Antenatal interventions for preventing stillbirth, fetal loss and perinatal death: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2020, Issue 12, 2020, Pages

  Ota, Erika ^a   da Silva Lopes, Katharina ^a   Middleton, Philippa ^b   Flenady, Vicki ^c   Wariki, Windy MV ^d   Rahman, Md Obaidur ^a   Tobe Gai, Ruoyan ^e   Mori, Rintaro ^f  

^a ST LUKE'S INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b SOUTH AUSTRALIAN HEALTH AND MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^d SAM RATULANGI UNIVERSITY   (Indonesia)

^e SHANDONG UNIVERSITY   (China)

^f KYOTO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHILD NUTRITION; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; FETAL WELL BEING; FETUS GROWTH; FETUS RISK; FETUS WASTAGE; HIGH RISK INFANT; HUMAN; INTERVENTION STUDY; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PERINATAL DEATH; PERINATAL MORTALITY; PRENATAL CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SMALL FOR DATE INFANT; STILLBIRTH; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; CARDIOTOCOGRAPHY; FEMALE; FETUS DEATH; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; INSECTICIDE TREATED NET; META ANALYSIS; MIDWIFE; NEWBORN; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; PREGNANCY; PREVENTION AND CONTROL; PROCEDURES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC);

CARDIOTOCOGRAPHY; FEMALE; FETAL DEATH; FETAL DEVELOPMENT; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; INSECTICIDE-TREATED BEDNETS; MIDWIFERY; NUTRITION ASSESSMENT; PERINATAL DEATH; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL CARE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; STILLBIRTH; SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AS TOPIC;

EID: 85098675833     PISSN: 14651858     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009599.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Alfirevic Z, Stampalija T, Medley N. Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in normal pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 4. Art. No: CD001450. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001450.pub4]
2. Balogun OO, da Silva Lopes K, Ota E, Takemoto Y, Rumbold A, Takegata M, et al. Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 5. Art. No: CD004073. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004073.pub4]
3. Bricker L, Medley N, Pratt JJ. Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 6. Art. No: CD001451. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001451.pub4]
4. Brown HC, Smith HJ, Mori R, Noma H. Giving women their own case notes to carry during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 10. Art. No: CD002856. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002856.pub3]
5. Buppasiri P, Lumbiganon P, Thinkhamrop J, Ngamjarus C, Laopaiboon M, Medley N. Calcium supplementation (other than for preventing or treating hypertension) for improving pregnancy and infant outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 2. Art. No: CD007079. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007079.pub3]
6. Catling CJ, Medley N, Foureur M, Ryan C, Leap N, Teate A, et al. Group versus conventional antenatal care for women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 2. Art. No: CD007622. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007622.pub3]
7. Chamberlain C, O'Mara-Eves A, Porter J, Coleman T, Perlen SM, Thomas J, et al. Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 2. Art. No: CD001055. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001055.pub5]
8. Churchill D, Beevers GD, Meher S, Rhodes C. Diuretics for preventing pre-eclampsia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 1. Art. No: CD004451. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004451.pub2]
9. Coleman T, Chamberlain C, Davey MA, Cooper SE, Leonardi-Bee J. Pharmacological interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 12. Art. No: CD010078. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010078.pub2]
10. Das JK, Hoodbhoy Z, Salam RA, Bhutta AZ, Valenzuela-Rubio NG, Weise Prinzo Z, et al. Lipid-based nutrient supplements for maternal, birth, and infant developmental outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 8. Art. No: CD012610. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012610.pub2]
11. De-Regil LM, Peña-Rosas JP, Fernandez-Gaxiola AC, Rayco-Solon P. Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 12. Art. No: CD007950. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007950.pub3]
12. Dowswell T, Carroli G, Duley L, Gates S, Gülmezoglu AM, Khan-Neelofur D, et al. Alternative versus standard packages of antenatal care for low-risk pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 7. Art. No: CD000934. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000934.pub3]
13. Duley L, Henderson-Smart D, Meher S. Altered dietary salt for preventing pre-eclampsia, and its complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. Art. No: CD005548. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005548]
14. Gamble CL, Ekwaru JP, ter Kuile FO. Insecticide-treated nets for preventing malaria in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 2. Art. No: CD003755. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003755.pub2]
15. Grivell RM, Alfirevic Z, Gyte GM, Devane D. Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 9. Art. No: CD007863. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007863.pub4]
16. Harding KB, Peña-Rosas JP, Webster AC, Yap CM, Payne BA, Ota E, et al. Iodine supplementation for women during the preconception, pregnancy and postpartum period. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 3. Art. No: CD011761. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011761.pub2]
17. Heazell AE, Whitworth M, Duley L, Thornton JG. Use of biochemical tests of placental function for improving pregnancy outcome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 11. Art. No: CD011202. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011202.pub2]
18. Hofmeyr GJ, Lawrie TA, Atallah AN, Torloni MR. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 10. Art. No: CD001059. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001059.pub5]
19. Hofmeyr GJ, Manyame S, Medley N, Williams MJ. Calcium supplementation commencing before or early in pregnancy, for preventing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 9. Art. No: CD011192. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011192.pub3]
20. Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Middleton P, Esposito M, Glenny AM. Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 6. Art. No: CD005297. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005297.pub3]
21. Keats EC, Haider BA, Tam E, Bhutta ZA. Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 3. Art. No: CD004905. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004905.pub6]
22. Lassi ZS, Bhutta ZA. Community-based intervention packages for reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality and improving neonatal outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 3. Art. No: CD007754. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007754.pub3]
23. Makrides M, Crosby DD, Bain E, Crowther CA. Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 4. Art. No: CD000937. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000937.pub2]
24. Mangesi L, Hofmeyr GJ, Smith V, Smyth RM. Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 10. Art. No: CD004909. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004909.pub3]
25. McCauley ME, Van den Broek N, Dou L, Othman M. Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and newborn outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 10. Art. No: CD008666. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008666.pub3]
26. Meher S, Duley L. Progesterone for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. Art. No: CD006175. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006175]
27. Meher S, Duley L. Nitric oxide for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 2. Art. No: CD006490. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006490]
28. Middleton P, Gomersall JC, Gould JF, Shepherd E, Olsen SF, Makrides M. Omega-3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 11. Art. No: CD003402. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003402.pub3]
29. Ota E, Hori H, Mori R, Tobe-Gai R, Farrar D. Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 6. Art. No: CD000032. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000032.pub3]
30. Ota E, Mori R, Middleton P, Tobe-Gai R, Mahomed K, Miyazaki C, et al. Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 2. Art. No: CD000230. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000230.pub5]
31. Palacios C, Lostiuk LK, Peña-Rosas JP. Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 7. Art. No: CD008873. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008873.pub4]
32. Radeva-Petrova D, Kayentao K, ter Kuile FO, Sinclair D, Garner P. Drugs for preventing malaria in pregnant women in endemic areas: any drug regimen versus placebo or no treatment. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 10. Art. No: CD000169. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000169.pub3]
33. Robert Peter J, Ho JJ, Valliapan J, Sivasangari S. Symphysial fundal height (SFH) measurement in pregnancy for detecting abnormal fetal growth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 9. Art. No: CD008136. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008136.pub3]
34. Rumbold A, Duley L, Crowther CA, Haslam RR. Antioxidants for preventing pre-eclampsia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 1. Art. No: CD004227. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004227.pub3]
35. Rumbold A, Ota E, Nagata C, Shahrook S, Crowther CA. Vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 9. Art. No: CD004072. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004072.pub3]
36. Rumbold A, Ota E, Hori H, Miyazaki C, Crowther CA. Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 9. Art. No: CD004069. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004069.pub3]
37. Sandall J, Soltani H, Gates S, Shennan A, Devane D. Midwife-led continuity models versus other models of care for childbearing women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 4. Art. No: CD004667. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004667.pub5]
38. Shepherd E, Gomersall JC, Tieu J, Han S, Crowther CA, Middleton P. Combined diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 11. Art. No: CD010443. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010443.pub3]
39. Sibley LM, Sipe TA, Barry D. Traditional birth attendant training for improving health behaviours and pregnancy outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 8. Art. No: CD005460. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005460.pub3]
40. Spencer L, Bubner T, Bain E, Middleton P. Screening and subsequent management for thyroid dysfunction pre-pregnancy and during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 9. Art. No: CD011263. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011263.pub2]
41. Stampalija T, Gyte GM, Alfirevic Z. Utero-placental Doppler ultrasound for improving pregnancy outcome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 9. Art. No: CD008363. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008363.pub2]
42. Tieu J, McPhee AJ, Crowther CA, Middleton P, Shepherd E. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving maternal and infant health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. Art. No: CD007222. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007222.pub4]
43. Whitworth M, Bricker L, Mullan C. Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 7. Art. No: CD007058. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007058.pub3]
44. Alexander S, Boulvain M, Ceysens G, Haelterman E, Zhang WH. Repeat digital cervical assessment in pregnancy for identifying women at risk of preterm labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 6. Art. No: CD005940. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005940.pub2]
45. Balogun OO, O'Sullivan EJ, McFadden A, Ota E, Gavine A, Garner CD, et al. Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 11. Art. No: CD001688. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001688.pub3]
46. Bergel E, Carroli G, Althabe F. Ambulatory versus conventional methods for monitoring blood pressure during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002, Issue 2. Art. No: CD001231. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001231]
47. Crowther CA, Crosby DD, Henderson-Smart DJ. Vitamin K prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 1. Art. No: CD000229. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000229.pub2]
48. Demicheli V, Barale A, Rivetti A. Vaccines for women for preventing neonatal tetanus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 7. Art. No: CD002959. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002959.pub4]
49. East CE, Biro MA, Fredericks S, Lau R. Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 4. Art. No: CD000198. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000198.pub3]
50. Gagnon AJ, Sandall J. Individual or group antenatal education for childbirth or parenthood, or both. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 3. Art. No: CD002869. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002869.pub2]
51. Jahanfar S, Jaafar SH. Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 6. Art. No: CD006965. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006965.pub4]
52. Kramer MS, McDonald SW. Aerobic exercise for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 3. Art. No: CD000180. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000180.pub2]
53. Lagarde M, Haines A, Palmer N. The impact of conditional cash transfers on health outcomes and use of health services in low and middle income countries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 4. Art. No: CD008137. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008137]
54. McBain RD, Crowther CA, Middleton P. Anti-D administration in pregnancy for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 9. Art. No: CD000020. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000020.pub3]
55. Meher S, Duley L. Rest during pregnancy for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications in women with normal blood pressure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 2. Art. No: CD005939. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005939]
56. Muktabhant B, Lawrie TA, Lumbiganon P, Laopaiboon M. Diet or exercise, or both, for preventing excessive weight gain in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 6. Art. No: CD007145. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007145.pub3]
57. Nabhan AF, Abdelmoula YA. Amniotic fluid index versus single deepest vertical pocket as a screening test for preventing adverse pregnancy outcome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 3. Art. No: CD006593. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006593.pub2]
58. Nabhan AF, Aflaifel N. High feedback versus low feedback of prenatal ultrasound for reducing maternal anxiety and improving maternal health behaviour in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 8. Art. No: CD007208. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007208.pub3]
59. Pattinson RC, Say L, Makin JD, Bastos MH. Critical incident audit and feedback to improve perinatal and maternal mortality and morbidity. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. Art. No: CD002961. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002961.pub2]
60. Peña-Rosas JP, De-Regil LM, Gomez Malave H, Flores-Urrutia MC, Dowswell T. Intermittent oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 10. Art. No: CD009997. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009997.pub2]
61. Peña-Rosas JP, De-Regil LM, Garcia-Casal MN, Dowswell T. Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 7. Art. No: CD004736. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004736.pub5]
62. Salam RA, Zuberi NF, Bhutta ZA. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation during pregnancy or labour for maternal and neonatal outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 6. Art. No: CD000179. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000179.pub3]
63. Sangkomkamhang US, Lumbiganon P, Prasertcharoensuk W, Laopaiboon M. Antenatal lower genital tract infection screening and treatment programs for preventing preterm delivery. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 2. Art. No: CD006178. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006178.pub3]
64. Stade BC, Bailey C, Dzendoletas D, Sgro M, Dowswell T, Bennett D. Psychological and/or educational interventions for reducing alcohol consumption in pregnant women and women planning pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. Art. No: CD004228. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004228.pub2]
65. Van Lonkhuijzen L, Stekelenburg J, Van Roosmalen J. Maternity waiting facilities for improving maternal and neonatal outcome in low-resource countries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 10. Art. No: CD006759. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006759.pub3]
66. Walker GJ. Antibiotics for syphilis diagnosed during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001, Issue 3. Art. No: CD001143. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001143]
67. Abu-Saad K, Fraser D. Maternal nutrition and birth outcomes. Epidemiologic Reviews 2010;32(1):5-25.
68. Ananth CV, Basso O. Impact of pregnancy-induced hypertension on stillbirth and neonatal mortality. Epidemiology 2010;21(1):118-23.
69. Bhutta ZA, Yakoob MY, Lawn JE, Rizvi A, Friberg IK, Weissman E, et al. Stillbirths: what difference can we make and at what cost? Lancet 2011;377(9776):1523-38.
70. Blencowe H, Cousens S, Modell B, Lawn J. Folic acid to reduce neonatal mortality from neural tube disorders. International Journal of Epidemiology 2010;39 Suppl 1:i110-i121.
71. Blencowe H, Cousens S, Jassir FB, Say L, Chou D, Mathers C, et al. National, regional, and worldwide estimates of stillbirth rates in 2015, with trends from 2000: a systematic analysis. Lancet Global Health 2016;4(2):e98-e108.
72. Challis K, Osman NB, Nystrom L, Nordahl G, Bergstrom S. Symphysis-fundal height growth chart of an obstetric cohort of 817 Mozambican women with ultrasound-dated singleton pregnancies. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2002;7(8):678-84.
73. Chein PF, Khan KS, Arnott N. Magnesium sulphate is the treatment of eclampsia and pre-eclampsia: an overview of the evidence from randomized trials. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1996;103:1085-91.
74. Cousens S, Blencowe H, Stanton C, Chou D, Ahmed S, Steinhardt L, et al. National, regional, and worldwide estimates of stillbirth rates in 2009 with trends since 1995: a systematic analysis. Lancet 2011;377(9774):1319-30.
75. Crawford JT, Tolosa JE, Goldenberg RL. Smoking cessation in pregnancy: why, how, and what next. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 2008;51(2):419-35.
76. De Onis M, Villar J, Gulmezoglu M. Nutritional interventions to prevent intrauterine growth retardation: evidence from randomized controlled trials. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1998;52 Suppl 1:S83-S93.
77. Di Mario S, Say L, Lincetto O. Risk factors for stillbirth in developing countries: a systematic review of the literature. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2007;34(7 Suppl):S11-S21.
78. Flenady V, Koopmans L, Middleton P, Frøen JF, Smith GC, Gibbons K, et al. Major risk factors for stillbirth in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2011;377(9774):1331-40.
79. Flenady V, Wojcieszek AM, Middleton P, Ellwood D, Erwich JJ, Coory M, et al. Stillbirths: recall to action in high-income countries. Lancet 2016;387(10019):691-702.
80. Froen JF, Cacciatore J, McClure EM, Kuti O, Jokhio AH, Islam M, et al. Stillbirths: why they matter. Lancet 2011;377(9774):1353-66.
81. Galal M, Symonds I, Murray H, Petraglia F, Smith R. Postterm pregnancy. Facts, Views & Vision in ObGyn 2012;4(3):175-87. [PMID: 24753906]
82. Goldenberg RL, Thompson C. The infectious origins of stillbirth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003;189(3):861-73.
83. Goldenberg RL, McClure EM, Bhutta ZA, Belizán JM, Reddy UM, Rubens CE, et al, Lancet's Stillbirths Series steering committee. Stillbirths: the vision for 2020. Lancet 2011;377(9779):1798-805.
84. Hammoud AO, Bujold E, Sorokin Y, Schild C, Krapp M, Baumann P. Smoking in pregnancy revisited: findings from a large population-based study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2005;192:1856-63.
85. Haws RA, Yakoob MY, Soomro T, Menezes EV, Darmstadt GL, Bhutta ZA. Reducing stillbirths: screening and monitoring during pregnancy and labour. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2009;9 Suppl 1:S5.
86. Heazell AE, Siassakos D, Blencowe H, Burden C, Bhutta ZA, Cacciatore J, et al. Stillbirths: economic and psychosocial consequences. Lancet 2016;387(10018):604-16. [PMID: 26794073]
87. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Jüni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, et al. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2011;343:d5928.
88. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Sterne JA (editors). Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JP, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v5.1/.
89. Hoffman C, Galan HL. Assessing the 'at-risk' fetus: Doppler ultrasound. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2009;21(2):161-6.
90. Hussain AA, Yakoob MY, Imdad A, Bhutta ZA. Elective induction for pregnancies at or beyond 41 weeks of gestation and its impact on stillbirths: a systematic review with meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2011;11 Suppl 3:S5.
91. Imdad A, Yakoob MY, Bhutta ZA. The effect of folic acid, protein energy and multiple micronutrient supplements in pregnancy on stillbirths. BMC Public Health 2011;11 Suppl 3:S4.
92. Jabeen M, Yakoob MY, Imdad A, Bhutta ZA. Impact of interventions to prevent and manage preeclampsia and eclampsia on stillbirths. BMC Public Health 2011;11 Suppl 3:S6.
93. Jang W, Kim H, Lee BE, Chang N. Maternal fruit and vegetable or vitamin C consumption during pregnancy is associated with fetal growth and infant growth up to 6 months: results from the Korean Mothers and Children’s Environmental Health (MOCEH) cohort study. Nutrition Journal 2018;17(1):105.
94. Lawn JE, Blencowe H, Pattinson R, Cousens S, Kumar R, Ibiebele I, et al. Stillbirths: where? When? Why? How to make the data count? Lancet 2011;377(9775):1448-63.
95. Lawn JE, Blencowe H, Waiswa P, Amouzou A, Mathers C, Hogan D, et al. Stillbirths: rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030. Lancet 2016;387(10018):587-603.
96. McClure EM, Goldenberg RL, Bann CM. Maternal mortality, stillbirth and measures of obstetric care in developing and developed countries. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2007;96(2):139-46.
97. McClure EM, Saleem S, Pasha O, Goldenberg RL. Stillbirth in developing countries: a review of causes, risk factors and prevention strategies. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 2009;22(3):183-90.
98. Medley N, Vogel JP, Care A, Alfirevic Z. Interventions during pregnancy to prevent preterm birth: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 11. Art. No: CD012505. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012505.pub2]
99. Menzies J, Magee LA, Li J, MacNab YC, Yin R, Stuart H, et al. Instituting surveillance guidelines and adverse outcomes in preeclampsia. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2007;110(1):121-7.
100. Moher D, Tetzlaff J, Tricco AC, Sampson M, Altman DG. Epidemiology and reporting characteristics of systematic reviews. PLoS Medicine 2007;4(3):e78.
101. Norwitz ER, Snegovskikh VV, Caughey AB. Prolonged pregnancy: when should we intervene? Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;50(2):547-57.
102. Pattinson R, Kerber K, Buchmann E, Friberg IK, Belizan M, Lansky S, et al, for The Lancet's Stillbirths Series steering committee. Stillbirths: how can health systems deliver for mothers and babies? Lancet 2011;377(9777):1610-23.
103. Perez-Lopez FR, Pasupuleti V, Mezones-Holguin E, Benites-Zapata VA, Thota P, Deshpande A, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fertility and Sterility 2015;103(5):1278-88.e4. [PMID: 25813278]
104. Pollock M, Fernandes RM, Becker LA, Pieper D, Hartling L. Chapter V: Overviews of reviews. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al., editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.0 (updated July 2019). The Cochrane Collaboration,. Available from https://www.training.cochrane.org/handbook.
105. Rosenstein MG, Cheng YW, Snowden JM, Nicholson JM, Doss AE, Caughey AB. The risk of stillbirth and infant death stratified by gestational age in women with gestational diabetes. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;206(4):309.e1-7. [PMID: 22464068]
106. Rumbold AR, Crowther CA, Haslam RR, Dekker GA, Robinson JS, for the ACTSSG. Vitamins C and E and the risks of preeclampsia and perinatal complications. New England Journal of Medicine 2006;354:1796-806.
107. Salihu HM, Wilson RE. Epidemiology of prenatal smoking and perinatal outcomes. Early Human Development 2007;83(11):713-20.
108. Sanchez-Ramos L, Olivier F, Delke I, Kaunitz AM. Labor induction versus expectant management for postterm pregnancies: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2003;101(6):1312-8.
109. Schmid GP, Stoner BP, Hawkes S, Broutet N. The need and plan for global elimination of congenital syphilis. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2007;34(7 Suppl):S5-S10.
110. Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A, editor(s). Handbook for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations using the GRADE approach (updated October 2013). GRADE Working Group, 2013. Available from gdt.guidelinedevelopment.org/app/handbook/handbook.html 2013.
111. Shea BJ, Grimshaw JM, Wells GA, Boers M, Andersson N, Hamel C, et al. Development of AMSTAR: a measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2007;7:10.
112. Shrimpton R, Huffman SL, Zehner ER, Darnton-Hill I, Dalmiya N. Multiple micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy in developing-country settings: policy and program implications of the results of a meta-analysis. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2009;30:S556-S573.
113. Srinivas SK, Parry S. Periodontal disease and pregnancy outcomes: time to move on? Journal of Women's Health 2012;21(2):121-5. [PMID: 21992584]
114. United Nations. Millennium Development Goals. UN Summit on the Millennium Development Goals (http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals) (accessed 2011).
115. United Nations. Sustainable development goals. sdgs.un.org/goals.
116. US Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking. 2004 Surgeon General's Report. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2004.
117. Van Geertruyden JP, Thomas F, Erhart A, D'Alessandro U. The contribution of malaria in pregnancy to perinatal mortality. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2004;71(2 Suppl):35-40.
118. Wang H, Hu YF, Hao JH, Chen YH, Su PY, Wang Y, et al. Maternal zinc deficiency during pregnancy elevates the risks of fetal growth restriction: a population-based birth cohort study. Scientific reports 2015;5:11262.
119. Weiner R, Ronsmans C, Dorman E, Jilo H, Muhoro A, Shulman C. Labour complications remain the most important risk factor for perinatal mortality in rural Kenya. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2003;81(8):561-6.
120. Wendland EM, Torloni MR, Falavigna M, Trujillo J, Dode MA, Campos MA, et al. Gestational diabetes and pregnancy outcomes--a systematic review of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) diagnostic criteria. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2012;12:23. [PMID: 22462760]
121. WHO. Diagnostic criteria and classification of hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy. apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/85975/WHO_NMH_MND_13.2_eng.pdf?sequence=1 2013.
122. WHO. WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience. www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549912 2016.
123. WHO. KD3B.0 Antepartum fetal death. ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. Eleventh revision (Version:09/2020) 2020;Available from:https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f1947342847 Accessed on December 14, 2020.
124. Zimmermann MB. The effects of iodine deficiency in pregnancy and infancy. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2012;26 Suppl 1:108-17. [PMID: 22742605]