Illusory Self-Motion in Virtual Environments

Handbook of Virtual Environments: Design, Implementation, and Applications, Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 435-466

  Hettinger, Lawrence J ^a   Schmidt Daly, Tarah N ^b   Jones, David L ^b   Keshavarz, Behrang ^c  

^a LIBERTY MUTUAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR SAFETY   (United States)

^b Design Interactive Inc ^*  (United States)

^c TORONTO REHABILITATION INSTITUTE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85131472431     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (159)

1. Allison, R. S., Howard, I. P., & Zacher, J. E. (1999). Effect of field size, head motion, and rotational velocity on roll vection and illusory self-tilt in a tumbling room. Perception, 28, 299-306.
2. Andersen, G. J., & Braunstein, M. L. (1985). Induced self-motion in central vision. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 11, 122-132.
3. Andersen, G. J., & Dyer, B. P. (1987). Induced roll vection from stimulation of the central visual field. Proceedings of the Human Factors Conference 31st Annual Meeting, New York, NY (pp. 263-265).
4. Ash, A., & Palmisano, S. (2012). Vection during conflicting multisensory information about the axis, magnitude, and direction of self-motion. Perception, 41(3), 253-267. doi:10.1068/p7129
5. Ash, A., Palmisano, S., & Kim, J. (2011). Vection in depth during consistent and inconsistent multisensory stimulation. Perception, 40(2), 155-174. doi:10.1068/p6837
6. Badcock, D. R., Palmisano, S., & May, J. G. (2014). Vision and virtual environments. In K. S. Hale & K. M. Stanney (Eds.), Handbook of virtual environments: Design, implementation, and applications (2nd ed., pp. 39-86). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group, Inc.
7. Bartlett, K. M., Nicholson, D., Nolan, M., & Kelly, B. (2014). Modeling and simulation for cultural training. In K. S. Hale & K. M. Stanney (Eds.), Handbook of virtual environments: Design, implementation, and applications (2nd ed., pp. 1201-1226). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group, Inc.
8. Benson, A. J. (1990). Sensory functions and limitations of the vestibular system. In R. Warren & A. H. Wertheim (Eds.), Perception and control of self-motion. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
9. Berthoz, A., Lacour, M., Soechting, J. F., & Vidal, P. P. (1978). The role of vision in the control of posture during linear motion. In R. Granit & O. Pompeiano (Eds.), Reflex control of posture and movement. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press.
10. Bles, W., & DeWit, G. (1976). Study of the effects of optic stimuli on standing. Agressologie, 17, 1-5.
11. Brandt, T., Buchele, W., & Arnold, F. (1977). Arthrokinetic nystagmus and ego-motion sensation. Experimental Brain Research, 30(2-3), 331-338.
12. Brandt, T., Dichgans, J., & Koenig, E. (1973). Differential effects of central versus peripheral vision on egocentric and exocentric motion perception. Experimental Brain Research, 16, 476-491.
13. Brandt, T., Wist, E. R., & Dichgans, J. (1975). Foreground and background in dynamic spatial orientation. Perception and Psychophysics, 17, 497-503.
14. Bringoux, L., Lepecq, J., & Danion, F. (2012). Does visually induced self-motion affect grip force when holding an object? Journal of Neurophysiology, 108(2012), 1685-1694.
15. Brooks, F. P. (1999). What’s real about virtual reality? IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 19(6), 16-27.
16. Chertoff, D., & Schatz, S. (2014). Beyond presence. In K. S. Hale & K. M. Stanney (Eds.), Handbook of virtual environments: Design, implementation, and applications (2nd ed., pp. 855-870). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group, Inc.
17. Cress, J. D., Hettinger, L. J., Cunningham, J. A., Riccio, G. E., Haas, M. W., & McMillan, G. R. (1997). Integrating vestibular displays for VE and airborne applications. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 17(6), 46-52.
18. Cutting, J. E. (1986). Perception with an eye for motion. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
19. Darken, R. P., & Peterson, B. (2014). Spatial orientation, wayfinding, and representation. In K. S. Hale & K. M. Stanney (Eds.), Handbook of virtual environments: Design, implementation, and applications (2nd ed., pp. 467-492). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group, Inc.
20. Daunton, N., & Thomsen, D. (1979). Visual modulation of otolith-dependent units in cat vestibular nuclei. Experimental Brain Research, 37, 173-176.
21. Dichgans, J., & Brandt, T. (1973). Optokinetic motion sickness and pseudo-coriolis effects induced by moving visual stimuli. Acta Otolaryngologica, 76, 339-348.
22. Dichgans, J., & Brandt, T. (1978). Visual-vestibular interaction: Effects on self-motion perception and postural control. In R. Held, H. Leibowitz, & H. L. Teuber (Eds.), Handbook of sensory physiology: Vol 8. Perception. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
23. Dichgans, J., Held, R., Young, L., & Brandt, T. (1972). Moving visual scenes influence the apparent direction of gravity. Science, 178, 1217-1219.
24. Diener, H. C., Wist, W. R., Dichgans, J., & Brandt, T. (1976). The spatial frequency effect on perceived velocity. Vision Research, 16, 169-176.
25. Dindar, N., Tekalp, A. M., & Basdogan, C. (2013). Dynamic haptic interaction with video. In K. S. Hale & K. M. Stanney (Eds.), Handbook of virtual environments: Design, implementation, and applications (2nd ed., pp. 115-130). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group, Inc.
26. DiZio, P., Lackner, R., & Champney, R. K. (2014). Proprioceptive adaptation and aftereffects. In K. S. Hale & K. M. Stanney (Eds.), Handbook of virtual environments: Design, implementation, and applications (2nd ed., pp. 833-854). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group, Inc.
27. Dodge, R. (1923). Thresholds of rotation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 6, 107-137.
28. Durlach, N. I., & Mavor, A. S. (1996). Virtual reality: Scientific and technical challenges. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
29. Dzendolet, E. (1963). Sinusoidal electrical stimulation of the human vestibular system. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 17, 171-185.
30. Frigon, J. Y., & Delorme, A. (1992). Roll, pitch, longitudinal and yaw vection induced by optical flow in flight simulation conditions. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 74, 935-955.
31. Fuskiki, H., Kobayashi, K., Asai, M., & Watanabe, Y. (2005). Influence of visually induced self-motion on postural stability. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 125(2005), 60-64.
32. Gibson, J. J. (1958). Visually controlled locomotion and visual orientation in animals. British Journal of Psychology, 49, 182-194.
33. Gibson, J. J. (1961). Ecological optics. Vision Research, 1, 253-262.
34. Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin.
35. Greenwood-Ericksen, A., Kennedy, R. C., & Stafford, S. (2014). Entertainment applications of virtual environments. In K. S. Hale & K. M. Stanney (Eds.), Handbook of virtual environments: Design, implementation, and applications (2nd ed., pp. 1291-1316). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group, Inc.
36. Harm, D. L., Zogofros, L. M., Skinner, N. C., & Parker, D. E. (1993). Changes in compensatory eye movements associated with simulated conditions of space flight. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 64, 820-826.
37. Harris, L. R., Jenkin, M. R., Zikovitz, D., Redlick, F., Jaekl, P., & Jasiobedzka, U. T. (2002). Simulating selfmotion I: Cues for the perception of motion. Virtual Reality, 6, 75-85.
38. Held, R. M., & Durlach, N. I. (1992). Telepresence. Presence, 1, 109-112.
39. Held, R. M., Dichgans, J., & Bauer, J. (1975). Characteristics of moving visual scenes influencing spatial orientation. Vision Research, 15, 357-365.
40. Henn, V., Cohen, B., & Young, L. R. (1980). Visual-vestibular interaction in motion perception and the generation of nystagmus. Neurosciences Research Progress Bulletin, 18, 459-651.
41. Hettinger, L. J., & Haas, M. W. (in press). Psychological issues in the design and use of virtual and adaptive environments. In L. J. Hettinger & M. W. Haas (Eds.), Psychological issues in the design and use of virtual and adaptive environments. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
42. Hettinger, L. J., & Riccio, G. E. (1992). Visually induced motion sickness in virtual environments. Presence, 1, 306-310.
43. Hettinger, L. J., Berbaum, K. S., Kennedy, R. S., Dunlap, W. P., & Nolan, M. D. (1990). Vection and simulator sickness. Military Psychology, 2, 171-181.
44. Higashiyama, A., & Koga, K. (2002). Integration of visual and vestibulo-tactile inputs affecting apparent selfmotion around the line of sight. Perception & Psychophysics, 64(6), 981-995.
45. Howard, I. P. (1982). Human visual orientation. London, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons.
46. Howard, I. P. (1986a). The perception of posture, self motion, and the visual vertical. In K. R. Boff, L. Kaufman, & J. P. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of perception and human performance: Vol. 1. Sensory processes and perception. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
47. Howard, I. P. (1986b). The vestibular system. In K. R. Boff, L. Kaufman, & J. P. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of perception and human performance: Vol. I. Sensory processes and perception. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
48. Howard, I. P. (1993). The optokinetic system. In J. A. Sharpe & H. O. Barber (Eds.), The vestibulo-ocular reflex and vertigo. New York, NY: Raven Press.
49. Howard, I. P., & Childerson, L. (1994). The contribution of motion, the visual frame, and visual polarity to sensations of body tilt. Perception, 23, 753-762.
50. Howard, I. P., & Heckmann, T. (1989). Circular vection as a function of the relative sizes, distances, and positions of two competing visual displays. Perception, 18(5), 657-665.
51. Howard, I. P., & Howard, A. (1994). Vection: The contributions of absolute and relative visual motion. Perception, 23,745-751.
52. Howard, I. P., Cheung, B., & Landolt, J. (1987). Influence of vection axis and body posture on visually induced self-rotation and tilt. In Motion cues in flight simulation and simulator induced sickness (AGARD Conference Proceedings No. 433). Neulliy-Sur-Seine, France: North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development.
53. Hu, S., Grant, W. R., Stern, R. M., & Koch, K. L. (1991). Motion sickness severity and physiological correlates during exposures to a rotating optokinetic drum. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 62, 308-314.
54. Hu, S., Stern, R. M., & Koch, K. L. (1991). Effects of pre-exposures to a rotating optokinetic drum on adaptation to motion sickness. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 62, 53-56.
55. Hu, S., Stritzel, R., Chandler, A., & Stern, R. M. (1995). P6 acupressure reduces symptoms of vection-induced motion sickness. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 66, 631-634.
56. Ishida, M., Fushiki, H., Nishida, H., & Watanabe, Y. (2008). Self-motion perception during conflicting visual-vestibular acceleration. Journal of Vestibular Research, 18(2008), 267-272.
57. Ito, H., & Shibata, I. (2005). Self-motion perception from expanding and contracting optical flows overlapped with binocular disparity. Vision Research, 45(2005), 397-402.
58. Jokerst, M. D., Gatto, M., Fazio, R., Stern, R. M., & Koch, K. L. (1999). Slow deep breathing prevents the development of tachygastria and symptoms of motion sickness. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 70, 1189-1192.
59. Kapralos, B., Zikovitz, D., Jenkin, M., & Harris, L. R. (2004). Auditory cues in the perception of self-motion. Journal of the Audio Engineering Society (Abstract), 52, 801-802.
60. Kennedy, R. S., & Fowlkes, J. E. (1992). Simulator sickness is polygenic and poly symptomatic: Implications for research. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 2(1), 23-38.
61. Kennedy, R. S., Drexler, J. M., Compton, D. E., Stanney, K. M., & Harm, D. L. (in press). Configural scoring of simulator sickness, cybersickness, and space adaptation syndrome: Similarities and differences. In L. J. Hettinger & M. W. Haas (Eds.), Psychological issues in the design and use of virtual and adaptive environments. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
62. Kennedy, R. S., Hettinger, L. J., & Lilienthal, M. G. (1990). Simulator sickness. In G. H. Crampton (Ed.), Motion and space sickness (pp. 179-215). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
63. Kennedy, R. S., Hettinger, L. J., Harm, D. L., Ordy, J. M., & Dunlap, W. P. (1996). Psychophysical scaling of circular vection (CV) produced by optokinetic (OKN) motion: Individual differences and effects of practice. Journal of Vestibular Research,6, 331-341.
64. Keshavarz, B., & Hecht, H. (2012). Stereoscopic viewing enhances visually induced motion sickness but sound does not. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 21(2), 213-228.
65. Keshavarz, B., Heckt, H., & Lawson, B. D. (2014). Visually induced motion sickness. In K. S. Hale & K. M. Stanney (Eds.), Handbook of virtual environments: Design, implementation, and applications (2nd ed., pp. 647-698). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group, Inc.
66. Kitazaki, M., & Sato, T. (2003). Attentional modulation of self-motion perception. Perception, 32(4), 475-484.
67. Klemen, J., & Chambers, C. D. (2012). Current perspectives and methods in studying neural mechanisms of multisensory interactions. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(1), 111-133. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.04.015
68. Lackner, J. R. (1977). Induction of illusory self motion and nystagmus by a rotating sound field. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 44, 129-131.
69. Larsson, P., Västfjäll D., & Kleiner M. (2004). Perception of self-motion and presence in auditory virtual environments. Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Workshop of Presence (pp. 252-258). Valencia, Spain.
70. Lawson, B. D., & Riecke, B. E. (2014). Perception of body motion. In K. S. Hale & K. M. Stanney (Eds.), Handbook of virtual environments: Design, implementation, and applications (2nd ed., pp. 163-196). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group, Inc.
71. Lawson, B. D. (2014a). Motion sickness symptomatology and origins. In K. S. Hale & K. M. Stanney (Eds.), Handbook of virtual environments: Design, implementation, and applications (2nd ed., pp. 531-600). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group, Inc.
72. Lee, D. N., & Aronson, E. (1974). Visual proprioceptive control of standing in human infants. Perception and Psychophysics, 15, 529-532.
73. Lee, D. N., & Lishman, J. R. (1975). Visual proprioceptive control of stance. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 1, 87-95.
74. Lestienne, F., Soechting, J., & Berthoz, A. (1977). Postural readjustments induced by linear motion of visual scenes. Experimental Brain Research, 28, 363-384.
75. Mach, E. (1875). Grundlinien der Lehre von der Bewegungsempfindungen. Leipzig, Germany: Engelmann.
76. Mach, E. (1922). Die Analyse der Empfindugnen. Jena, Germany: G. Fischer.
77. Marme-Karelse, A., & Bles, W. (1977). Circular vection and human posture II: Does the auditory-system play a role? Agressologie, 18(6).
78. McCauley, M. E., & Sharkey, T. J. (1992). Cybersickness: Perception of self-motion in virtual environments. Presence, 17, 311-318.
79. Melcher, G. A., & Henn, V. (1981). The latency of circular vection during different accelerations of the optokinetic stimulus. Perception and Psychophysics, 30, 552-556.
80. Melville-Jones, G. (1970). Origin, significance and amelioration of Coriolis illusions from semicircular canals: A non-mathematical appraisal. Aerospace Medicine, 40, 482-490.
81. Mourant, R. M., & Refsland D. (2003). Developing a 3D sound environment for a driving simulator. Paper presented at the Ninth International Conference on Virtual Systems and Multi-media (VSMM) (pp. 711-719).
82. Nakamura, S. (2008). Effects of stimulus eccentricity on vection reevaluated with a binocularly defined depth. Japanese Psychological Research, 50(2), 77-86.
83. Nichols, S., Haldane, C., & Wilson, J. R. (2000). Measurement of presence and its consequences in virtual environments. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 52(3), 471-491. doi:10.1006/ijhc.1999.0343
84. Nordahl, R., Nilsson, N. C., Turchet, L., & Serafin, S. (2012, March 5). Vertical illusory self-motion through haptic stimulation of the feet. Paper presented at the 2012 IEEE Virtual Reality Workshop on Perceptual Illusions in Virtual Environments, Orange Country, CA.
85. Ohmi, M., & Howard, I. P. (1988). Effect of stationary objects on illusory forward self-motion induced by a looming display. Perception, 17, 5-12.
86. Ohmi, M., Howard, I. P., & Landolt, J. P. (1987). Circular vection as a function of foreground-background relationships. Perception, 16(1), 17-22.
87. Oman, C. M., Howard, I. P., Carpenter-Smith, T., Beall, A. C., Natapoff, A., Zacher, J. E., & Jenkin, H. L. (2000). Neurolab experiments on the role of visual cues in microgravity spatial orientation. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine,71, 293.
88. Owen, D. H. (1990). Lexicon of terms for the perception and control of self-motion and orientation. In R. Warren and A. H. Wertheim (Eds.), Perception and control of self-motion. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
89. Owen, D. H., Wolpert, L., & Warren, R. (1983). Effects of optical flow acceleration, edge acceleration, and viewing time on the perception of egospeed acceleration. In D. H. Owen (Ed.), Optical flow and texture variables useful in detecting decelerating and accelerating self-motion (AFHRL-TP-84-4). Williams AFB, AZ: Air Force Human Resources Laboratory. (NTIS No. AD-A148 718)
90. Palmisano, S., & Chan, A. Y. C. (2004). Jitter and size effects on vection are immune to experimental instructions and demands. Perception, 33(8), 987-1000.
91. Palmisano, S., Allison, R. S., Kim, J., & Bonato, F. (2011). Simulated viewpoint jitter shakes sensory conflict accounts of vection. Seeing and Perceiving, 24(2), 173-200. doi:10.1163/187847511X570817
92. Parker, D. E. (1991). Human vestibular function and weightlessness. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 31, 904-910.
93. Prothero, J. D. (1998). The role of rest frames in vection, presence, and motion sickness (Doctoral dissertation). University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.
94. Prothero, J. D., & Parker, D. E. (2003). A unified approach to presence and motion sickness. In L. J. Hettinger and M. W. Haas (Eds.), Virtual and adaptive environments: Applications, implications, and human performance issues (pp. 47-66). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
95. Prothero, J. D., Parker, D. E., Furness, T. A. III, & Wells, M. J. (1995). Towards a robust, quantitative measure for presence. Proceedings of the Conference on Experimental Analysis and Measurement of Situation Awareness (pp. 359-366). Daytona Beach, FL: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Press.
96. Reason, J. T., & Brand, J. J. (1975). Motion sickness. London, U.K.: Academic Press.
97. Revol, P., Farné, A., Pisella, L., Holmes, N. P., Imai, A., Susami, K., … Rossetti, Y. (2009). Optokinetic stimulation induces illusory movement of both out-of-the-body and on-the-body hand-held visual objects. Experimental Brain Research, 193(2009), 633-638.
98. Riccio, G. E., & Stoffregen, T. A. (1991). An ecological theory of motion sickness and postural instability. Ecological Psychology, 3, 195-240.
99. Riecke, B. E. (2011). Compelling self motion through virtual environments without actual self-motion— Using self-motion illusions (“Vection”) to improve user experience in VR. In J. J. Kim (Ed.), Virtual reality (pp. 149-176). Retrieved from http://www.intechopen.com/books/virtual-reality/compelling-self-motion-through-virtual-environments-without-actual-self-motion-using-self-motion-ill.
100. Riecke, B. E., & Wiener, J. M. (2007, March 10-14). Can people not tell left from right in VR? Point-to-origin studies revealed qualitative errors in visual path integration. Paper presented at the 2007 IEEE Virtual Reality Conference, Charlotte, NC.
101. Riecke, B. E., Feuereissen, D., & Rieser, J. J. (2009). Auditory self-motion simulation is facilitated by haptic and vibrational cues suggesting the possibility of actual motion. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception, 6(3), 1-22. doi:10.1145/1577755.1577763
102. Riecke, B. E., Feuereissen, D., Rieser, J. J., and McNamara, T. P. (2012, March 4-8). Self-motion illusions (vection) in VR—Are they good for anything? Paper presented at the 2012 IEEE Virtual Reality Conference, Orange Country, CA.
103. Riecke, B. E., Schulte-Pelkum, J., Avraamides, M. N., Heyde, M. von der, & Bülthoff, H. H. (2006). Cognitive factors can influence self-motion perception (vection) in virtual reality. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception, 3(3), 194-216. doi:10.1145/1166087.1166091
104. Riecke, B. E., Schulte-Pelkum, J., Caniard, F., & Bülthoff, H. H. (2005). Influence of auditory cues on the visually-induced self-motion illusion (circular vection) in virtual reality. Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Presence2005 (pp. 49-57).
105. Riecke, B. E., Väljamäe, A., & Schulte-Pelkum, J. (2009). Moving sounds enhance the visually-induced selfmotion illusion (circular vection) in virtual reality. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception, 6(2), 1-27. doi:10.1145/1498700.1498701
106. Rizzo, A., Lange, B., & Koenig, S. (2014). Clinical virtual reality. In K. S. Hale & K. M. Stanney (Eds.), Handbook of virtual environments: Design, implementation, and applications (2nd ed., pp. 1157-1200). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group, Inc.
107. Roll, R., Kavoundoudias, A., Albert, F., Legré, R., Gay, A., Fabre, B., & Roll, J. P. (2012). Illusory movements prevent cortical disruption caused by immobilization. NeuroImage, 62(2012), 510-519.
108. Sakamoto, S., Suzuki, F., Suzuki, Y., & Gyoba, J. (2008). The effect of linearly moving sound image on perceived self-motion with vestibular information. Acoustical Science and Technology, 29(6), 391-393. doi:10.1250/ast.29.391
109. Sakellari, V., & Soames, R. W. (1996). Auditory and visual interactions in postural stabilization. Ergonomics, 39(4), 634-648. doi:10.1080/00140139608964486
110. Sakurai, K., Kubodera, T., Grove, P., Sakamoto, S., & Suzuki, Y. (2010). Multi-modally perceived direction of self-motion from orthogonally directed visual and vestibular stimulation. Journal of Vision, 10(7), 866. doi:10.1167/10.7.866
111. Schubert, T., Regenbrecht, H., & Friedmann, F. (2000, March 27-28). Real and illusory interaction enhance presence in virtual environments. Paper presented at the Third International Workshop on Presence, University of Delft, Delft, the Netherlands.
112. Schulte-Pelkum, J. (2008). Perception of self-motion: Vection experiments in multi-sensory virtual environments (PhD thesis). Ruhr Universität, Bochum, Germany.
113. Schulte-Pelkum, J., Riecke, B. E., & Bülthoff, H. H. (2004). Vibrational cues enhance believability of egomotion simulation. Fifth International Multisensory Research Forum (IMRF 2004). Barcelona, Spain.
114. Seno, T., Hasuo, E., Ito, H., & Nakajima, Y. (2012). Perceptually plausible sounds facilitate visually induced self-motion perception (vection). Perception, 41(5), 577-593. doi:10.1068/p7184
115. Seno, T., Ito, H., & Sunaga, S. (2009). The object and background hypothesis for vection. Vision Research, 49(2009), 2973-2982.
116. Seno, T., Ito, H., & Sunaga, S. (2011). Inconsistent locomotion inhibits vection. Perception, 40(6), 747-750. doi:10.1068/p7018
117. Seno, T., Ito, H., & Sunaga, S. (2012). Vection can be induced in the absence of explicit motion stimuli. Experimental Brain Research, 219(2), 235-244. doi:10.1007/s00221-012-3083-y
118. Seno, T., Ogawa, M., Ito, H., & Sunaga, S. (2011). Consistent air flow to the face facilitates vection. Perception, 40(10), 1237-1240. doi:10.1068/p7055
119. Seno, T., Yamada, Y., & Palmisano, S. (2012). Directionless vection: A new illusory self-motion perception. i-Perception, 3(2012), 775-777.
120. Slater, M., & Steed, A. (2000). A virtual presence counter. Presence, 9, 413-134.
121. Smart, L. J., Pagulayan, R. J., & Stoffregen, T. A. (1998). Self-induced motion sickness in unperturbed stance. Brain Research Bulletin, 47, 449-457.
122. Stern, R. M., Hu, S., Vasey, M. W., & Koch, K. L. (1989). Adaptation to vection-induced symptoms of motion sickness. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 60, 566-572.
123. Stern, R. M., Koch, K. L., Leibowitz, H. W., Lindblad, I. M., Shupert, C. L., & Stewart, W R. (1985). Tachygastria and motion sickness. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 56, 1074-1077.
124. Stern, R. M., Koch, K. L., Stewart, W. R., & Lindblad, I. M. (1987). Spectral analysis of tachygastria recorded during motion sickness. Gastroenterology, 92, 92-97.
125. Steuer, J. (1992). Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining telepresence. Journal of Communication, 42(4), 73-93.
126. Stoffregen, T. A. (1985). Flow structure versus retinal location in the optical control of stance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 11, 554-565.
127. Stoffregen, T. A., & Riccio, G. E. (1991). An ecological critique of the sensory conflict theory of motion sickness. Ecological Psychology, 3, 159-194.
128. Stoffregen, T. A., & Smart, L. J. (1998). Postural instability precedes motion sickness. Brain Research Bulletin, 47, 437-448.
129. Stoffregen, T. A., Hettinger, L. J., Haas, M. W., Roe, M. M., & Smart, L. J. (2000). Postural instability and motion sickness in a fixed-base flight simulator. Human Factors, 42, 458-469.
130. Storms, R. L. (2002). Auditory-visual cross-modality interaction and illusions. In K. M. Stanney (Ed.), Handbook of virtual environments. Design, implementation, and applications (pp. 589-618). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
131. Straube, A., & Brandt, T. (1987). Importance of the visual and vestibular cortex for self-motion perception in man (circularvection). Human Neurobiology, 6, 211-218.
132. Telford, L., Spratley, J., & Frost, B. J. (1992). Linear vection in the central visual field facilitated by kinetic depth cues. Perception, 21(3), 337-349.
133. Tschermak, A. (1931). Optischer raumsinn. In A. Bethe, G. Bergmann, G. Emden, & A. Ellinger (Eds.), Handbuch ‘der normalen und pathologischen Physiologie. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
134. Urbantschitsch, V. (1897). Über Störungen des Gleichgewichtes und Scheinbewegungen [On disturbances of the equilibrium and illusory motions]. Zeitschrift für Ohrenheilkunde, 31, 234-294.
135. Väljamäe, A. (2009). Auditorily-induced illusory self-motion: A review. Brain Research Reviews, 61(2), 240-255. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.07.001
136. Väljamäe, A., Larsson, P., Vastfjall, D., & Kleiner, M. (2005). Travelling without moving: Auditory scene cues for translational self-motion. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Auditory Display (ICAD2005) (pp. 9-16). Limerick, Ireland.
137. Väljamäe, A., Larsson, P., Vastfjall, D., & Kleiner, M. (2006). Vibrotactile enhancement of auditory-induced self-motion and spatial presence. Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, 54(10), 954-963.
138. Väljamäe, A., Larsson, P., Vastfjall, D., & Kleiner, M. (2009). Auditory landmarks enhance circular vection in multimodal virtual reality. Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, 57(3), 111-120.
139. Väljamäe, A., Larsson, P., Västfjäll, D., & Kleiner, M. (2008). Sound representing self-motion in virtual environments enhances linear vection. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 17(1), 43-56. doi:10.1162/pres.17.1.43
140. Van der Steen, F. A. M., & Brockhoff, P. T. M. (2000). Induction and impairment of saturated yaw and surge vection. Perception and Psychophysics, 62, 89-99.
141. von der Heyde, M., & Riecke, B. E. (2002). Embedding presence-related terminology in a logical and functional model. In F. Gouveia (Ed.), Presence2002 (pp. 37-52). Porto, Portugal: Universidare Fernando Pessoa.
142. Vorländer, M., & Shinn-Cunningham, B. (2014). Virtual auditory displays. In K. S. Hale & K. M. Stanney, (Eds.), Handbook of virtual environments: Design, implementation, and applications (2nd ed., pp. 87-114). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group, Inc.
143. Waespe, W., & Henn, V (1977a). Neuronal activity in the vestibular nuclei of the alert monkey during vestibular and optokinetic stimulation. Experimental Brain Research, 27, 523-538.
144. Waespe, W., & Henn, V. (1977b). Vestibular nuclei activity during optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN) in the alert monkey. Experimental Brain Research, 30, 323-330.
145. Waespe, W., & Henn, V. (1978). Reciprocal changes in primary and secondary optokinetic afternystagmus (OKAN) produced by repetitive optokinetic stimulation in the monkey. Archiv fur Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 225, 23-30.
146. Wann, J. P., White, A. D., Wilkie, R. M., Culmer, Peter R. J., Lodge, P. A., & Mon-Williams, M. (2014). Measurement of visual aftereffects following virtual environment exposure. In K. S. Hale & K. M. Stanney (Eds.), Handbook of virtual environments: Design, implementation, and applications (2nd ed., pp. 809-832). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group, Inc.
147. Warren, R. (1976). The perception of egomotion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2, 448-456.
148. Warren, R., Owen, D. H., & Hettinger, L. J. (1982). Separation of the contributions of optical flow rate and edge rate on the perception of egospeed acceleration. In D. H. Owen (Ed.), Optical flow and texture variables useful in simulating self-motion (I) (Interim Technical Report for Grant No. AFOSH-81-0078). Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University, Department of Psychology, Aviation Psychology Laboratory. (NTIS No. AD-A117 016).
149. Welch, R. B., & Mohler, B. J. (2014). Adapting to virtual environments. In K. S. Hale & K. M. Stanney (Eds.), Handbook of virtual environments: Design, implementation, and applications (2nd ed., pp. 627-646). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group, Inc.
150. Welch, R. B. (in press). Adapting to telesystems. In L. J. Hettinger & M. W Haas (Eds.), Psychological issues in the design and use of virtual and adaptive environments. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
151. Wong, S. C. P., & Frost, B. J. (1978). Subjective motion and acceleration induced by the movement of the observer’s entire visual field. Perception and Psychophysics, 24, 115-120.
152. Wong, S. C., & Frost, B. J. (1981). The effect of visual-vestibular conflict on the latency of steady-state visually induced subjective rotation. Perception & Psychophysics, 30(3), 228-236.
153. Wood, R. W. (1895). The “haunted swing” illusion. The Psychological Review, 2, 277-278.
154. Wright, W. G., Dizio, P., & Lackner, J. R. (2005). Vertical linear self-motion perception during visual and inertial motion: More than weighted summation of sensory inputs. Journal of Vestibular Research: Equilibrium & Orientation, 15(4), 185-195.
155. Wright, W., Dizio, P., & Lackner, J. (2006). Perceived self-motion in two visual contexts: Dissociable mechanisms underlie perception. Journal of Vestibular Research: Equilibrium & Orientation, 16(1-2), 23-28.
156. Young, L. R., Oman, C. M., & Dichgans, J. M. (1975). Influence of head orientation on visually induced pitch and roll sensations. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 46, 264-269.
157. Young, L. R., Shelhamer, M., & Modestino, O. (1986). MIT/Canadian vestibular experiments on the Spacelab-1 mission: 2. Visual vestibular interaction in weightlessness. Experimental Brain Research, 64, 299-307.
158. Zahorik, P., & Jenison, R. L. (1998). Presence as being-in-the-world. Presence, 7, 78-89.
159. Zeltzer, D. (1992). Autonomy, interaction, and presence. Presence, 1, 127-132