices for energy system and emissions-The response from an energy model for Germany. Energy Policy 35, 4504-4515.
156. McGranahan, G., Balk, D., and Anderson, B. (2007). The rising tide: Assessing the risks of climate change and human settlements in low elevation coastal zones. Environment and Urbanization 19(1), 17-37.
157. McKinley, J. C. (2008). Crews from 31 states in Texas to restore power. New York Times A18.
158. McMichael, A., Woodward, M., and Leeuwen, R. (1994). The impact of energy use in industrialised countries upon global population health. Medicine and Global Survival 1, 23-32.
159. Miller, N., Hayhoe, K., Jin, J., and Auffhammer, M. (2008). Climate extreme heat and electricity demand in California. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 47, 1834-1844.
160. Modi, V., McDade, S., Lallement, D., and Saghir, J. (2005). Energy Servcies for the Millennium Development Goals. World Bank.
161. Monstadt, J. (2007). Urban governance and the transition of energy systems: Institutional change and shifting energy and climate policies in Berlin. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 31, 326-343.
162. Monstadt, J., and Wolff, A. (2015). Energy transition or incremental change? Green policy agendas and the adaptability of the urban energy regime in Los Angeles. Energy Policy 78, 213-224.
163. Morlet, C., and Keirstead, J. (2013). A comparative analysis of urban energy governance in four European cities. Energy Policy 61, 852-863.
164. Müller, N., Kuttler, W., and Barlag, A. -B. (2014). Counteracting urban climate change: Adaptation measures and their effect on thermal comfort. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 115, 243-257.
165. Munasinghe, M., and Swart, R. (2000). Climate change and its linkages with development, equity, and sustainability. In Proceedings of the IPCC Expert Meeting Held in Colombo, Sri Lanka. LIFE/RIVM/World Bank.
166. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). (2015). State and local governments: Renewable portfolio standards. Accessed January 5, 2016: http://www.nrel.gov/tech_deployment/state_local_governments/basics_portfolio_standards.html
167. National Research Academy. (1999). Our Common Journey, A Transition Toward Sustainability. National Academy Press.
168. Neumayer, E. (2002). Can natural factors explain any cross-country differences in carbon dioxide emissions? Energy Policy, 30, 7-12.
169. Neves, C. G., and Dopico, Y. B. C. (2013). Análise de Metodologias de Produção de Inventários de Gases de Efeito Estufa de Cidades Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ/Escola Politécnica.
170. Nicholls, R. J., Hanson, S., Herweijer, C., Patmore, N., Hallegatte, S., Corfee-Morlot, and J., Muir-Wood, R. (2008). Ranking Port Cities with High Exposure and Vulnerability to Climate Extremes: Exposure Estimates. Accessed July 3, 2015: http://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/aia/documents/pdf/aias076737.pdf
171. Noble, I. R., Huq, S., Anokhin, Y. A., Carmin, J., Goudou, D., Lansigan, F. P., Osman-Elasha, B., and Villamizar, A. (2014). Adaptation needs and options. In Field, C. B., Barros, V. R., Dokken, D. J., Mach, K. J., Mastrandrea, M. D., Bilir, T. E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K. L., Estrada, Y. O., Genova, R. C., Girma, B., Kissel, E. S., Levy, A. N., MacCracken, S., Mastrandrea, P. R., and White, L. L. (eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (833-868). Cambridge University Press.
172. O’Neill, B.C., Ren, X., Jiang, L., and Dalton, M. (2012). The effect of urbanization on energy use in India and China in the iPETS model. Energy Economics 34(Supplement 3), S339-S345.
173. Olmos, S. (2001). Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change: Concepts, issues, assessment methods. Climate Change Knowledge Network. Accessed November 13, 2015: www.cckn.net
174. Ostertag, K. (2012). No-regret Potentials in Energy Conservation: An Analysis of Their Relevance, Size and Determinants. Springer Science and Business Media.
175. Pachauri, S. (2004). An analysis of cross-sectional variations in total household energy requirements in India using micro survey data. Energy Policy, 32(15), 1723-1735.
176. Pachauri, S., and Jiang, L. (2008). The household energy transition in India and China. Energy Policy 36(11), 4022-2035.
177. Pan, Z., Segal, M., Arritt, R. W., and Takle, E. S. (2004). On the potential change in solar radiation over the U.S. due to increases of atmospheric greenhouse gases. Renewable Energy 29, 1923-1928.
178. Pandey, K. D., Wheeler, D., Ostro, B., Deichmann, U., Hamilton, K., and Bolt, K. (2006). Ambient particulate matter concentrations in residential and pollution hotspot areas of world cities: New estimates based on the Global Model of Ambient Particulates (GMAPS). Working paper. World Bank.
179. Pasternak, A. (2000). Global energy futures and human development: A framework for analysis. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy.
180. Petilla, C. J. L. (2014). Philippine Energy Plan 2012-2030. Department of Energy. Republic of the Philippines. Accessed November 7, 2015: https://www.doe.gov.ph/pep/philippine-energy-plan-2012-2030
181. Pierce, N. (2015). 19 cities report documented reductions in greenhouse-gas emissions. Citiscope. Accessed April 1, 2016: http://citiscope.org/story/2015/19-cities-report-documented-reductions-greenhouse-gas-emissions
182. Prasad, N., Ranghieri, F., Shah, F., Trohanis, Z., Kessler, E., and Sinha, R. (2008). Climate Resilient Cities: A Primer on Reducing Vulnerabilities to Climate Change Impacts and Strengthening Disaster Risk, Management in East Asian Cities. The World Bank.
183. Poumanyvong, P., and Kaneko, S. (2010). Does urbanization lead to less energy use and lower CO2 emissions? A cross-country analysis.Ecological Economics 70(2), 434-444.
184. Ramaswami, A., Bernard, M., Chavez, A., Hillman, T., Whitaker, M., Thomas, G., and Marshall, M. (2012). Quantifying carbon mitigation wedges in U.S. cities: Near-term strategy analysis and critical review. Environmental Science and Technology 46, 3629-3642.
185. Revi, A., Satterthwaite, D., Aragon-Durand, F., Corfee-Morlot, J., Kiunsi, R. B. R., Pelling, M., Roberts, D., Solecki, W., da Silva, J., Dodman, D., Maskrey, A., Gajjar, S. P., and Tuts, R. (2014). Urban areas. In Field, C. B., Barros, V. R., Dokken, D. J., Mach, K. J., Mastrandrea, M.D., Bilir, T. E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K. L., Estrada, Y. O., Genova, R. C., Girma, B., Kissel, E. S., Levy, A. N., MacCracken, S., Mastrandrea, P. R., and White, L. L. (eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (535-612). Cambridge University Press.
186. Rogner, H. -H., Aguilera, R. F., Archer, C. L., Bertani, R., Bhattacharya, S. C., Dusseault, M. B., Gagnon, L., Haberl, H., Hoogwijk, M., Johnson, A., Rogner, M. L., Wagner, H., and Yakushev, V. (2012). Chapter 7 Energy Resources and Potentials. In Global Energy Assessment Toward a Sustainable Future, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, pp. 423-512.
187. Rotmans, J., Kemp, R., and van Asselt, M. (2001). More evolution than revolution: Transition management in public policy. Foresight 3, 15-31.
188. Royal Academy of Engineering. (2011). Infrastructure, Engineering, and Climate Change Adaptation: Ensuring Services in an Uncertain Future. Published by RAE on behalf of Engineering the Future.
189. Ruester, S., Schwenen, S., Finger, M., and Glachant, J. -M. (2013). A strategic energy technology policy towards 2050: No-regret strategies for European technology push. International Journal of Energy Technology and Policy 9, 160-174.
190. Ruth, M. (2010). Economic and social benefits of climate information: Assessing the cost of inaction. Procedia Environmental Sciences 1, 387-394.
191. Rutter, P., and Keirstead, J. (2012). A brief history and the possible future of urban energy systems. Energy Policy 50, 72-80.
192. Saatkamp, B., Masera, O., and Kammen, D. (2000). Energy and health transitions in development: Fuel use, stove technology, and morbidity in Jarácuaro, México. Energy for Sustainable Development 4, 7-16.
193. Salamanca, F., Georgescu, M., Mahalov, A., Moustaoui, M., and Wang, M. (2014). Anthropogenic heating of the urban environment due to air conditioning. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119, 5949-5965.
194. Satterthwaite, D. (2008). Cities’ contribution to global warming: Notes on the allocation of greenhouse gas emissions. Environment and Urbanization 20, 539-549.
195. Satterthwaite, D. (2009). The implications of population growth and urbanization for climate change. Environment and Urbanization 21, 545-567.
196. Satterthwaite, D., and Sverdlik, A. (2013). Energy access and housing for low-income groups in urban areas. In Grubler, A., and Fisk, D. (eds.), Energizing Sustainable cities (73-94). Routledge.
197. Schaper, M. (2002). The essence of ecopreneurship. Greener Management International 38, 26-30.
198. Schock, R. N., Skimms, R., Bull, S., Larsen, H., Likhachev, V., Nagano, K., Nilsson, H., Vuori, S., Yeager, K., and Zhou, L. (2012). Chapter 15 Energy Supply Systems. In Global Energy Assessment Toward a Sustainable Future, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, pp. 1131-1172.
199. Schultz, P. W., Nolan, J. M., Cialdini, R. B., Goldstein, N. J., and Grisevicius, V. (2007). The constructive, destructive, and reconstructive power of social norms. Psychological Science 18(5), 429-434.
200. Schulz, N. (2010a). Delving into the carbon footprint of Singapore: Comparing direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions of a small and open economic system. Energy Policy 38(9), 4848-4855.
201. Schulz, N. (2010b). Urban energy consumption database and estimations of urban energy intensities. Working paper. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria. Accessed March 26, 2017: http://www.iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/Flagship-Projects/Global-Energy-Assessment/KM18_City_energy_DB.pdf
202. Schwartz, B., Parker, C., Hess, J. J., and Frumkin, H. (2011). Public health and medicine in an age of energy scarcity: The case of petroleum. American Journal of Public Health 101, 1560-1567.
203. Semenza, J., Hall, D., Wilson, D., Bontempo, B., Sailor, D., and George, L. (2008). Public perception of climate change: Voluntary mitigation and barriers to behavior change. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 35, 479-487.
204. Seto, K. C., Dhakal, S., Bigio, A., Blanco, H., Delgado, G. C., Dewar, D., Huang, L., Inaba, A., Kansal, A., Lwasa, S., McMahon, J., Mueller, D., Murakami, J., Nagendra, H., and Ramaswami, A. (2014). Human settlements, infrastructure and spatial planning. In Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y., Farahani, E., Kadner, S., Seyboth, K., Adler, A., Baum, I., Brunner, S., Eickemeier, P., Kriemann, B., Savolainen, J., Schlömer, S., von Stechow, C., Zwickel, T., and Minx, J. C. (eds.), Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change, 5th Assessment Report (923-1000). Cambridge University Press.
205. Seto, K. C., Guneralp, B., and Hutyra, L. (2012). Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, 552-563.
206. Simonoff, J. S., Restrepo, C. E., and Zimmerman, R. (2007). Risk management and risk analysis-based decision tools for attacks on electric power. Risk Analysis 27, 547-570.
207. Smil, V. (2010). Energy Transitions: History, Requirements, Prospects. Praeger.
208. Smit, B., and Wandel, J. (2006). Adaptation, adaptive capacity and vulnerability. Global Environmental Change 16, 282-292.
209. Smith, A. (2007). Emerging in between: The multi-level governance of renewable energy in the English regions. Energy Policy 35, 6266-6280.
210. Smith, J. B., and Tirpak, D. (1989). The Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the United States. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA-230-05-89-050).
211. Smith, K. R. (2010). What’s cooking? A brief update. Energy for Sustainable Development 14, 251-252.
212. Sperling, J. (2014). Exploring the nexus of infrastructures, environment and health in Indian cities: Integrating multiple infrastructures and social factors with health risks. Doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado, Denver.
213. Sperling, J., and Ramaswami, A. (2013). Exploring health outcomes as a motivator for low-carbon city development: Implications for infrastructure interventions in Asian cities. Habitat International 37, 113-123.
214. Steinberger, J., and Roberts, J. (2009). Across a Moving Threshold: Energy, Carbon and the Efficiency of Meeting Global Human Development Needs. Institute of Social Ecology.
215. Stern, P. C., et al. (2016). Opportunities and insights for reducing fossil fuel consumption by households and organizations. Nature Energy 1, 16043.
216. Stern, P., Aronson, E., Darley, J., Hill, D., Hirst, E., Kempton, W., and Wilbanks, T. (1985). The effectiveness of incentives for residential energy conservation. Evaluation Review 10, 147-176.
217. Thøgersen, J., and Olander, F. (2002). Human values and the emergence of a sustainable consumption pattern: A panel study. Journal of Economic Psychology 23(5), 605-630.
218. Tyler, S., and Moench, M. (2012). A framework for urban climate resilience.Climate and Development 4, 311-326.
219. UN. (2014). World Urbanization Prospects, 2014 Revisions. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations.
220. UN. (2015). Open working group proposal for sustainable development goals. Accessed February 14, 2016: http://undocs.org/A/68/970
221. United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). (2011). ECCO Metropolitan District of Quito. Accessed April 9, 2015: http://www.unep.org/
222. United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). (2016). Global trends inrenewable energy investment 2016. Frankfurt School of Finance and Management. Accessed January 25, 2017: http://fs-unep-centre.org/sites/default/files/publications/globaltrendsinrenewableenergyinvestment2016lowres_0.pdf
223. UNEP, UN-HABITAT, and World Bank. (2010). International Standard for Determining Green house Gas Emissions for Cities (Version2.1). Accessed October 28, 2014: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTUWM/Resources/340232-1205330656272/4768406-1291309208465/Annexes.pdf
224. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR). (2009). Terminology on disaster risk reduction. UNISDR.
225. U.S. Department of Energy. (2013). U.S. energy sector vulnerabilities to climate change and extreme weather. USDOE.
226. U.S. Department of Energy. (2014). Evaluating electric vehicle charging impacts and customer charging behaviors experiences from six smart grid investment grant projects. USDOE.
227. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2011). State climate and energy program. Accessed October 28, 2014: http://www.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/
228. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2014). Guide to the Clean Air Act. Accessed April 27, 2015: http://www.epa.gov/airquality/peg_caa/acidrain.html.
229. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2015). Inventory of U.S. green house gas emissions and sinks: 1990-2013. U.S. EPA, Accessed April 12, 2016: https://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/ghgemissions/U.S.-GHG-Inventory-2015-Main-Text.pdf.
230. Verbong, G., and Geels, F. (2007). The ongoing energy transition: Lessons from a socio-technical, multi-level analysis of the Dutch electricity system (1960-2004). Energy Policy 35, 1025-1037.
231. Vine, E. (2012). Adaptation of California’s electricity sector to climate change. Climatic Change 111, 75-99.
232. Wallston, S., Clarke, G., Haggarty, L., Keneshiro, R., Noll, R., Shirley, M., and Xu, L. C. (2004). New tools for studying network industry reforms in developing countries: the telecommunications and electricity regulation database. Policy Research Working Paper No. 3286. World Bank.
233. Weisz, H., and Steinberger, J. K. (2010). Reducing energy and material flows in cities. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2(3), 185-192.
234. Wenzel, F., Bendimerad, F., and Sinha, R. (2007). Megacities megarisks.Natural Hazards 42, 481-491.
235. Wilbanks, T. J., Bhatt, V., Bilello, D. E., Bull, S. R., Ekmann, J., Horak, W. D., Huang, Y. J., Levine, M. D., Sale, M. J., Schmalzer, D. K., and Scott, M. J. (2007). Effects of climate change on energy production and use in the United States. Report for the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research by the U.S. Department of Energy; Office of Biological and Environmental Research.
236. Wilkinson, P., Smith, K. R., Joffe, M., and Haines, A. (2007). Energy and health 1 A global perspective on energy: Health effects and injustices. The Lancet 370, 965-978.
237. Williamson, L. E., Connor, H., and Moezzi, M. (2009). Climate-proofing Energy Systems. HELIO International.
238. World Bank. (2011). Guide to climate change adaptation in cities. Accessed October 10, 2014: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBAN-DEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1318995974398/Guide-ClimChangeAdaptCities.pdf
239. World Bank. (2013). Applying abatement cost curve methodology for low-carbon strategy in Changning District, Shanghai (No. 84068 v1). World Bank.
240. World Bank. (2015). World Bank indicators: Climate change, CO2 emissions (kt). Accessed January 31, 2016: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.KT/countries?display=default
241. World Coal Association. (2012). Coal Matters: Coal in the Global Energy Supply. World Coal Association
242. World Energy Council (WEC). (2010). Energy and Urban Innovation.WEC.
243. World Energy Council (WEC). (2013). World Energy Resources 2013 Survey. WEC.
244. Yang, J., McBride, J., Zhou, J., and Sun, Z. (2005). The urban forest in Beijing and its role in air pollution reduction. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 3, 65-78.
245. Zhao, J. (2010). Climate change mitigation in Beijing, China. Accessed December 13, 2014: http://unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/GRHS2011CaseStudyChapter05Beijing.pdf
246. Zimmerman, R. (2012). Transport, the Environment and Security. Making the Connection. Edward Elgar Publishing, Ltd.
247. Zimmerman, R. (2014). Planning restoration of vitalin fra structure services following Hurricane Sandy: Lessons learned for energy and transportation. Journal of Extreme Events 1. Accessed September 25, 2015: http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/pdf/10.1142/S2345737614500043
248. Zimmerman, R., and Faris, C. (2011). Climate change mitigation and adaptation in North American cities. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 3, 181-187.
249. Zulu, L. C. (2010). The forbidden fuel: Charcoal, urban woodfuel demand and supply dynamics, community forest management and woodfuel policy in Malawi. Energy Policy 38, 3717-3730.
250. Zwaan, B. (2013). The role of nuclear power in mitigating emissions from electricity generation. Energy Strategy Reviews 1(4), 296-301.
251. Aneel (National Electric Energy Agency). (2008). Program for RandD and Electric Energy Innovation: Manual and Guidelines. Aneel.
252. Cities, C. (2014). CDP Cities 2014 Information Request. Accessed November 6, 2015: https://www.cdp.net/sites/2014/76/31176/CDP%20Cities%202014/Pages/DisclosureView.aspx
253. CGEE (Centre for Management and Strategic Research). (2012). Smart grids: National context. CGEE.
254. City of Rio de Janeiro (2011). Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Emissions Scenario of Rio de Janeiro City Brazil. Accessed March 23, 2014: http://www.rio.rj.gov.br/dlstatic/10112/1712030/DLFE-23(7703).pdf/Inventarioapresentacao.pdf
255. CDP Cities. (2014). Information Request Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro
256. Coelho, J. S. (2010). Regulation for NonTechnical Losses. Rio de Janeiro:ANEEL National Electric Energy Agency.
257. COPPE, U. (2011). Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Emissions Scenario of Rio de Janeiro City. Rio de Janeiro: Official Gazette of Rio de Janeiro.
258. ENEL Foundation Research Project (2014). Energy Transitions in Cities. Lifestyle, experimentation and change. Fifth case study. Aleteia Communication.
259. Geller, H., Shaeffer, R., Szklo, A., and Tolmasquim, M. (2004). Geller, H., Schaeffer, R., Szklo, A., and Tolmasquim, M. (2004). Policies for advancing energy efficiency and renewable energy use in Brazil. Energy Policy, 32(12), 1437-1450.
260. IBGE. (2015). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica. Table 3.2. Accessed January 19, 2016: http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/sinopse/sinopse_tab_rm_zip.shtm.
261. Light. (2013). Presentation, Smart Cities and Smart Grids in the electric sector, International Seminar Portugal-Brazil, October 25, 2013, GESEL, UFRJ Rio de Janeiro Federal University.
262. Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4(2), 462.
263. World Bank. (2017). 2016 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). Accessed August 9, 2017: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD
264. City of Seattle. (2013). Seattle Climate Action Plan. Seattle. Accessed May 29, 2014: http://www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/OSE/2013_CAP_2013(0612).pdf
265. Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4(2), 462.
266. Ribeiro D., Hewitt, V., Mackres, E., Cluett, R., Ross, L. M., Vaidyanathan, S., and Zerbonne S. (2015). The 2015 city energy efficiency scorecard. Accessed January 19, 2016: http://aceee.org/research-report/u1502
267. Seattle City Light. (2014). Seattle City Light integrated resource plan update and progress report. Accessed May 14, 2014: http://www.seattle.gov/light/news/issues/irp/docs/SeattleCityLight2014_IRPUpdateandProgressReport.pdf
268. United Nations Development Programme. (2014). Human Development Index (HDI). Accessed June 11, 2015: http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14_statisticaltables.xls
269. U.S. Census Bureau. (2010). Decennial census, summary file 1. Accessed February 7, 2014: http://www.census.gov/population/metro/files/CBSA%20Report%20Chapter%203%20Data.xls
270. World Bank. (2017). 2016 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). Accessed August 9, 2017: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD
271. AECOM. (2014). Awarded contract for Newtown Creek renewable natural gas project. Accessed February 2, 2015: http://www.aecom.com/News/Press±Releases/_carousel/
272. Environmental Protection Agency. (2014). The benefits of anaerobic digestion of food waste at wastewater treatment facilities. Accessed October 29, 2015: http://www.epa.gov/region9/organics/ad/Why-Anaerobic-Digestion.pdf
273. Environmental Protection Agency. (2014). Waste, resource conservation, food waste: Anaerobic digestion. Accessed November 19, 2015: http://www.epa.gov/foodrecovery/fd-anaerobic.htm
274. Gardiner, B. (2014). Biogas, a low-tech fuel with a big payoff. New York Times.
275. National Grid. (2014). Renewable gas: A vision for a sustainable gas network. Accessed July 8, 2015: http://www.nationalgridus.com/non_html/ng_renewable_wp.pdf
276. National Grid. (2014). Role of renewable natural gas in closing the carbon cycle. Accessed March 5, 2015: http://energy.columbia.edu/files/2014/02/3-Cavanagh-Role-of-RNG-in-Closing-Carbon-Cycle.pdf
277. National Grid. (2014). News Release: National Grid in partnership with NYC EPA begins design and construction of the Newtown Creek renewable natural gas project. Accessed February 20, 2015: http://www.nationalgridus.com/aboutus/a3-1_news2.asp?document=8765
278. New York City Department of Environmental Protection. (2013). City announces innovative new partnerships that will reduce the amount of organic waste sent to landfills, produce a reliable source of clean energy and improve air quality. Accessed May 7, 2014: http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/press_releases/13-121pr.shtml-.VInZxN6DTww
279. Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4(2), 462.
280. Rulkens, W. H. (2009). Opportunities to improve energy recovery from sewage sludge. Water 21, 24.
281. U.S. Census Bureau. (2010). Decennial census, summary file 1. Accessed November 15, 2014: http://www.census.gov/population/metro/files/CBSA%20Report%20Chapter%203%20Data.xls
282. U.S Census Bureau. (2016). Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016 Metropolitan Statistical Area; 2016 Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 28, 2017. Accessed February 20, 2017: https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=PEP_2016_PEPANN-RESandprodType=table
283. Waste Management of New York. (2014). WM Varick I CORe Newtown Creek Co-Digestion Project. Converting NYC food waste into clean renewable energy source. Accessed July 1, 2015: http://www.wm.com/NYCMA/WMCORe%20varick-factsheet%20073114.pdf
284. World Bank. (2017). 2016 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). Accessed August 9, 2017: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD
285. ACTCCC. (2015). ACT Climate Change Council. Accessed February 27, 2016: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/cc/climate%5Fchange%5Fcouncil
286. ACT Government. (2012). AP2: A new climate change strategy and action plan for the Australian Capital Territory. Accessed December 18, 2015: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/data/assets/pdf_file/0006/581136/AP2_Sept12_PRINT_NO_CROPS_SML.pdf
287. ACT Government. (2014a). Adapting to a changing climate: Directions for the ACT. Accessed April 16, 2015: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/data/assets/pdf_file/0008/597653/Adaptation-Framework-Directions.pdf
288. ACT Government. (2014b). Renewable energy local investment framework. Accessed March 29, 2015: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/data/assets/pdf_file/0003/581700/Renewable-Energy-Local-Investment-Framework-v2.pdf
289. ACT Government. (2015a). Australian demographic statistics September quarter 2014. Accessed February 27, 2016: http://apps.treasury.act.gov.au/data/assets/pdf_file/0008/644813/ERP.pdf
290. ACT Government. (2015b). Review of AP2. Accessed March 30, 2016: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/cc/what-government-is-doing/emissions-and-mitigation
291. ACT Government. (2015c). How wind will power Canberra homes. Accessed January 24, 2016: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/energy/wind_Fpower
292. ACT Government (2016) 100% Renewable Energy Target. Accessed January 12, 2017: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/energy/cleaner-energy.
293. AEMO. (2014). AEMO annual report 2014. Accessed September 28, 2015: http://www.aemo.com.au/About-AEMO/Corporate-Publications/AEMO-Annual-Report
294. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2015). Unincorporated ACT. Accessed April 14, 2016: http://stat.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummaryandregion=89399anddataset=ABS_NRP9_LGAandgeoconcept=REGIONandmaplayeridLGA2012andmeasure=MEASUREanddatasetASGS=ABS_NRP9_ASGSanddatasetLGA=ABS_NRP9_LGAandregionLGA=REGIONandregionASGS=REGION
295. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2007). 1307.8 Australian capital territory in focus. Accessed July 30, 2014: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/(1307).8Main±Features12007?OpenDocument
296. Buckman, G., Sibley, J., and Bourne, R. (2014). The large-scale solar feed-in tariff reverse auction in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Energy Policy 72, 14-22.
297. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2015). Australian Capital Territory economic indicators. Accessed January 1, 2016: http://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/resources/Documents/act.pdf
298. Garnaut, R. (2008). The Garnaut climate change review. Accessed July 6, 2014: http://www.garnautreview.org.au/2008-review.html
299. Independent Competition and Regulatory Commission. (2014). ACT greenhouse gas inventory report 2011-12. Accessed September 28, 2015: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/data/assets/pdf_file/0007/644326/ACT-GHG-Inventory-Report-2011-12.pdf
300. Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4(2), 462.
301. United Nations Development Programme. (2014). Human Development Index (HDI). Accessed August 8, 2015: http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14%5Fstatisticaltables.xls
302. World Bank. (2017). 2016 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). Accessed August 9, 2017: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD
303. Department of Statistics Singapore. (2015). Singapore in figures 2015. Accessed March 16, 2016: http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/defaultsource/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/reference/sif2015.pdf
304. Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4(2), 462.
305. World Bank. (2017). 2016 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). Accessed August 9, 2017: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD
306. Census of India. (2011). The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Accessed August 2, 2014: http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/PCA_Data_highlight.html
307. Cohen, E. (2014). The water footprint of urban energy systems: concepts, methods and applications for assessing electricity supply risk factors. Master’s thesis, University of Colorado, Denver.
308. IndiaStat. (2015). Datanet India Pvt. Accessed March 16, 2016: http://www.indiastat.com/default.aspx
309. Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4(2), 462.
310. Prakash, S. (2014). Energy conservation through standby power reduction. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 19(7), 990-994. Accessed August 8, 2015: www.idosi.org/mejsr/mejsr19(7)14/19.pdf
311. Sperling, J. B., and Ramaswami, A. (2012). Exploring health outcomes as a motivator for low-carbon city development: Implications for infrastructure interventions in Asian cities. Habitat International. doi: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2011.12.013
312. World Bank. (2017). 2016 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). Accessed August 9, 2017: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD
313. Berndtsson, J. C. (2010). Green roof performance towards management of runoff water quantity and quality: A review. Ecological Engineering 36(4), 351-360.
314. Brandt, A. R., Heath, G. A., Kort, E. A., O’Sullivan, F., Pétron, G., Jordaan, S. M., and Harriss, R. (2014). Methane leaks from North American natural gas systems. Science 343(6172), 733-735.
315. Constante, S. (2014). Ecuador prepara el terreno para eliminar el subsidio de gas. El Pais. Accessed February 2, 2015: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/08/20/actualidad/1408569837_695217.html
316. EEQ (Empresa Electrica de Quito). (2012). Plan estrategico 2012-2015. Pichincha, Ecuador.
317. EEQ. (2014a). Programa de eficiencia energetica para cocción pr inducción y calentamiento de agua con electricidad. Pichincha, Ecuador.
318. EEQ (2014b). La Generación de electricidad en la EEQ: Gerencia de generación y subtransmisión. Pichincha, Ecuador.
319. Kawajiri, K., Oozeki, T., and Genchi, Y. (2011). Effect of temperature on PV potential in the world. Environmental Science and Technology 45(20), 9030-9035.
320. Ludeña, C. E., and Wilk, D. (2013). Ecuador: Mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático. Inter-American Development Bank.
321. Ministerio del Ambiente de Ecuador (MAE). (2000). National communication: Republic of Ecuador to the United Framework Convention on Climate Change. Accessed July 8, 2014: http://www.ambiente.gob.ec/
322. Municipio del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito (MDMQ), Secretaria de Ambiente. (2009). Estrategia Quitena al cambio climatico. Accessed March 27, 2015: http://www.quitoambiente.gob.ec/
323. Municipio del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito (MDMQ), Secretaria de Ambiente. (2010). 10 Acciones de Quito frente al cambio climático. Accessed June 9, 2015: http://www.quitoambiente.gob.ec/
324. Municipio del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito (MDMQ), Secretaria de Ambiente. (2011). Invetario de emisiones de gases del efecto de invernadero en el districto metropolitano de Quito. Año 2017. Accessed April 21, 2014: http://www.quitoambiente.gob.ec/
325. Municipio del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito (MDMQ), Secretaria de Ambiente. (2014). Invetario de emisiones de gases del efecto de invernadero en el districto metropolitano de Quito. Año 2011. Accessed January 4, 2015: http://www.quitoambiente.gob.ec/
326. Municipio del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito (MDMQ), Secretaria de Ambiente. (2012). Plan de acción climático de Quito 2012-2016. Accessed March 27, 2015: http://www.quitoambiente.gob.ec
327. Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4(2), 462.
328. Secretario Metropolitano de Territorio, Habitat y Vivienda (STHV). (2010). Poblacion e indicadores del distrito metropolitano de Quito. Accessed September 13, 2014: http://sthv.quito.gob.ec/images/indicadores/parroquia/Demografia.htm
329. Seto K. C., Dhakal, S., Bigio, A., Blanco, H., Delgado, G. C., Dewar, D., Huang, L., Inaba, A., Kansal, A., Lwasa, S., McMahon, J. E., Müller, D. B., Murakami, J., Nagendra, H., and Ramaswami, A. (2014). Human settlements, infrastructure and spatial planning. In Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y., Farahani, E., Kadner, S., Seyboth, K., Adler, A., Baum, I., Brunner, S., Eickemeier, P., Kriemann, B., Savolainen, J., Schlömer, S., von Stechow, C., Zwickel, T., and Minx, J. C. (eds.), Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (932-1000). Cambridge University Press.
330. UNEP. (2011). ECCO metropolitan district of Quito. Accessed May 22, 2014: http://www.unep.org/
331. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2015). Clean development mechanism. Accessed January 23, 2016: http://cdm.unfccc.int/index.html
332. Vasilakopoulou, K., Kolokotsa, D., and Santamouris, M. (2014). Cities for smart environmental and energy futures: Urban heat island mitigation techniques for sustainable cities. In Cities for Smart Environmental and Energy Futures (215-233). Springer.
333. World Bank. (2017). 2016 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). Accessed August 9, 2017: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD
334. Zambrano-Barragan, C. (2010). Quito’s climate change strategy: Policies for planned adaptation and reducing vulnerability. Accessed April 26, 2014: http://www.quitoambiente.gob.ec/