Behavioural interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2021, Issue 1, 2021, Pages

  Hartmann Boyce, Jamie ^a   Livingstone Banks, Jonathan ^a   Ordóñez Mena, José M ^a   Fanshawe, Thomas R ^a   Lindson, Nicola ^a   Freeman, Suzanne C ^b   Sutton, Alex J ^b   Theodoulou, Annika ^a   Aveyard, Paul ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIOR THERAPY; BIOFEEDBACK; CIGARETTE SMOKING; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; COUNSELING; E-COUNSELING; EXERCISE; HUMAN; HYPNOSIS; LAY HEALTH WORKER; MATERNAL SMOKING; META ANALYSIS; MONETARY REWARD; MOTIVATION; MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING; NETWORK META-ANALYSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SELF HELP; SMOKELESS TOBACCO; SMOKING CESSATION; SMOKING CESSATION PROGRAM; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TEXT MESSAGING; WATERPIPE TOBACCO; WEB-BASED INTERVENTION; ADULT; BAYES THEOREM; FEMALE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PROCEDURES; PUBLISHING; SELF CARE; STATISTICAL BIAS; TIME FACTOR; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; BAYES THEOREM; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; BIAS; COUNSELING; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPNOSIS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NETWORK META-ANALYSIS; PUBLICATION BIAS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SELF CARE; SMOKING CESSATION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AS TOPIC; TIME FACTORS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 85100324447     PISSN: 14651858     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013229.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Barnes J, McRobbie H, Dong CY, Walker N, Hartmann-Boyce J. Hypnotherapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 6. Art. No: CD001008. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001008.pub3]
2. Behbod B, Sharma M, Baxi R, Roseby R, Webster P. Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 1. Art. No: CD001746. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001746.pub4]
3. Cahill K, Lancaster T, Green N. Stage-based interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 11. Art. No: CD004492. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004492.pub4]
4. Cahill K, Lancaster T. Workplace interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 2. Art. No: CD003440. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003440.pub4]
5. Carr AB, Ebbert J. Interventions for tobacco cessation in the dental setting. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 6. Art. No: CD005084. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005084.pub3]
6. Carson-Chahhoud KV, Livingstone-Banks J, Sharrad KJ, Kopsaftis Z, Brinn MP, To-A-Nan R, et al. Community pharmacy personnel interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 10. Art. No: CD003698. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003698.pub3]
7. Chamberlain C, O'Mara-Eves A, Porter J, Coleman T, Perlen SM, Thomas J, et al. Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 2. Art. No: CD001055. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001055.pub5]
8. Clair C, Mueller Y, Livingstone-Banks J, Burnand B, Camain JY, Cornuz J, et al. Biomedical risk assessment as an aid for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 3. Art. No: CD004705. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004705.pub5]
9. Fanshawe TR, Hartmann-Boyce J, Perera R, Lindson N. Competitions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 2. Art. No: CD013272. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013272]
10. Faseru B, Richter KP, Scheuermann TS, Park EW. Enhancing partner support to improve smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 8. Art. No: CD002928. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002928.pub4]
11. Hajek P, Stead LF. Aversive smoking for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001, Issue 3. Art. No: CD000546. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000546.pub2]
12. Hartmann-Boyce J, Hong B, Livingstone-Banks J, Wheat H, Fanshawe TR. Additional behavioural support as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 6. Art. No: CD009670. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009670.pub4]
13. Hollands GJ, Hankins M, Marteau TM. Visual feedback of individuals' medical imaging results for changing health behaviour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 1. Art. No: CD007434. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007434.pub2]
14. Hollands GJ, Naughton F, Farley A, Lindson N, Aveyard P. Interventions to increase adherence to medications for tobacco dependence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 8. Art. No: CD009164. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009164.pub3]
15. Huibers MJ, Beurskens A, Bleijenberg G, van Schayck CP. Psychosocial interventions by general practitioners. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 3. Art. No: CD003494. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003494.pub2]
16. Lancaster T, Stead LF. Individual behavioural counselling for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 3. Art. No: CD001292. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001292.pub3]
17. Lindson N, Thompson TP, Ferrey A, Lambert JD, Aveyard P. Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 7. Art. No: CD006936. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006936.pub4]
18. Lindson N, Klemperer E, Hong B, Ordóñez-Mena JM, Aveyard P. Smoking reduction interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 9. Art. No: CD013183. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013183.pub2]
19. Livingstone-Banks J, Ordóñez-Mena JM, Hartmann-Boyce J. Print-based self-help interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 1. Art. No: CD001118. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001118.pub4]
20. Livingstone-Banks J, Norris E, Hartmann-Boyce J, West R, Jarvis M, Chubb E, et al. Relapse prevention interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 10. Art. No: CD003999. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003999.pub6]
21. Marteau TM, French DP, Griffin SJ, Prevost AT, Sutton S, Watkinson C, et al. Effects of communicating DNA-based disease risk estimates on risk-reducing behaviours. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 10. Art. No: CD007275. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007275.pub2]
22. Matkin W, Ordóñez-Mena JM, Hartmann-Boyce J. Telephone counselling for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 5. Art. No: CD002850. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002850.pub4]
23. Maziak W, Jawad M, Jawad S, Ward KD, Eissenberg T, Asfar T. Interventions for waterpipe smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 7. Art. No: CD005549. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005549.pub3]
24. Notley C, Gentry S, Livingstone-Banks J, Bauld L, Perera R, Hartmann-Boyce J. Incentives for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 7. Art. No: CD004307. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004307.pub6]
25. Rice VH, Heath L, Livingstone-Banks J, Hartmann-Boyce J. Nursing interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 12. Art. No: CD001188. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001188.pub5]
26. Stead LF, Buitrago D, Preciado N, Sanchez G, Hartmann-Boyce J, Lancaster T. Physician advice for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 5. Art. No: CD000165. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000165.pub4]
27. Stead LF, Carroll AJ, Lancaster T. Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 3. Art. No: CD001007. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001007.pub3]
28. Taylor GM, Dalili MN, Semwal M, Civljak M, Sheikh A, Car J. Internet-based interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 9. Art. No: CD007078. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007078.pub5]
29. Thomsen T, Villebro N, Møller AM. Interventions for preoperative smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 3. Art. No: CD002294. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002294.pub4]
30. Tzelepis F, Paul CL, Williams CM, Gilligan C, Regan T, Daly J, et al. Real-time video counselling for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 10. Art. No: CD012659. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012659.pub2]
31. Ussher MH, Faulkner GE, Angus K, Hartmann-Boyce J, Taylor AH. Exercise interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 10. Art. No: CD002295. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002295.pub6]
32. Vodopivec-Jamsek V, de Jongh T, Gurol-Urganci I, Atun R, Car J. Mobile phone messaging for preventive health care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 12. Art. No: CD007457. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007457.pub2]
33. Whittaker R, McRobbie H, Bullen C, Rodgers A, Gu Y, Dobson R. Mobile phone text messaging and app-based interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 10. Art. No: CD006611. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006611.pub5]
34. Cahill K, Perera R. Quit and Win contests for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4. Art. No: CD004986. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004986.pub3]
35. Dale J, Caramlau IO, Lindenmeyer A, Williams SM. Peer support telephone calls for improving health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4. Art. No: CD006903. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006903.pub2]
36. Fanshawe TR, Halliwell W, Lindson N, Aveyard P, Livingstone-Banks J, Hartmann-Boyce J. Tobacco cessation interventions for young people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 11. Art. No: CD003289. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003289.pub6]
37. Farley AC, Hajek P, Lycett D, Aveyard P. Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 1. Art. No: CD006219. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006219.pub3]
38. An LC, Betzner A, Schillo B, Luxenberg MG, Christenson M, Wendling A, et al. The comparative effectiveness of clinic, work-site, phone, and web-based tobacco treatment programs. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2010;12(10):989-6.
39. Action on Smoking and Health (ASH). ASH briefing: health inequalities and smoking. ash.org.uk/information-and-resources/briefings/ash-briefing-health-inequalities-and-smoking/ (accessed 12 November 2018).
40. Barnett PG, Wong W, Jeffers A, Munoz R, Humfleet G, Hall S. Cost-effectiveness of extended cessation treatment for older smokers. Addiction 2013;109(2):314-22.
41. Bauld L, Boyd KA, Briggs AH, Chesterman J, Ferguson J, Judge K, et al. One-year outcomes and a cost-effectiveness analysis for smokers accessing group-based and pharmacy-led cessation services. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2011;13(2):135-45.
42. Begh RA, Aveyard P, Upton P, Shopal RS, White M, Amos A, et al. Promoting smoking cessation in Pakistani and Bangladeshi men in the UK: pilot cluster randomised controlled trial of trained community outreach workers. Trials 2011;12:197.
43. Berndt N, Bolman C, Lechner L, Max W, Mudde A, de Vries H, et al. Economic evaluation of a telephone- and face-to-face-delivered counseling intervention for smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease. European Journal of Health Economics 2016;17(3):269-85.
44. Black N, Johnston M, Michie S, Hartmann-Boyce J, West R, Viechtbauer W, et al. Behaviour change techniques associated with smoking cessation in intervention and comparator groups of randomized controlled trials: a systematic review and meta-regression. Addiction 2020;115(11):2008-20. [DOI: doi.org/10.1111/add.15056]
45. Boyd KA, Briggs AH. Cost-effectiveness of pharmacy and group behavioural support smoking cessation services in Glasgow. Addiction 2009;104(2):317-25.
46. Brose LS, West R, McDermott MS, Fidler JA, Croghan E, McEwen A. What makes for an effective stop-smoking service? Thorax 2011;66(10):924-6.
47. Cahill K, Stevens S, Perera R, Lancaster T. Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 5. Art. No: CD009329. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009329.pub2]
48. Calhoun PS, Datta S, Olsen M, Smith VA, Moore SD, Hair LP, et al. Comparative effectiveness of an internet-based smoking cessation intervention versus clinic-based specialty care for veterans. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2016;69:19-27.
49. Chaiton M, Diemert L, Cohen JE, Bondy SJ, Selby P, Philipneri A, et al. Estimating the number of quit attempts it takes to quit smoking successfully in a longitudinal cohort of smokers. BMJ Open 2016;6(6):1-9.
50. Clinical Practice Guideline Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence 2008 Update Panel, Liaisons, and Staff. A clinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. A U.S. Public Health Service report. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2008;35(2):158-76.
51. Cromwell J, Bartosch WJ, Fiore MC, Hasselblad V, Baker T. Cost-effectiveness of the clinical practice recommendations in the AHCPR guideline for smoking cessation. Journal of the American Medical Association 2001;278(11):1759-66.
52. de Bruin M, Black N, Javornik N, Viechtbauer W, Eisma MC, Hartman-Boyce J, et al. Underreporting of the active content of behavioural interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials of smoking cessation interventions. Health Psychology Review 2020;Epub ahead of print. [DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2019.1709098]
53. Dino G, Horn K, Abdulkadri A, Kalsekar I, Branstetter S. Cost-effectiveness analysis of the Not On Tobacco program for adolescent smoking cessation. Prevention Science 2008;9(1):38-46.
54. Dobbie F, Hiscock R, Leonardi-Bee J, Murray S, Shahab L, Aveyard P, et al. Evaluating Long-term Outcomes of NHS Stop Smoking Services (ELONS): a prospective cohort study. Health Technology Assessment 2015;19(95):1-156.
55. Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors. BMJ 2004;328(7455):1519.
56. European Respiratory Society. European Lung White Book. Sheffield (UK): European Respiratory Society, 2013.
57. Feenstra TL, Hamberg-van Reenen HH, Hoogenveen RT, Rutten-van Molken MP. Cost-effectiveness of face-to-face smoking cessation interventions: a dynamic modeling study. Value Health 2005;8(3):178-90.
58. Freeman SC, Scott NW, Powell R, Johnston M, Sutton AJ, Cooper NJ. Component network meta-analysis identifies the most effective components of psychological preparation for adults undergoing surgery under general anesthesia. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2018;98:105-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.02.012]
59. Global Burden of Disease 2016 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017;390(10100):1345-422.
60. Gilbert H, Sutton S, Morris R, Petersen I, Wu Q, Parrot S, et al. Start2quit: a randomised clinical controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of using personal tailored risk information and taster sessions to increase the uptake of the NHS Stop Smoking Services. Health Technology Assessment 2017;21(3):1-206.
61. Goodchild M, Nargis N, Tursan d'Espaignet E. Global economic cost of smoking-attributable diseases. Tobacco Control 2018;27:58-64.
62. Hartmann-Boyce J, Stead LF, Cahill K, Lancaster T. Efficacy of interventions to combat tobacco addiction: Cochrane update of 2013 reviews. Addiction 2014;109(9):1414-25.
63. Healey A, Roberts S, Sevdalis N, Goulding L, Wilson S, Shaw K, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of stop smoking interventions in substance-use disorder populations. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2019;21(5):623-30.
64. Higgins JP, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.handbook.cochrane.org.
65. Javitz HS, Zbikowski SM, Deprey M, McAfee TA, McClure JB, Richards J, et al. Cost-effectiveness of varenicline and three different behavioral treatment formats for smoking cessation. Translational Behavioral Medicine 2011;1(1):182-90.
66. Lal A, Mihalopoulos C, Wallace A, Vos T. The cost-effectiveness of call-back counselling for smoking cessation. Tobacco Control 2014;23(5):437-42.
67. Martín Cantera C, Puigdomènech E, Ballvé JL, Arias OL, Clemente L, Casas R, et al. Effectiveness of multicomponent interventions in primary healthcare settings to promote continuous smoking cessation in adults: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2015;5:e008807.
68. McGhan WF, Smith MD. Pharmacoeconomic analysis of smoking-cessation interventions. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 1996;53(1):45-52.
69. Melendez-Torres GJ, Bonell C, Thomas J. Emergent approaches to the meta-analysis of multiple heterogeneous complex interventions. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2015;15:47.
70. Michie S, Hyder N, Walia A, West R. Development of a taxonomy of behaviour change techniques used in individual behavioural support for smoking cessation. Addictive Behaviours 2011;36(4):315-9.
71. Michie S, Richardson M, Johnston M, Abraham C, Francis J, Hardeman W, et al. The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2013;46(1):81-95.
72. Mons U, Müezzinler A, Gellert C, Schöttker B, Abnet CC, Bobak M, et al. Impact of smoking and smoking cessation on cardiovascular events and mortality among older adults: meta-analysis of individual participant data from prospective cohort studies of the CHANCES consortium. BMJ 2015;350:h1551.
73. Mudde AN, De Vries H, Strecher VJ. Cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation modalities: comparing apples with oranges? Preventive Medicine 1996;25(6):708-16.
74. Müezzinler A, Mons U, Gellert C, Schöttker B, Jansen E, Kee F, et al. Smoking and all-cause mortality in older adults: results from the CHANCES consortium. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2015;49(5):e53-63.
75. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Stop smoking interventions and services. NICE guideline (NG92). www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng92 (accessed 29 July 2020). [www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng92]
76. Nohlert E, Helgason AR, Tillgren P, Tegelberg A, Johansson P. Comparison of the cost-effectiveness of a high and a low-intensity smoking cessation intervention in Sweden: a randomized trial. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2013;15(9):1519-27.
77. Ordóñez-Mena JM, Schöttker B, Mons U, Jenab M, Freisling H, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, et al. Quantification of the smoking-associated cancer risk with rate advancement periods: meta-analysis of individual participant data from cohorts of the CHANCES consortium. BMC Medicine 2016;14(1):62.
78. Papadakis S, McDonald P, Mullen KA, Reid R, Skulsky K, Pipe A. Strategies to increase the delivery of smoking cessation treatments in primary care settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Preventative Medicine 2010;51:199-213.
79. Pirie K, Peto R, Reeves GK, Green J, Beral V, Million Women Study Collaborators. The 21st century hazards of smoking and benefits of stopping: a prospective study of one million women in the UK. Lancet 2013;12(381):9861.
80. Pollock M, Fernandes RM, Becker LA, Pieper D, Hartling L. Chapter V: overviews of reviews. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston MS, Li T, Page MJ, et al, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.1 (updated September 2020). Cochrane, 2020. Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook.
81. Popp J, Nyman JA, Luo X, Bengtson J, Lust K, An L, et al. Cost-effectiveness of enhancing a Quit-and-Win smoking cessation program for college students. European Journal of Health Economics 2018;19(9):1319-33.
82. Puhan MA, Schünemann HJ, Murad MH, Li T, Brignardello-Peterson R, Sing JA, et al. A GRADE Working Group approach for rating the quality of treatment effect estimates from network meta-analysis. BMJ 2014;349:g5630.
83. R Foundation for Statistical Computing R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Core Team, Version 4.0.0. Vienna (Austria): R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2020. Available at www.R-project.org.
84. Ruger JP, Weinstein MC, Hammond SK, Kearney MH, Emmons KM. Cost-effectiveness of motivational interviewing for smoking cessation and relapse prevention among low-income pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial. Value Health 2008;11(2):191-8.
85. Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, Thuku M, Hamel C, Moran J, et al. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ 2017;358:j4008. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j4008]
86. Shearer J, Shanahan M. Cost effectiveness analysis of smoking cessation interventions. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 2006;30(5):428-34.
87. Shemilt I, Aluko P, Graybill E, Craig D, Henderson C, Drummond M, et al. Chapter 20: economics evidence. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston MS, Li T, Page MJ, et al, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.1 (updated September 2020). Cochrane, 2020. Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook.
88. Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network. Search filters. www.sign.ac.uk/search-filters.html (accessed 1 October 2018).
89. Smit ES, Evers SM, de Vries H, Hoving C. Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of Internet-based computer tailoring for smoking cessation. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2013;15(3):e57.
90. Stead LF, Koilpillai P, Fanshawe T, Lancaster T. Combined pharmacotherapy and behavioural interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 3. Art. No: CD008286. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008286.pub3]
91. Sturtz S, Ligges U, Gelman A. R2WinBUGS: a package for running WinBUGSfrom R. Journal of Statistical Software 2005;12(3):1-16.
92. Tosanguan J, Chaiyakunapruk N. Cost-effectiveness analysis of clinical smoking cessation interventions in Thailand. Addiction 2016;111(2):340-50.
93. Tsoi DT, Porwal M, Webster AC. Interventions for smoking cessation and reduction in individuals with schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 2. Art. No: CD007253. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007253.pub3]
94. US Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking – 50 Years of Progress: a Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2014.
95. van der Meer RM, Willemsen MC, Smit F, Cuijpers P. Smoking cessation interventions for smokers with current or past depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 8. Art. No: CD006102. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006102.pub2]
96. Vangeli E, Stapleton J, Smit ES, Borland R, West R. Predictors of attempts to stop smoking and their success in adult general population samples: a systematic review. Addiction 2011;106(12):2110-21.
97. West R, Hajek P, Stead L, Stapleton J. Outcome criteria in smoking cessation trials: proposal for a common standard. Addiction 2005;100(3):299-303.
98. West R. The clinical significance of 'small' effects of smoking cessation treatments. Addiction 2007;102:506-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01750.x]
99. West R, May S, West M, Croghan E, McEwen A. Performance of English stop smoking services in first 10 years: analysis of service monitoring data. BMJ 2013;347:f4921.
100. World Health Organization. World Health Organization fact sheets. Tobacco. www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco (accessed 3 September 2018).
101. Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit WinBUGS. Version 1.4.3. Cambridge (UK): Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, 2015. Available at www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/software/bugs/the-bugs-project-winbugs/.
102. Wu Q, Gilbert H, Nazareth I, Sutton S, Morris R, Petersen I, et al. Cost-effectiveness of personal tailored risk information and taster sessions to increase the uptake of the NHS stop smoking services: the Start2quit randomized controlled trial. Addiction 2018;113(4):708-18.
103. Yepes-Nuñez JJ, Li SA, Guyatt G, Jack SM, Brozek JL, Beyen J, et al. Development of the summary of findings table for network meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2019;115:1-13.
104. Hartmann-Boyce J, Fanshawe TR, Lindson N, Livingstone-Banks J, Ordóñez-Mena JM, Aveyard P. Behavioural interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 12. Art. No: CD013229. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013229]