Review of the toxicologic properties of medium-chain triglycerides

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 79-98

  Traul, K A ^a   Driedger, A ^b   Ingle, D L ^a   Nakhasi, D ^b  

^a Ingle Traul Pharmaceutical C   (United States)

^b Stepan Co   (United States)

Author keywords

MCT; Toxicology; Triglycerides

Indexed keywords

MEDIUM CHAIN FATTY ACID; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; CARCINOGENICITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIETARY INTAKE; ESTERIFICATION; HYPERSENSITIVITY; LIPID ABSORPTION; LYMPHOKINE ACTIVATED KILLER CELL; NONHUMAN; RABBIT; REVIEW; SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM; TOXICOLOGY;

ANIMALS; CARCINOGENICITY TESTS; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; HUMANS; MUTAGENICITY TESTS; NO-OBSERVED-ADVERSE-EFFECT LEVEL; PARENTERAL NUTRITION; PUBLIC HEALTH; RABBITS; RATS; SWINE; TRIGLYCERIDES;

ANIMALIA; ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS; SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM; TYPHIMURIUM;

EID: 0033983014     PISSN: 02786915     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0278-6915(99)00106-4     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. Anonymous (1972) Miglyol 810, Miglyol 818: Guinea pig sensitization. Consultox Laboratories, Ltd. Unpublished Report for study no. CF 544/11.77/250.
2. Anonymous (1977) Primary eye and skin irritation (rabbit), acute LD50 (rat). Biometric Inc. Unpublished Report No. A-1838-3/3.
3. Azain M. Effects of adding medium chain triglycerides to sow diets during late gestation and early lactation on litter performance. Journal of Animal Science. 71:1993;3011-3019.
4. Baba N., Bracco E., Hashim S. Enhanced thermogenesis and diminished deposition of fat in response to overfeeding with diet containing medium-chain triglyceride. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 35:1982;678-682.
5. Babayan V. Medium chain triglycerides and structured lipids. Lipids. 22:1987;417-420.
6. Babayan V. (1988) Medium chain triglycerides. In Dietary Fat Requirements in Health and Development, ed. J. Beare-Rodgers, pp. 73-86. American Oil Chemists Society.
7. Bach A., Babayan V. Medium chain triglycerides: An update. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 36:1982;950-962.
8. Bach A., Frey A., Lutz O. Clinical and experimental effects of medium chain-triglyceride-based fat emulsions - a review. Clinical Nutrition. 8:1989;223-235.
9. Bach A., Schirardin H., Weryha A., Bauer M. Ketogenic response to medium-chain triglyceride load in the rat. Journal of Nutrition. 107:1977;1863-1871.
10. Beau P., Mannant P., Pelletier D., Brizard A. Comparison of bone marrow toxicity of medium-chain and long-chain triglyceride emulsions: an in vitro study in humans. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 21:1997;343-346.
11. Brusick D. (1976) Mutagenic evaluation of compound. FDA 75-38. 000124-07-2, Caprylic acid, 98%. Litton Bionetics. Prepared for Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC, Bureau of Foods. NTIS Document PB-257 872.
12. Busimeier J. (1975) Skin irritation, eye irritation. WARF Institute, Inc. Unpublished Report No. 5013064.
13. Chanez M., Bois-Joyeux B., Arnaud M., Peret J. Metabolic effects in rats of a diet with a moderate level of medium-chain triglycerides. Journal of Nutrition. 121:1991;585-594.
14. Chen W., Yeh S., Wu Y. Effects of MCT/LCT and LCT emulsions on plasma lipids and nitrogen retention in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats receiving total parenteral nutrition. Nutrition. 13:1997;882-886.
15. CTFA . Expert report: Final report of the safety assessment of caprylic/capric triglyceride. CTFA Cosmetic Ingredient Review. Cosmetics, Toiletries and Fragrance Association. Journal of Environmental Pathology and Toxicology. 4:1980;105-120.
16. Degos R. (1968) Epidermal tests undertaken with the product. Hospital Saint Louis, University of Paris. Unpublished report from H. Vilcoq et CIE, Paris.
17. Dixit R., Kacew S. Use of moderate dietary restriction in safety assessment. Toxicologist. 36:1997;542.
18. Edens N., Friedman M. Response of normal and diabetic rats to increasing dietary medium-chain triglyceride content. Journal of Nutrition. 114:1984;565-573.
19. Elder R. Cosmetic ingredients - their safety assessment. Journal of Environmental Pathology and Toxicology. 4:1980;105-120.
20. Fischer K. (1991) Evaluation of the health aspects of caprenin., pp. 1-36. Life Sciences Research Office, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.
21. Freund G., Weinster R. Standardized ketosis in man following medium chain triglyceride ingestion. Metabolism. 15:1966;980-991.
22. Fritsch D. (1977) Test of absence of aflatoxins in Miglyol 812 neutral oil. Official Journal of the European Communities L102/9, 4-15-76.
23. Geliebter A., Torbay N., Bracco E., Hashim S., Van Itallie T. Overfeeding with medium-chain triglyceride diet results in diminished deposition of fat. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 37:1983;1-4.
24. Giknis M. and Clifford C. (1998) Spontaneous neoplastic lesions and survival in Crl:CD® (SD)BR rats maintained on dietary restriction. Charles River Laboratories.
25. Gogos C., Kalfarentzos F., Zoumbos N. Effect of different types of total parenteral nutrition on T-lymphocyte subpopulations and NK cells. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 51:1990;119-122.
26. Gornall A. G. (Ed) (1981) Applied Biochemistry of Clinical Disorders. pp. 296-297. Harper & Row, Philadelphia, PA.
27. Gottschlich M. Selection of optimal lipid sources in enteral and parenteral nutrition. Nutrition in Clinical Practice. 7:1992;153-165.
28. Greenberger N., Skillman T. Medium-chain triglycerides: Physiologic considerations and clinical implications. New England Journal of Medicine. 280:1969;1045-1058.
29. Guillot J., Martin M., Giauffret J. Safety evaluation of cosmetic raw materials. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists. 28:1977;377-393.
30. Guillot J. and Coquet B. (1977) Myglyol 812 huile neutre, tests de tolerance chez le lapin. Unpublished report, Dyna France.
31. Harkins R., Sarett H. Nutritional evaluation of medium-chain triglycerides in the rat. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society. 45:1968;26-30.
32. Hashim S., Arteaga A., Van Itallie T. Effect of a saturated medium- chain triglyceride on serum-lipids in man. Lancet. i:1960;105-1108.
33. Henke W. and Carabello F. (1975) Lanman test of cumulative irritant properties on a series of test materials. 5. Caprylic/capric triglyceride #0854 C. Hill Top Research Unpublished Report 75-414-70 #0854 (Miglyol 812).
34. Henke W. and Ede M. (1975) Repeated insult patch test of 10 test materials. 5. Caprylic/ capric triglyceride #0854A. Hill Top Research Unpublished Report 75-598-70 #0854 A (Miglyol 812).
35. Henwood S., Wilson D., White R., Trimbo S. Developmental toxicity study in rats and rabbits administered an emulsion containing medium chain triglycerides as an alternative caloric source. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. 40:1997;185-190.
36. Hill J., Peters J., Swift L., Yang D., Sharp T., Abumrad N., Greene H. Changes in blood lipids during six days of overfeeding with medium- or long-chain triglycerides. Journal of Lipid Research. 31:1990;407-416.
37. Hill J., Peters J., Yang D., Sharp T., Kaler M., Abumrad N., Greene H. Thermogenesis in humans during overfeeding with medium-chain triglycerides. Metabolism. 38:1989;641-648.
38. Hoberman A., Bucci T., Brown R., McCarty R., Christian M. Comparison of growth, survival, tumor incidences and clinical pathology parameters in two strains of rats on caloric-restricted or ad libitum feeding regimes for 104 weeks. Toxicologist. 30:1996;1049.
39. Huston R., Reynolds J., Jensen C., Buist N. Nutrient and mineral retention and vitamin D absorption in low-birth-weight infants: Effect of medium-chain triglycerides. Pediatrician. 72:1983;44-48.
40. Ippen H. (1970) Skin compatibility of Myritol 318. Unpublished Report of the University Skin Clinic, Düsseldorf University.
41. Ippen H. (1980) Biological testing of Miglyol 812-neutral oil for phototoxic effects on human skin. Unpublished Report of the University Skin Clinic, Düsseldorf University.
42. Jenner P., Hagan E., Taylor J., Cook E., Fitzhugh O. Food flavourings and compounds of related structure: acute oral toxicity. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. 2:1964;327-343.
43. Johnson R., Cotter R. Metabolism of medium chain triglyceride lipid emulsion? Nutrition International. 2:1986;150-158.
44. Kari F., Abdo K. The sensitivity of the NTP bioassay for hazard evaluation is modulated by dietary restriction. Toxicologist. 36:1997;546.
45. Kaunitz H., Slanetz C., Johnson R., Babayan V., Barsky G. Nutritional properties of the triglycerides of saturated fatty acids of medium chain-length. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Association. 35:1958;10-13.
46. 47calcium absorption in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Gut. 14:1973;653-656.
47. Kimoto Y., Tanji Y., Taguchi T., Sugimoto T., Watamabe T., Tsukamoto F., Kim S., Yoneda K., Takamura Y., Izukura M., Shiba E., Takai S. Antitumor effect of medium-chain triglyceride and its influence on the self-defense of the body. Cancer Detection and Prevention. 22:1998;219-224.
48. Klimmer O. (1971) Report on the toxicological testing on Miglyol 812 neutral oils. Unpublished Report of the Pharmacological Inst. of the Rhenish Friedrich-Wilhelm University. June 16.
49. Kracht J. (1961) Assessment of the local tolerance of Neutral Oil 812 and sesame oil (Hageda) after intramuscular injection in rabbits. Unpublished Report of the Pathological Institute of the University of Hamburg.
50. Kracht J. (1962) Expert appraisal of the local compatibility of olive oil DAB 6, neutralized olive oil and Neutral Oil 812 (Miglyol) following intramuscular injection in the rabbit. Unpublished Report of the Pathological Institute of the University of Hamburg.
51. Kracht J. (1963a) Parenteral compatibility tests with Miglyol 812 neutral oil. Unpublished Report of the Pathological Institute of the University of Hamburg. April 16.
52. Kracht J. (1963b) Parenteral compatibility tests with Miglyol 812 neutral oil. Unpublished Report of the Pathological Institute of the University of Hamburg.
53. Lewis C. and Palanker A. (1977) Final report, primary dermal irritation (rabbit), ocular irritation (rabbit), acute oral toxicity (rat) Unpublished Report of the Consumer Product Testing Co.
54. Linscheer W., Blum A., Platt R. Transfer of medium chain fatty acids from blood to spinal fluid in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 58:1970;509-515.
55. Linscheer W., Patterson J., Moore E., Clermont R., Robins S., Chalmers T. Medium and long chain fat absorption in patients with cirrhosis. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 45:1966;1317-1325.
56. McCandless D. Octanoic acid-induced coma and reticular formation energy metabolism. Brain Research. 335:1985;131-137.
57. Miles J., Cattalini M., Sharbrough F., Wold L., Wharen R., Gerich J., Haymond M. Metabolic and neurologic effects of an intravenous medium-chain triglyceride emulsion. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 15:1991;37-41.
58. NTP (1991) Material Safety Data Sheet-Tricaprylin. National Toxicology Program. NTP Chemical Repository. Radian Corporation.
59. NTP (1994) Comparative toxicology studies of corn oil, safflower, and tricaprylin (CAS nos. 8001-30-7, 8001-23-8, and 538-23-8) in male F344/N rats as vehicles for gavage. National Toxicology Program. Report TR 426.
60. Ohkawa A., Sato N., Hatakeyama K. Effect of medium-chain triglyceride emulsion in total parenteral nutrition on experimental hepatic metastasis in the rat. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 21:1997;220-223.
61. Pagliocca B. (1998a) Registration of Miglyol 812 neutral oil: Specifications. Clionova, Inc. Personal communication.
62. Pagliocca B. (1998b) Evaluation - Methods for testing of Miglyol. Clionova, Inc. Personal communication.
63. Palanker A. (1976a) Primary dermal and ocular irritation (rabbit), acute oral toxicity (rat). Unpublished Report of the Consumer Product Testing No. 76116-1/2.
64. Palanker A. (1976b) Ocular and primary dermal irritation (rabbit), acute oral toxicity (rat). Unpublished Report of the Consumer Product Testing No 76101-1/3 (B-E 03848).
65. Palmer D. (1998) "Performance Products" - Abitec Corp. Personal Communication.
66. Pao E. M., Fleming K. H., Guenther P. M. and Mickle S. J. (1982) Foods Commonly Eaten by Individuals: Amount Per Day and Per Eating Occasion, 431. Home Economics Research Report No. 44, Consumer Nutrition Center, Human Nutrition Information Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Hyattsville, MD.
67. Poole L. (1977) Acute oral toxicity evaluations in the mouse (4 products). Unpublished Report of the Consultox Laboratories Ltd.
68. Potokar E. (1971) Mucous membrane tests on human subjects Myritrol 318. Unpublished Report of the Henkel and Cie GmbH, Düsseldorf, Toxicological Department.
69. Rabinowitz J., Staeffen J., Aumonier P., Blanquet P., Vincent J., Daviaud R., Ballen P., Ferrer J., Terme R., Series C., Myerson R. The effects of intravenous sodium octanoate on the rhesus monkey. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 69:1978;187-190.
70. Reininghaus W. and Römer E. (1977) Acute inhalation toxicity study-"Miglyol® 812 Neutralol" on rats and guinea-pigs. Unpublished Report of the INBIFO Institut fur Biologische Forschung-Koln GmbH. Report A 0459/1212 (Translation).
71. Ross Laboratories Consumer Products Division (1997) Product Information for Osmolite® Isotonic Liquid Nutrition and Osmolite® HN Plus. Personal communication.
72. Roth R. and Shapiro R. (1981) Report No. T-1551. Chick edema test. Miglyol 812; Neutralol. Unpublished Report of the Product Safety Laboratory.
73. Schwarz J., Weisspapir M., Friedmen D. Enhanced transdermal delivery of diazepam by submicron emulsion (SME) creams. Pharmaceutical Research. 12:1995;687-692.
74. Sedman P., Ramsden C., Brennan T., Guillou P. Pharmacological concentrations of lipid emulsions inhibit interleukin-2-dependent lymphocyte responses in vitro. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 14:1990;12-17.
75. Sedman P., Somers S., Ramsden C., Brennan T., Guillou P. Effects of different lipid emulsions on lymphocyte function during total parenteral nutrition. British Journal of Surgery. 78:1991;1396-1399.
76. Shils M, Olson J, Shike M. (Eds) (1994) Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 8th ed. Vol. 2. pp. 940-945. Lea & Febiger, Malvern, PA.
77. Smyth H., Carpenter C., Weil C., Pozzani U., Striegel J. Range finding toxicity data: List VI. Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. 23:1962;95-107.
78. Sulkers E., LaFebre H., Degenhart H., Lindemans J., Sauer P. Comparison of two preterm formulas with or without addition of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs). II: Effects on mineral balance. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 15:1992;42-47.
79. Tantibhedhyangkul P., Hashim S. Medium-chain triglyceride feeding in premature infants: effects of calcium and magnesium absorption. Pediatrician. 61:1978;537-545.
80. USDA (1995) Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 4th edn. Publication of the United States Department of Agriculture, US Department of Health and Human Services. Washington, DC.
81. Webb D., Wood F., Bertram T., Fortier N. A 91-day feeding study in rats with caprenin. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 31:1993;935-946.
82. Wilson D., White R., Henwood S., Trimbo S. Developmental toxicity study in rats and rabbits administered a 20% lipid emulsion containing a 3:1 ratio of medium chain triglycerides : long chain triglycerides. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. 30:(part 2: Abstract 985):1996;193.