Impact of interventions to prevent and manage preeclampsia and eclampsia on stillbirths

BMC Public Health

Volumn 11, Issue SUPPL. 3, 2011, Pages

  Jabeen, Mehnaz ^a   Yakoob, Mohammad Yawar ^a   Imdad, Aamer ^a   Bhutta, Zulfiqar A ^a  

^a AGA KHAN UNIVERSITY   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; CALCIUM; MAGNESIUM SULFATE;

DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; ECLAMPSIA; EVALUATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS; PREECLAMPSIA; PREGNANCY; REVIEW; STILLBIRTH;

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; ASPIRIN; CALCIUM; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; ECLAMPSIA; FEMALE; HUMANS; MAGNESIUM SULFATE; PRE-ECLAMPSIA; PREGNANCY; STILLBIRTH;

EID: 79954531287     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712458     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-S3-S6     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Randomized controlled trial using low-dose aspirin in the prevention of pre-eclampsia in women with abnormal uterine Doppler at 23 weeks gestation. CKH Yu AT P M parra R Palma Das KH Nicolaides, Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 2003 22 233 239 (Pubitemid 37088545)
2. WHO analysis of causes of maternal death: a systematic review. KS Khan D Wojdyla L Say AM Gulmezoglu PF Van Look, Lancet 2006 367 9516 1066 1074 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68397-9 16581405
3. Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy. E Abalos L Duley DW Steyn DJ Henderson-Smart, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007 1 D002252 17253478
4. Low-dose aspirin in prevention and treatment of intrauterine growth retardation and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Italian Study of Aspirin in Pregnancy, Lancet 1993 341 8842 396 400 8094168
5. Impact of pregnancy-induced hypertension on stillbirth and neonatal mortality. CV Ananth O Basso, Epidemiology 2010 21 1 118 123 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181c297af 20010214
6. Preeclampsia prevention and management. ER Norwitz JT Repke, J Soc Gynecol Investig 2000 7 1 21 36 10.1016/S1071-5576(99)00050-7 10732313 (Pubitemid 30109320)
7. Quantifying the fall in mortality associated with interventions related to hypertensive diseases of pregnancy. C Ronsmans O Campbell, BMC Public Health
8. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems. GJ Hofmeyr TA Lawrie AN Atallah L Duley, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010 8 D001059 20687064
9. Low dose acetylsalicylic acid in prevention of pregnancy-induced hypertension and intrauterine growth retardation in women with bilateral uterine artery notches. M Vainio E Kujansuu M Iso-Mustajarvi J Maenpaa, BJOG 2002 109 2 161 167 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.01046.x 11888098 (Pubitemid 37338037)
10. Calcium channel blockade (isradipine) in treatment of hypertension in pregnancy: a randomized placebo-controlled study. DH Wide-Swensson I Ingemarsson NO Lunell A Forman K Skajaa B Lindberg S Lindeberg K Marsal KE Andersson, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995 173 3 Pt 1 872 878 10.1016/0002-9378(95)90357-7 7573260
11. Low-dose aspirin in prevention of miscarriage in women with unexplained or autoimmune related recurrent miscarriage: effect on prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 production. M Tulppala M Marttunen V Soderstrom-Anttila T Foudila K Ailus T Palosuo O Ylikorkala, Hum Reprod 1997 12 7 1567 1572 10.1093/humrep/12.7.1567 9262298 (Pubitemid 27373218)
12. Prevention of fetal growth retardation with low-dose aspirin: findings of the EPREDA trial. S Uzan M Beaufils G Breart B Bazin C Capitant J Paris, Lancet 1991 337 8755 1427 1431 10.1016/0140-6736(91)93124-R 1675315
13. The use of aspirin to prevent pregnancy-induced hypertension and lower the ratio of thromboxane A2 to prostacyclin in relatively high risk pregnancies. E Schiff E Peleg M Goldenberg T Rosenthal E Ruppin M Tamarkin G Barkai G Ben-Baruch I Yahal J Blankstein,, et al. N Engl J Med 1989 321 6 351 356 10.1056/NEJM198908103210603 2664522 (Pubitemid 19190439)
14. A comparison of no medication versus methyldopa or labetalol in chronic hypertension during pregnancy. BM Sibai WC Mabie F Shamsa MA Villar GD Anderson, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990 162 4 960 966 discussion 966-967 2183619
15. Prevention of preeclampsia with low-dose aspirin in healthy, nulliparous pregnant women. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units. BM Sibai SN Caritis E Thom M Klebanoff D McNellis L Rocco RH Paul R Romero F Witter M Rosen,, et al. N Engl J Med 1993 329 17 1213 1218 10.1056/NEJM199310213291701 8413387
16. Effect of low-dose aspirin on vascular refractoriness in angiotensin-sensitive primigravid women. HC Wallenburg GA Dekker JW Makovitz N Rotmans, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991 164 5 Pt 1 1169 1173 2035557
17. Aspirin (100 mg) used for prevention of pre-eclampsia in nulliparous women: the Essai Regional Aspirine Mere-Enfant study (Part 1). D Subtil P Goeusse F Puech P Lequien S Biausque G Breart S Uzan P Marquis D Parmentier A Churlet, BJOG 2003 110 5 475 484 12742332 (Pubitemid 36556130)
18. Low dose aspirin in hypertensive pregnant women: effect on pregnancy outcome and prostacyclin-thromboxane balance in mother and newborn. L Viinikka AL Hartikainen-Sorri R Lumme V Hiilesmaa O Ylikorkala, Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993 100 9 809 815 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1993.tb14304.x 8217999 (Pubitemid 23280561)
19. Low-dose aspirin prevents pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia in angiotensin-sensitive primigravidae. HC Wallenburg GA Dekker JW Makovitz P Rotmans, Lancet 1986 1 8471 1 3 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)91891-X 2867260 (Pubitemid 16182814)
20. Alma-Ata: Rebirth and Revision 6 Interventions to address maternal, newborn, and child survival: what difference can integrated primary health care strategies make? ZA Bhutta S Ali S Cousens TM Ali BA Haider A Rizvi P Okong SZ Bhutta RE Black, Lancet 2008 372 9642 972 989 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61407-5 18790320
21. Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia. L Duley AM Gulmezoglu DJ Henderson-Smart D Chou, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010 11 D000025 21069663
22. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. D Atkins D Best PA Briss M Eccles Y Falck-Ytter S Flottorp GH Guyatt RT Harbour MC Haugh D Henry,, et al. BMJ 2004 328 7454 1490 10.1136/bmj.328.7454.1490 15205295
23. Standards for CHERG reviews of intervention effects on child survival. N Walker C Fischer-Walker J Bryce R Bahl S Cousens, Int J Epidemiol 2010 39 Suppl 1 21 31 10.1093/ije/dyq036 20348122
24. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems. GJ Hofmeyr AN Atallah L Duley, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006 3 D001059 16855957
25. Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications. L Duley DJ Henderson-Smart S Meher JF King, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007 2 D004659 17443552
26. Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia. L Duley AM Gulmezoglu DJ Henderson-Smart, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003 2 D000025 12804383
27. Trial to evaluate the role of aspirin (60mg) in the prevention of idiopathic intrauterine growth retardation and pregnancy induced hypertension in primigravid women with abnormal uterine artery waveforms on Doppler examination at 22-24 weeks gestation. P Kincaid-Smith, Personal communication 1996
28. Low-dose aspirin in high-risk pregnancy. EDM Gallery M R M Hawkins GI Leslie AZ Gyory, 1997 16 229 238
29. Low-dose aspirin in primigravidae with positive roll-over test. H Schrocksnadel B Sitte A Alge G Steckel-Berger P Schwegel E Pastner G Daxenbichler H Hansen O Dapunt, Gynecol Obstet Invest 1992 34 3 146 150 10.1159/000292748 1427414
30. Barbados Low Dose Aspirin Study in Pregnancy (BLASP): a randomised trial for the prevention of pre-eclampsia and its complications. YE Rotchell JK Cruickshank MP Gay J Griffiths A Stewart B Farrell S Ayers A Hennis A Grant L Duley,, et al. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998 105 3 286 292 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1998. tb10088.x 9532988 (Pubitemid 28123577)
31. ECPPA: randomised trial of low dose aspirin for the prevention of maternal and fetal complications in high risk pregnant women. ECPPA (Estudo Colaborativo para Prevencao da Pre-eclampsia com Aspirina) Collaborative Group, Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996 103 1 39 47 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1996.tb09513.x
32. Effect of low dose aspirin treatment on vascular resistance in the uterine, uteroplacental, renal and umbilical arteries - a prospective longitudinal study on a high risk population with persistent notch in the uterine arteries. P Zimmermann V E J Koskinen K Niemi R Nyman E Kujansuu, European Journal of Ultrasound 1997 5 17 30 10.1016/S0929-8266(96)00203-0 (Pubitemid 27096629)
33. Prevention of pregnancy-induced hypertension in twins by early administration of low-dose aspirin: a preliminary report. E Caspi A Raziel D Sherman S Arieli I Bukovski Z Weinraub, Am J Reprod Immunol 1994 31 1 19 24 8166943 (Pubitemid 24072181)
34. Prediction and prevention of pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders: a clinical and pathophysiologic study [MD thesis]. GA Dekker, 1989
35. Doppler ultrasound and aspirin in recognition and prevention of pregnancy-induced hypertension. P McParland JM Pearce GV Chamberlain, Lancet 1990 335 8705 1552 1555 10.1016/0140-6736(90)91377-M 1972487 (Pubitemid 20189627)
36. Low-dose aspirin therapy to prevent preeclampsia. JC Hauth RL Goldenberg CR Parker Jr. JB Philips 3rd RL Copper MB DuBard GR Cutter, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993 168 4 1083 1091 discussion 1091-1083 8475955
37. Sustained release, low-dose aspirin ameliorates but does not prevent preeclampsia (PE) in a high risk population. P August G H TG Edersheim JM Hutson M Druzin, Proceedings of 9th International Congress, International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy Sydney, Australia 1994 72
38. Prevention of pre-eclampsia by early antiplatelet therapy. M Beaufils S Uzan R Donsimoni JC Colau, Lancet 1985 1 8433 840 842 10.1016/S0140-6736(85) 92207-X 2858710 (Pubitemid 15115117)
39. Prevention of pregnancy complications with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and dipyridamol (DP) in women with chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) and essential hypertension (EH). V Rogov I T S Sidorova S Androsova, Proceedings of 9th International Congress of the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy Sydney, Australia 1994 280
40. Aspirin and dipyridamole in the prevention of pre-eclampsia: effect on plasma prostanoids 6 keto PG1a and TXB2 and clinical outcome of pregnancy. A Railton A D, Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy Montreal, Quebec, Canada 1988
41. A randomized controlled trial of low-dose aspirin in women at risk from pre-eclampsia. RN Byaruhanga T C S Rusakaniko, International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1998 60 129 135 (Pubitemid 28059793)
42. Low-dose aspirin in the prevention of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in relatively low-risk nulliparous women. NJ Davies M G RG Farquharson SA Walkinshaw, Hypertension in Pregnancy 1995 14 49 55 10.3109/10641959509058050
43. A randomised trial of low dose aspirin for primiparae in pregnancy. The Jamaica Low Dose Aspirin Study Group. J Golding, Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998 105 3 293 299 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10089.x 9532989 (Pubitemid 28123578)
44. CLASP: a randomised trial of low-dose aspirin for the prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia among 9364 pregnant women. CLASP (Collaborative Low-dose Aspirin Study in Pregnancy) Collaborative Group, Lancet 1994 343 8898 619 629 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92633-6 7906809
45. Low-dose aspirin in the prevention of pre-eclampsia: current evaluation. CA Michael B W, Maternal physiology and pathology Low-dose aspirin in the prevention of pre-eclampsia: current evaluation, Teoh ES, Ratnam SS, Macnaughton MC, 1993 183
46. A randomized controlled trial of aspirin in patients with abnormal uterine artery blood flow. JM Morris RA Fay DA Ellwood CM Cook KJ Devonald, Obstet Gynecol 1996 87 1 74 78 10.1016/0029-7844(95)00340-1 8532271 (Pubitemid 26015955)
47. Calcium and low-dose aspirin prophylaxis in women at high risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension. MS Rogers HY Fung CY Hung, Hypertens Pregnancy 1999 18 2 165 172 10.3109/10641959909023076 10476618 (Pubitemid 29323592)
48. A prospective randomized placebo-controlled trial of low-dose aspirin for prevention of intra-uterine growth retardation. Z Wang W Li, Chin Med J (Engl) 1996 109 3 238 242 8758317 (Pubitemid 26098796)
49. Usefulness of aspirin therapy in high-risk pregnant women with abnormal uterine artery doppler ultrasound at 14-16 weeks pregnancy: randomized controlled clinical trial. A Ebrashy M I A Marzook D Yousef, Croatian Medical Journal 2005 46 826 16158479
50. Gestosi '99. T Volpicelli V D'Anto A Faticato L Galante RM Civitillo C Rappa, 1999 159
51. Time-dependant effects of low dose aspirin administration on blood pressure in pregnant women. RC Hermida D A M Iglesias A Mojon I Silva R Ucieda, Hypertension 1997 30 589 9322987
52. Low dose aspirin in prevention of pregnancy-induced hypertension in primigravidae at the Muhimbili Medical Center, Dar es Salaam. C Ramaiya HN Mgaya, East Afr Med J 1995 72 11 690 693 8904056 (Pubitemid 26333525)
53. Low-dose aspirin to prevent preeclampsia in women at high risk. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units. S Caritis B Sibai J Hauth MD Lindheimer M Klebanoff E Thom P VanDorsten M Landon R Paul M Miodovnik,, et al. N Engl J Med 1998 338 11 701 705 10.1056/NEJM199803123381101 9494145
54. Synergic use of aspirin, fish oil and vitamins C and E for the prevention of preeclampsia. CA Rivas-Echeverria Y E L Molina D Novoa, 2000 19 30
55. Prevention of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy with calcium supplementation. B JM, 8th World Congress on Hypertension in Pregnancy; 1992 November 8-12; Buenos Aires 1991
56. Calcium supplementation for the prevention of pre-eclampsia. A Kumar SG Devi S Batra C Singh DK Shukla, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009 104 1 32 36 10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.08.027 18851852
57. World Health Organisation randomized trial of calcium supplementation among low calcium intake pregnant women. J Villar AH A M Merialdi M Mathai M Ali N Zavaleta,, et al. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2006 194 639 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.01.068 16522392
58. Comparative study of chronic hypertensive pregnant women treated and non-treated with pindolol. S Kahhale M Z W Carrara FJ Paula E Sabbaga B Neme, Ginecologia e Obstetrcia Brasileiras 1985 8 85
59. Evaluation of the use of Verapamil with non-serious form of chronic vascular hypertension disease during pregnancy Doctoral thesis. N DJ, 2000
60. A randomized comparison of early with conservative use of antihypertensive drugs in the management of pregnancy-induced hypertension. PF Plouin G Breart J Llado M Dalle ME Keller H Goujon C Berchel, Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990 97 2 134 141 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1990.tb01738.x 2180474 (Pubitemid 20134283)
61. The prevention of the maternal manifestations of pre-eclampsia by intensive antihypertensive treatment. S Blake D MacDonald, Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1991 98 3 244 248 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1991.tb13387.x 2021561
62. Antihypertensive therapy in the management of hypertension in pregnancy - a clinical double-blind study of pindolol. G Bott-Kanner M H S Friedman G Boner J Ovadia P Merlob,, et al. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension 1992 B11 207
63. Gruppo di Studio Ipertensione in Gravidanza: Nifedipine versus expectant management in mild to moderate hypertension in pregnancy. Gruppo di Studio Ipertensione in Gravidanza. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998 105 7 718 722 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10201.x 9692411
64. Prazosin for the treatment of hypertension in pregnancy: a randomized control trial. HJ Odendaal I S RC Pattinson, Oxford Database of Perinatal Trials, Version 12 Oxford: Oxford University Press, Autumn Chalmers I, 1991 Disk Issue 6
65. A placebo controlled trial of metoprolol in the treatment of hypertension in pregnancy. K Wichman G Ryden BE Karlberg, Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 1984 169 90 95 10.3109/00365518409085385 6387888 (Pubitemid 14063217)
66. A prospective controlled trial of metoprolol-hydralazine treatment in hypertension during pregnancy. S Hogstedt S Lindeberg O Axelsson G Lindmark A Rane B Sandstrom BS Lindberg, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1985 64 6 505 510 10.3109/00016348509156729 3904322 (Pubitemid 15241027)
67. Fetal outcome in trial of antihypertensive treatment in pregnancy. CW Redman, Lancet 1976 2 7989 753 756 10.1016/S0140-6736(76)90597-3 61439
68. Labetalol in pregnancy-induced hypertension: fetal and maternal effects. JJ Walker A C L Erwin AA Calder, International Congress Series 591 Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, Reilly A, Symonds EM, 1982 148
69. Placebo-controlled trial of atenolol in treatment of pregnancy-associated hypertension. PC Rubin L Butters DM Clark B Reynolds DJ Sumner D Steedman RA Low JL Reid, Lancet 1983 1 8322 431 434 6131164 (Pubitemid 13137373)
70. Atenolol in essential hypertension during pregnancy. L Butters S Kennedy PC Rubin, BMJ 1990 301 6752 587 589 10.1136/bmj.301.6752.587 2242456 (Pubitemid 20346537)
71. Maternal obstetric outcome measures in a randomised controlled study of labetalol in the treatment of hypertension in pregnancy. DJ Cruickshank A R DM Campbell I MacGillivray, Clinical and Experimental Hypertension 1991 B10 333
72. A comparison of labetalol plus hospitalization versus hospitalization alone in the management of preeclampsia remote from term. BM Sibai AR Gonzalez WC Mabie M Moretti, Obstet Gynecol 1987 70 3 Pt 1 323 327 3627579 (Pubitemid 17151649)
73. A randomized prospective comparison of nifedipine and bed rest versus bed rest alone in the management of preeclampsia remote from term. BM Sibai JR Barton S Akl C Sarinoglu BM Mercer, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992 167 4 Pt 1 879 884 1415419
74. Treatment of hypertension during pregnancy with hydralazine monotherapy or with combined therapy with hydralazine and pindolol. J Rosenfeld G Bott-Kanner G Boner A Nissenkorn S Friedman J Ovadia P Merlob S Reisner E Paran E Zmora,, et al. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1986 22 4 197 204 10.1016/0028-2243(86)90066-3 3743860 (Pubitemid 16046160)
75. Beta-adrenergic blocking agents in the treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension. E Paran G Holzberg M Mazor E Zmora V Insler, Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995 33 2 119 123 7757311
76. Evaluation of nifedipine monotherapy in the management of pregnancy hypertension. D Catalano S E F Pollio L Ascione C Russo B De Santi,, et al. Giornale Italiano Di Ostetricia e Ginecologia 1997 6 373
77. Methyldopa versus no drug treatment in the management of mild pre-eclampsia. EM Elhassan OA Mirghani AB Habour I Adam, East Afr Med J 2002 79 4 172 175 12625668
78. A controlled trial of hypotensive agents in hypertension in pregnancy. HM Leather DM Humphreys P Baker MA Chadd, Lancet 1968 2 7566 488 490 10.1016/S0140-6736(68)90650-8 4174507
79. A randomised placebo controlled trial of labetalol in the treatment of mild to moderate pregnancy induced hypertension. CJ Pickles F Broughton Pipkin EM Symonds, Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1992 99 12 964 968 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1992. tb13698.x 1477017
80. Treatment of hypertension in pregnancy with methyldopa: a randomized double blind study. C Weitz V Khouzami K Maxwell JW Johnson, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1987 25 1 35 40 10.1016/0020-7292(87)90181-0 2883043 (Pubitemid 17012592)
81. Antihypertensive treatment and pregnancy outcome in patients with mild chronic hypertension. F Arias J Zamora, Obstet Gynecol 1979 53 4 489 494 440653 (Pubitemid 9125419)
82. Do women with pre-eclampsia, and their babies, benefit from magnesium sulphate? The Magpie Trial: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. D Altman G Carroli L Duley B Farrell J Moodley J Neilson D Smith, Lancet 2002 359 9321 1877 1890 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08778-0 12057549 (Pubitemid 34615765)
83. Prophylactic anticonvulsant therapy in hypertensive crises of pregnancy - the need for a large randomized trial. J Moodley J M, 1994 13 245 252
84. A randomised controlled trial of intravenous magnesium sulphate versus placebo in the management of women with severe pre-eclampsia. EJ Coetzee J Dommisse J Anthony, Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998 105 3 300 303 10.1111/j.1471-0528. 1998.tb10090.x 9532990 (Pubitemid 28123579)
85. Magnesium sulfate in women with mild preeclampsia: a randomized controlled trial. JC Livingston LW Livingston R Ramsey BC Mabie BM Sibai, Obstet Gynecol 2003 101 2 217 220 10.1016/S0029-7844(02)03053-3 12576241 (Pubitemid 36170119)
86. The effect of magnesium sulfate therapy on the duration of labor in women with mild preeclampsia at term: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. AG Witlin SA Friedman BM Sibai, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997 176 3 623 627 10.1016/S0002-9378(97)70558-1 9077617 (Pubitemid 27147172)
87. Expectant management in severe preeclampsia: does magnesium sulfate prevent the development of eclampsia? FP Chen SD Chang KK Chu, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1995 74 3 181 185 10.3109/00016349509008935 7900522
88. -3.2 million stillbirths: epidemiology and overview of the evidence review. JE Lawn MY Yakoob RA Haws T Soomro GL Darmstadt ZA Bhutta, BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2009 9 Suppl 1 2 10.1186/1471-2393-9-S1-S2 19426465
89. Pre-eclampsia in the first pregnancy and subsequent risk of stillbirth in black and white gravidas. AK Mbah AP Alio PJ Marty K Bruder VE Whiteman HM Salihu, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010 149 2 165 169 10.1016/j.ejogrb. 2009.12.035 20080330
90. The risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes is increased in preeclamptic women who smoke compared with nonpreeclamptic women who do not smoke. EC Miller H Cao SW Wen Q Yang J Lafleche M Walker, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010 203 4 334 e331 338 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.05.020
91. Analysis of stillbirths in a Nigerian mission hospital. AN Onyiriuka, Nig Q J Hosp Med 2009 19 1 27 31 20830983
92. Obstetric causes of stillbirth at low socioeconomic settings. N Hossain N Khan NH Khan, J Pak Med Assoc 2009 59 11 744 747 20361671