High versus low medium chain triglyceride content of formula for promoting short-term growth of preterm infants

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2021, Issue 2, 2021, Pages

  Perretta, Laura ^a   Ouldibbat, Laila ^b   Hagadorn, James I ^c   Brumberg, Heather L ^a  

^a NEW YORK MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^b WESTCHESTER MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c Department of Pediatrics   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MEDIUM CHAIN TRIACYLGLYCEROL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ARTIFICIAL MILK; BODY GROWTH; BODY LENGTH GAIN; BODY WEIGHT GAIN; CHILD GROWTH; ENTERIC FEEDING; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FOOD ANALYSIS; FOOD COMPOSITION; GESTATIONAL AGE; HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE; HUMAN; INFANT NUTRITION; MENTAL DEVELOPMENT; MILK INTOLERANCE; NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PREMATURITY; REVIEW; SKINFOLD THICKNESS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THERAPY EFFECT; TREATMENT DURATION; ADVERSE EVENT; BABY FOOD; BODY HEIGHT; CHEMISTRY; FAT INTAKE; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HEAD; INFANT; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; META ANALYSIS; NEWBORN; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); STATISTICAL BIAS;

BIAS; BODY HEIGHT; DIETARY FATS; HEAD; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT FOOD; INFANT NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; INFANT, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; INFANT, NEWBORN; INFANT, PREMATURE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; TRIGLYCERIDES; WEIGHT GAIN;

EID: 85102019732     PISSN: 14651858     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002777.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Armand M, Hamosh M, Mehta N, Angeslus PA, Philpott JR, Henderson TR, et al. Effect of human milk or formula on gastric function and fat digestion in the premature infant. Pediatric Research 1996;40(3):429-37. x-wiley/crsRef/16348364 [DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199609000-00011] [PMID: 8865280]
2. Bustamanate SA, Fiello A, Pollack PF. Growth of premature infants fed formulas with 10%, 30%, or 50% medium-chain triglycerides. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1987;141(5):516-9. x-wiley/crsRef/16348366 [DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.1987.04460050058030] [PMID: 3578163]
3. Carnielli VP, Rossi K, Badon T, Gregori B, Verlato G, Orzali A, et al. Medium-chain triacylglycerols in formulas for preterm infants: effect on plasma lipids, circulating concentrations of medium-chain fatty acids, and essential fatty acids. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1996;64(2):152-8. x-wiley/crsRef/3236767 [DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/64.2.152] [PMID: 8694014]
4. Dutton EB, West DL, Brans YW. Medium-chain triglycerides in neonatal nutrition. American Journal of Perinatology 1987;4(1):5-7. x-wiley/crsRef/16348368 [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-999727] [PMID: 3098257]
5. Huston RK, Reynolds JW, Jensen C, Buist NR. Nutrient and mineral retention and vitamin D absorption in low-birth-weight infants: effect of medium-chain triglycerides. Pediatrics 1983;72(1):44-8. x-wiley/crsRef/16348369 [PMID: 6866590]
6. Jensen C, Buist NR, Wilson T. Absorption of individual fatty acids from long chain or medium chain triglycerides in very small infants. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1986;43(5):745-51. x-wiley/crsRef/16348370 [DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/43.5.745] [PMID: 3706186]
7. Okamoto E, Muttart CR, Zucker CL, Heird WC. Use of medium-chain triglycerides in feeding the low-birth-weight infant. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1982;136(5):428-31. x-wiley/crsRef/3236752 [DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.1982.03970410046011] [PMID: 7200723]
8. Rodriguez M, Funke S, Fink M, Demmelmair H, Turini M, Crozier G, et al. Plasma fatty acids and 13C-linoleic acid metabolism in preterm infants fed a formula with medium-chain triglycerides. Journal of Lipid Research 2003;44(1):41-8. x-wiley/crsRef/16348372 [DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m200218-jlr200] [PMID: 12518021]
9. Sulkers EJ, Lafeber HN, Degenhart HJ, Lindemans J, Sauer PJ. Comparison of two preterm formulas with or without addition of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs). II: effects on mineral balance. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1992;15(1):42-7. x-wiley/crsRef/3236754 [DOI: 10.1097/00005176-199207000-00007] [PMID: 1403449]
10. Sulkers EJ, von Goudoever JB, Leunisse C, Wattimena JL, Sauer PJ. Comparison of two preterm formulas with or without addition of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs). I: effects on nitrogen and fat balance and body composition changes. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1992;15(1):34-41. x-wiley/crsRef/3236755 [DOI: 10.1097/00005176-199207000-00006] [PMID: 403448]
11. Sulkers EJ, Lafeber HN, von Goudoever JB, Kalhan SC, Beaufrère B, Sauer PJ. Decreased glucose oxidation in preterm infants fed a formula containing medium-chain triglycerides. Pediatric Research 1993;33:101-5. x-wiley/crsRef/3236757 [DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199302000-00002] [PMID: 8433883]
12. Wu PY, Edmond J, Morrow JW, Auestad N, Ponder D, Benson J. Gastrointestinal tolerance, fat absorption, plasma ketone and urinary dicarboxylic acid levels in low-birth-weight infants fed different amounts of medium-chain triglycerides in formula. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1993;17(2):145-52. x-wiley/crsRef/3236761 [DOI: 10.1097/00005176-199308000-00004] [PMID: 8229541]
13. Alliet P, Scholtens P, Raes M, Hensen K, Jongen H, Rummens JL, et al. Effect of prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharide, long-chain fructo-oligosaccharide infant formula on serum cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels. Nutrition 2007;23(10):719-23. x-wiley/crsRef/16348374 [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2007.06.011] [PMID: 17664059]
14. Arsenault AB, Gunsalus KT, Laforce-Nesbitt SS, Przystac L, DeAngelis EJ, Hurley ME, et al. Dietary supplementation with medium-chain triglycerides reduces candida gastrointestinal colonization in preterm infants. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2019;38(2):164-8. x-wiley/crsRef/16348376 [DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000002042] [PMID: 29596218]
15. Axelsson CE, Flodmark N, Räihä M, Tacconi M, Visentin I, Minoli G, et al. The influence of dietary nucleotides on erythrocyte membrane fatty acids and plasma lipids in preterm infants. Acta Paediatrica 1997;86(5):539-44. x-wiley/crsRef/16348378 [DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1997.tb08927.x] [PMID: 9183496]
16. Bar-Yoseph F, Lifshitz Y, Cohen T, Malard P, Xu C. SN2-palmitate reduces fatty acid excretion in Chinese formula-fed infants. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2016;62(2):341-7. x-wiley/crsRef/16348380 [DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000971] [PMID: 26334255]
17. Boediman D, Murakami R, Nakamura H, Matsuo T. Plasma apolipoprotein and lipid profiles in infants in the first year of life. Kobe Journal of Medical Sciences 1989;35(3):165-76. x-wiley/crsRef/16348382 [PMID: 2622129]
18. Carnielli VP, Verlato G, Pederzini F, Luijendijk I, Boerlage A, Pedrotti D, et al. Intestinal absorption of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in preterm infants fed breast milk or formula. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1998;67(1):97-103. x-wiley/crsRef/16348384 [DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/67.1.97] [PMID: 9440382]
19. Faber J, Goldstein R, Blondheim O, Stankiewicz H, Darwashi A, Bar-Maor JA, et al. Absorption of medium chain triglycerides in the stomach of the human infant. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1988;7(2):189-95. x-wiley/crsRef/16348386 [DOI: 10.1097/00005176-198803000-00006] [PMID: 3351702]
20. Hamosh M, Bitman J, Liao T, Mehta NR, Buczek RJ, Wood DL, et al. Gastric lipolysis and fat absorption in preterm infants: effect of medium-chain triglyceride or long-chain triglyceride-containing formulas. Pediatrics 1989;83(1):86-92. x-wiley/crsRef/3236746 [PMID: 2783352]
21. Hamosh M, Mehta NR, Fink CS, Coleman J, Hamosh P. Fat absorption in premature infants: medium-chain triglycerides and long-chain triglycerides are absorbed from formula at similar rates. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1991;13(2):143-9. x-wiley/crsRef/16348388 [PMID: 1941406]
22. Hariharan K, Kurien S, Rao SV. Effect of supplementation of milk fat with peanut oil on blood lipids and lipoproteins in infants. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 1995;46(4):309-17. x-wiley/crsRef/16348390 [DOI: 10.3109/09637489509012562] [PMID: 8574857]
23. Hayes KC, Pronczuk A, Wood RA, Guy DG. Modulation of infant formula fat profile alters the low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein ratio and plasma fatty acid distribution relative to those with breast-feeding. Journal of Pediatrics 1992;120(4 Pt 2):S109-16. x-wiley/crsRef/16348392 [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(05)81244-2] [PMID: 1560323]
24. Hoffman DR, Uauy R. Essentiality of dietary omega 3 fatty acids for premature infants: plasma and red blood cell fatty acid composition. Lipids 1992;27(11):886-95. x-wiley/crsRef/16348394 [DOI: 10.1007/BF02535868] [PMID: 1362792]
25. Innis SM, Adamkin DH, Hall RT, Kalhan SC, Lair C, Lim M, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid enhance growth with no adverse effects in preterm infants fed formula. Journal of Pediatrics 2002;140(5):547-54. x-wiley/crsRef/16348396 [DOI: 10.1067/mpd.2002.123282] [PMID: 12032520]
26. Lucas A, Quinlan P, Abrams S, Ryan S, Meah S, Lucas PJ. Randomised controlled trial of a synthetic triglyceride milk formula for preterm infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1997;77(3):F178-84. x-wiley/crsRef/3236769 [DOI: 10.1136/fn.77.3.f178] [PMID: 9462186]
27. Méhes K, Adamovich K. Effect of quality of feeding on serum lipoprotein levels in premature infants. Acta Paediatrica Hungarica 1988-1989;29(3-4):245-8. x-wiley/crsRef/16348398 [PMID: 3269261]
28. O'Connor DL, Hall R, Adamkin D, Auestad N, Castillo M, Connor WE, et al, Ross Preterm Lipid Study. Growth and development in preterm infants fed long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2001;108(2):359-71. x-wiley/crsRef/16348400 [DOI: 10.1542/peds.108.2.359] [PMID: 11483801]
29. Pascale JA, Mims LC, Greenberg MG, Alexander JB. Gastric response in low birth weight infants fed various formulas. Biology of the Neonate 1978;34(3-4):150-4. x-wiley/crsRef/16348402 [DOI: 10.1159/000241118] [PMID: 32930]
30. Ramírez M, Gallardo EM, Souto AS, Weissheimer C, Gil A. Plasma fatty-acid composition and antioxidant capacity in low birth-weight infants fed formula enriched with n-6 and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids from purified phospholipids. Clinical Nutrition 2001;20(1):69-76. x-wiley/crsRef/16348404 [DOI: 10.1054/clnu.2000.0163] [PMID: 11161546]
31. Romera G, Figueras J, Rodriguez-Miguelez JM, Ortega J, Jimenez R. Energy intake, metabolic balance and growth in preterm infants fed formulas with different nonprotein energy supplements. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2004;38(4):407-13. x-wiley/crsRef/16348406 [DOI: 10.1097/00005176-200404000-00008] [PMID: 15085019]
32. Roy CC, Ste-Marie M, Chartrand L, Weber A, Hard H, Dorat B. Correction of the malabsorbtion of the preterm infant with a medium-chain triglyceride formula. Journal of Pediatrics 1975;86(3):446-50. x-wiley/crsRef/3236773 [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(75)80983-8] [PMID: 1113235]
33. Siahanidou T, Margeli A, Lazaropoulou C, Karavitakis E, Papassotiriou I, Mandyla H. Circulating adiponectin in preterm infants fed long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA)-supplemented formula - a randomized controlled study. Pediatric Research 2008;63(4):428-32. x-wiley/crsRef/16348408 [DOI: 10.1203/PDR.0b013e31816780e4] [PMID: 18356752]
34. Siahanidou T, Margeli A, Kappis A, Papassotiriou I, Mandyla H. Circulating visfatin levels in healthy preterm infants are independently associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Metabolism. 2011;60(3):389-93. x-wiley/crsRef/16348410 [DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.03.002] [PMID: 20359723]
35. Sidebottom R, Curran JS, Williams PR, Kanarek KS, Bramson RT. Effects of long-chain vs medium-chain triglycerides on gastric emptying time in premature infants. Journal of Pediatrics 1983;102(3):448-50. x-wiley/crsRef/16348412 [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(83)80674-x] [PMID: 6827420]
36. Smith RB, Sachan DS, Plattsmier J, Feld N, Lorch V. Plasma carnitine alterations in premature infants receiving various nutritional regimes. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1988;12(1):37-42. x-wiley/crsRef/16348414 [DOI: 10.1177/014860718801200137] [PMID: 3125355]
37. Spencer SA, Stammers JP, Hull D. Evaluation of a special low birth weight formula, with and without medium chain triacylglycerols. Early Human Development 1986;13(1):87-95. x-wiley/crsRef/3236775 [DOI: 10.1016/0378-3782(86)90102-7] [PMID: 3956425]
38. Spencer SA, McKenna S, Stammers J, Hull D. Two different low birth weight formulae compared. Early Human Development 1992;30(1):21-31. x-wiley/crsRef/3236777 [DOI: 10.1016/0378-3782(92)90083-s] [PMID: 1396287]
39. Sutphen JL, Dillard VL. Medium chain triglyceride in the therapy of gastroesophageal reflux. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1992;14(1):38-40. x-wiley/crsRef/16348416 [DOI: 10.1097/00005176-199201000-00008] [PMID: 1573511]
40. Tantibhedhyangkul P, Hashim SA. Medium-chain triglyceride feeding in premature infants: effects on fat and nitrogen absorption. Pediatrics 1975;55(3):359-70. x-wiley/crsRef/16348418 [PMID: 1170544]
41. Tantibhedhyangkul P, Hashim SA. Medium-chain triglyceride feeding in premature infants: effects on calcium and magnesium absorption. Pediatrics 1978;61(4):537-45. x-wiley/crsRef/16348420 [PMID: 662478]
42. Telliez F, Bach V, Dewasmes G, Leke A, Libert JP. Effects of medium- and long-chain triglycerides on sleep and thermoregulatory processes in neonates. Journal of Sleep Research 1998;7(1):31-9. x-wiley/crsRef/3236781 [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2869.1998.00083.x] [PMID: 9613426]
43. Telliez F, Bach V, Leke A, Chardon K, Libert JP. Feeding behavior in neonates whose diet contained medium-chain triacylglycerols: short-term effects on thermoregulation and sleep. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002;76(5):1091-5. x-wiley/crsRef/3236783 [DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/76.5.1091] [PMID: 12399283]
44. Thanh LQ, Chen YM, Hartweg M, Nguyen T, Tu A. Effects of higher protein formula with improved fat blend on growth and feeding tolerance in preterm Infants: a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. In: Excellence in Pediatrics, Oral Presentation. 2018 December 6-8. 2018. x-wiley/crsRef/16348422 [Abstract ID 255]
45. Van Aerde J, Sauer P, Heim T, Smith J, Swyer P. The effect of diet composition on energy metabolism, substrate utilisation and growth in the VLBW infant (abstract). Pediatric Research 1985;19:1085. x-wiley/crsRef/3236785 [DOI: 10.1203/00006450-198510000-00104]
46. Vanderhoof J, Gross S, Hegyi T, Clandinin T, Porcelli P, DeCristofaro J, et al. Evaluation of a long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplemented formula on growth, tolerance, and plasma lipids in preterm infants up to 48 weeks postconceptional age. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1999;29(3):318-26. x-wiley/crsRef/3236787 [DOI: 10.1097/00005176-199909000-00015] [PMID: 10467999]
47. Verkade HJ, van Asselt WA, Vonk RJ, Bijleveld CM, Fernandes J, de Jong H, et al. Fat absorption in premature infants: the effect of lard and antibiotics. European Journal of Pediatrics 1989;149(2):126-9. x-wiley/crsRef/16348424 [DOI: 10.1007/BF01995863] [PMID: 2512163]
48. Whyte RK, Campbell D, Stanhope R, et al. Energy balance in low birth weight infants fed formula of high or low medium-chain triglyceride content. Journal of Pediatrics 1986;108(6):964-71. x-wiley/crsRef/3236759 [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(86)80941-6] [PMID: 3712166]
49. Ehrenkranz RA, Younes N, Lemons JA, Fanaroff AA, Donovan EF, Wright LL, et al. Longitudinal growth of hospitalized very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 1999;104(2 Pt 1):280-9. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.104.2.280] [PMID: 10429008]
50. Fenton TR, Kim JH. A systematic review and meta-analysis to revise the Fenton growth chart for preterm infants. BMC Pediatrics 2013;13:59. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-13-59] [PMID: 23601190]
51. Fleith M, Clandinin MT. Dietary PUFA for preterm and term infants: review of clinical studies. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2005;45(3):205-29. [DOI: 10.1080/10408690590956378] [PMID: 16048149]
52. McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime) GRADEpro GDT. Hamilton (ON): McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime), June 5, 2020. Available at gradepro.org.
53. Hanson C, Sundermeier J, Dugick L, Lyden E, Anderson-Berry AL. Implementation, process, and outcomes of nutrition best practices for infants <1500 g. Nutrition in Clinical Practice 2011;26(5):614–24. [DOI: 10.1177/0884533611418984] [PMID: 21947645]
54. Heird W, Lapilllonne A. The role of essential fatty acids in development. Annual Review of Nutrition 2005;25:549-71. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132254] [PMID: 16011478]
55. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Sterne JA, on behalf of the Cochrane Statistical Methods Group and the Cochrane Bias Methods Group. Chapter 8. Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JP, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
56. Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.1 (updated September 2020). Cochrane, 2020. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook.
57. Jensen GL, Jensen RG. Specialty lipids for infant nutrition. II. Concerns, new developments, and future applications. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1992;15(4):382-94. [DOI: 10.1097/00005176-199211000-00004] [PMID: 1469518]
58. Kleinman R, Greer F. Pediatric Nutrition, 8th edition. Chicago, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition, 2019. [ISBN: 978-1-61002-360-3]
59. Lee KA, Hayes BC. Head size and growth in the very preterm infant: a literature review. Research and Reports in Neonatology 2015;5:1–7. [DOI: 10.2147/RRN.S74449]
60. Los-Rycharska E, Kieraszewicz Z, Czerwionka-Szaflarska M. Medium chain triglyceride (MCT) formulas in paediatric and allergological practice. Przegla̜d Gastroenterologiczny 2016;11(4):226-31. [DOI: 10.5114/pg.2016.61374] [PMID: 28053676]
61. Marten B, Pfeuffer M. Medium-chain triglycerides. International Dairy Journal 2006;16(11):1374-82.
62. Mosca F, Giannì ML. Human milk: composition and health benefits. Medical and Surgical Pediatrics 2017;39:155. [DOI: 10.4081/pmc.2017.155]
63. The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager 5 (RevMan 5). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Cochrane Collaboration, 2020.
64. Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A, editor(s). Handbook for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations using the GRADE approach (updated October 2013). GRADE Working Group, 2013. Available from gdt.guidelinedevelopment.org/app/handbook/handbook.html.
65. Sodhi CP, Fulton WB, Good M, Vurma M, Das T, Lai C-S, et al. Fat composition in infant formula contributes to the severity of necrotising enterocolitis. British Journal of Nutrition 2018;120(6):665-80. [DOI: 10.1017/S0007114518001836] [PMID: 30176959]
66. Traul KA, Driedger A, Ingle DL, Nakhasi D. Review of the toxicologic properties of medium-chain triglycerides. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2000;38(1):79–98. [DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(99)00106-4] [PMID: 10685018]
67. Vinall J, Grunau RE, Brant R, Chau V, Poskitt KJ, Synnes AR, et al. Slower postnatal growth is associated with delayed cerebral cortical maturation in preterm newborns. Science Translational Medicine 2013;5(168):168ra8. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004666] [PMID: 23325801]
68. Walsh MC, Kliegman RM. Necrotizing enterocolitis: treatment based on staging criteria. Pediatric Clinics of North America 1986;33(1):179–201. [DOI: 10.1016/s0031-3955(16)34975-6] [PMID: 3081865]
69. Wright K, Covertson C, Tiedeman M, Abegglen JA. Formula supplemented with docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA): a critical review of the research. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing 2006;11(2):100-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-6155.2006.00048.x] [PMID: 16635189]
70. Klenoff-Brumberg HL, Genen LH. High versus low medium chain triglyceride content of formula for promoting short term growth of preterm infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 1. Art. No: CD002777. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002777] [PMID: 12535437]