Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2015, Issue 6, 2015, Pages

  Ota, Erika ^a   Hori, Hiroyuki ^a   Mori, Rintaro ^a   Tobe Gai, Ruoyan ^b   Farrar, Diane ^c  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR CHILD HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT   (Japan)

^b SHANDONG UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c BRADFORD INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BODY HEIGHT; BODY MASS; BREAST FEEDING; CALORIC INTAKE; CHILD HEALTH; CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE; DIET; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENCEPHALOMALACIA; GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN; HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE; HEALTH EDUCATION; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; LABOR; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; MACROSOMIA; MATERNAL NUTRITION; NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS; NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; NEWBORN DEATH; PERINATAL MORTALITY; PREECLAMPSIA; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PREMATURE LABOR; PRENATAL CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN INTAKE; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS; RETROLENTAL FIBROPLASIA; REVIEW; SMALL FOR DATE INFANT; STILLBIRTH; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE; CHILDBIRTH EDUCATION; FEMALE; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; META ANALYSIS; PREGNANCY; PREMATURE BIRTH; PROCEDURES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); WEIGHT GAIN;

PROTEIN INTAKE;

DIET; DIETARY PROTEINS; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; ENERGY INTAKE; FEMALE; FETAL DEVELOPMENT; HUMANS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PREMATURE BIRTH; PRENATAL CARE; PRENATAL EDUCATION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; STILLBIRTH; WEIGHT GAIN;

EID: 84955751390     PISSN: 14651858     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000032.pub3     Document Type: Review

References (205)

1. Adair LS, Pollitt E. Outcome of maternal nutritional supplementation: a comprehensive review of the Bacon Chow Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1985;41:948-78.
2. Adair LS, Pollitt E, Mueller WH. The Bacon Chow Study: effect of nutritional supplementation on maternal weight and skinfold thickness during pregnancy and lactation. British Journal of Nutrition 1984;51:357-69.
3. Blackwell RQ, Chow BF, Chinn KSK, Blackwell BN, Hsu SC. Prospective maternal nutrition study in Taiwan: rationale, study design, feasibility and preliminary findings. Nutrition Reports International 1973;7:517-32.
4. Joos SK, Pollitt E, Mueller WH, Albright DL. The Bacon Chow Study: maternal nutritional supplementation and infant behavioral development. Child Development 1983;54:669-76.
5. McDonald EC, Pollitt E, Mueller W, Hsueh AM, Sherwin R. The Bacon Chow study: maternal nutritional supplementation and birth weight of offspring. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1981;34:2133-44.
6. Mueller WH, Pollitt E. The Bacon Chow Study: effects of nutrition supplementation on sibling-sibling anthropometric correlations. Human Biology 1982;54:455-68.
7. Mueller WH, Pollitt E. The Bacon Chow study: effects of maternal nutritional supplementation on birth measurements of children, accounting for the size of a previous (unsupplemented) child. Early Human Development 1984;10:127-36.
8. Pollitt E, Mueller W. Maternal nutrition supplementation during pregnancy interferes with physical resemblance of siblings at birth according to infant sex. Early Human Development 1982;7:251-6.
9. Wohlleb JC, Pollitt E, Mueller WH, Bigelow R. The Bacon Chow Study: maternal supplementation and infant growth. Early Human Development 1983;9:79-91.
10. Briley C, Flanagan NL, Lewis NM. In-home prenatal nutrition intervention increased dietary iron intakes and reduced low birthweight in low-income African-American women. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2002;102(7):984-7.
11. Alderman H, Hawkesworth S, Lundberg M, Tasneem A, Mark H, Moore SE. Supplemental feeding during pregnancy compared with maternal supplementation during lactation does not affect schooling and cognitive development through late adolescence. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2014;99(1):122-9.
12. Ceesay SM, Saidykhan S, Prentice AM, Cole TJ, Day KC, Rowland MGM, et al. Effect on birth weight of a community-based supplementation programme for pregnant Gambian women: first year results. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 1992;51:77A.
13. Ceesay SN, Prentice AM, Cole TJ, Foord F, Weaver LT, Poskitt EME, et al. Effects on birth weight and perinatal mortality of maternal dietary supplements in rural Gambia: 5 year randomised controlled trial. BMJ 1997;315:786-90.
14. Hawkesworth S, Prentice AM, Fulford AJ, Moore SE. Dietary supplementation of rural Gambian women during pregnancy does not affect body composition in offspring at 11-17 years of age. Journal of Nutrition 2008;138(12):2468-73.
15. Hawkesworth S, Prentice AM, Fulford AJ, Moore SE. Maternal protein-energy supplementation does not affect adolescent blood pressure in The Gambia. International Journal of Epidemiology 2009;38(1):119-27.
16. Hawkesworth S, Walker CG, Sawo Y, Fulford AJ, Jarjou LM, Goldberg GR, et al. Nutritional supplementation during pregnancy and offspring cardiovascular disease risk in The Gambia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011;94(6 Suppl):1853S-1860S.
17. Moore SE, Collinson AC, Prentice AM. Immune function in rural Gambian children is not related to season of birth, birth size, or maternal supplementation status. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2001;74:840-7.
18. Ben-Shlomo Y, Holly J, McCarthy A, Savage P, Davies D, Davey Smith G. Prenatal and postnatal milk supplementation and adult insulin-like growth factor I: long-term follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2005;14(5):1336-9.
19. Ben-Shlomo Y, McCarthy A, Hughes R, Tilling K, Davies D, Smith GD. Immediate postnatal growth is associated with blood pressure in young adulthood: the Barry Caerphilly growth study. Hypertension 2008;52:638-44.
20. Elwood PC, Haley TJL, Hughes SJ, Sweetnam PM, Gray OP, Davies DP. Child growth (0-5 years), and the effect of entitlement to a milk supplement. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1981;56:831-5.
21. Williams DM, Martin RM, Davey Smith G, Alberti KG, Ben-Shlomo Y, McCarthy A. Associations of infant nutrition with insulin resistance measures in early adulthood: evidence from the Barry-Caerphilly Growth (BCG) study. PLoS ONE 2012;7(3):e34161.
22. Girija A, Geervani P, Rao GN. Influence of dietary supplementation during pregnancy on lactation performance. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 1984;30:79-83.
23. Hunt IF, Jacob M, Ostergard NJ, Masri G, Clark VA, Coulson AH. Effect of nutrition education on the nutritional status of low-income pregnant women of Mexican descent. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1976;29:675-84.
24. Huybregts L, Roberfroid D, Lanou H, Kolsteren P, Camp J. Prenatal lipid-based nutrient supplements increase cord leptin concentration in pregnant women from rural Burkina Faso. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2013;63(Suppl 1):799, Abstract no: PO1134.
25. Huybregts L, Roberfroid D, Lanou H, Meda N, Taes Y, Valea I, et al. Prenatal lipid-based nutrient supplements increase cord leptin concentration in pregnant women from rural Burkina Faso. Journal of Nutrition 2013;143(5):576-83.
26. Huybregts L, Roberfroid D, Lanou H, Menten J, Meda N, Van Camp J, et al. Prenatal food supplementation fortified with multiple micronutrients increases birth length: a randomized controlled trial in rural Burkina Faso. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009;90(6):1593-600.
27. Lanou H, Huybregts L, Roberfroid D, Kolsteren P. Effect of prenatal lipid-based nutrient supplementation on gestational weight gain. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2013;63(Suppl 1):783, Abstract no: PO1099.
28. Lanou H, Huybregts L, Roberfroid D, Nikiema L, Kouanda S, Van Camp J, et al. Prenatal nutrient supplementation and postnatal growth in a developing nation: an RCT. Pediatrics 2014;133(4):e1001-8.
29. Jahan K, Roy SK, Israt S, Ferdouse K, Salam SB. Impact of nutrition education on pregnancy weight gain and birth outcome. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2013;63(Suppl 1):756, Abstract no: PO1043.
30. Jahan K, Roy SK, Mihrshahi S, Sultana N, Khatoon S, Roy H, et al. Short-term nutrition education reduces low birthweight and improves pregnancy outcomes among urban poor women in Bangladesh. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2014;35(4):414-21. [PUBMED: 25639126]
31. Kafatos AG, Vlachonikolis IG, Codrington CA. Nutrition during pregnancy: the effects of an educational intervention program in Greece. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1989;50:970-9.
32. Kardjati S, Kusin JA, De With C. Energy supplementation in the last trimester of pregnancy in East Java: I. Effect on birthweight. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1988;95:783-94.
33. Kardjati S, Kusin JA, Schofield WM, De With C. Energy supplementation in the last trimester of pregnancy in East Java, Indonesia: effect on maternal anthropometry. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1990;52:987-94.
34. Kusin JA, Kardjati S, Houtkooper JM, Renqvist UH. Energy supplementation during pregnancy and postnatal growth. Lancet 1992;340:623-6.
35. Van Steenbergen WM, Kusin JA, Kardjati S, De With C. Energy supplementation in the last trimester of pregnancy in East Java, Indonesia: effect on breast-milk output. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1989;50:274-9.
36. Christiansen N, Mora JO, Navarro L, Herrera MG. Effects of nutritional supplementation during pregnancy upon birth weight: the influence of pre-supplementation on diet. Nutrition Reports International 1980;21:615-24.
37. Herrera MG, Mora JO, De Paredes B, Wagner M. Maternal weight/height and the effect of food supplementation during pregnancy and lactation. Maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation. A Nestlé Foundation workshop; 1979 April 26-27; Lausanne, Switzerland. Bern: Hans Huber, 1980:252-63.
38. Mora JO, Clement J, Christiansen N, Suescun J, Wagner M, Herrera MG. Nutritional supplementation and the outcome of pregnancy. III. Perinatal and neonatal mortality. Nutrition Reports International 1978;18:167-75.
39. Mora JO, De Navarro L, Clement J, Wagner M, De Paredes B, Herrera MG. The effect of nutritional supplementation on calorie and protein intake of pregnant women. Nutrition Reports International 1978;17:217-28.
40. Mora JO, De Paredes B, Wagner M, De Navarro L, Suescun J, Christiansen N, et al. Nutritional supplementation and the outcome of pregnancy. I. Birth weight. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1979;32:455-62.
41. Mora JO, Herrera MG, Suescun J, De Navarro L, Wagner M. The effects of nutritional supplementation on physical growth of children at risk of malnutrition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1981;34:1885-92.
42. Mora JO, Sanchez R, De Paredes B, Herrera MG. Sex related effects of nutritional supplementation during pregnancy on fetal growth. Early Human Development 1981;5:243-51.
43. Overholt C, Sellers SG, Mora JO, de Paredes B, Herrera MG. The effects of nutritional supplementation on the diets of low-income families at risk of malnutrition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1982;36:1153-61.
44. Vuori L, Christiansen N, Clement J, Mora JO, Wagner M, Herrera MG. Nutritional supplementation and the outcome of pregnancy. II. Visual habituation at 15 days. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1979;32:463-9.
45. Vuori L, De Navarro L, Christiansen N, Mora JO, Herrera MG. Food supplementation of pregnant women at risk of malnutrition and their newborns' responsiveness to stimulation. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 1980;22:61-71.
46. Waber DP, Vuori-Christiansen L, Ortiz N, Clement JR, Christiansen NE, Mora JO, et al. Nutritional supplementation, maternal education, and cognitive development of infants at risk of malnutrition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1981;34:807-13.
47. Oaks B, Adu-Afarwuah S, Lartey A, Stewart C, Ashorn P, Vosti S, et al. Lipid-based nutrient supplementation during pregnancy decreases maternal cortisol in younger women. FASEB Journal 2014;28(1 Suppl 1):[Abstract no. 389.6].
48. Ross SM, Nel E, Naeye RL. Differing effects of low and high bulk maternal dietary supplements during pregnancy. Early Human Development 1985;10:295-302.
49. Jacobson HN. A randomized controlled trial of prenatal nutritional supplementation. Pediatrics 1980;65:835-6.
50. Pereira M, Rush D, Campbell-Brown M, Rosso P, Winick M, Brasel JA, et al. Effects of prenatal nutritional supplementation on the placenta: report of a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1982;36:229-34.
51. Rush D, Kristal A, Blanc W, Navarro C, Chauham P, Campbell-Brown M, et al. The effects of maternal cigarette smoking on placental morphology, histomorphometry, and biochemistry. American Journal of Perinatology 1986;3:263-72.
52. Rush D, Kristal A, Navarro C, Chauhan P, Blanc W, Naeye R, et al. The effects of dietary supplementation during pregnancy on placental morphology, pathology, and histomorphometry. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1984;39:863-71.
53. Rush D, Stein Z, Susser M. A randomized controlled trial of prenatal nutritional supplementation in New York City. Pediatrics 1980;65:683-97.
54. Rush D, Stein Z, Susser M. Controlled trial of prenatal nutrition supplementation defended. Pediatrics 1980;66:656-8.
55. Rush D, Stein Z, Susser M. Diet in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial of nutritional supplements. Birth Defects 1980;16:1-187.
56. Rush D, Stein Z, Susser, M The rationale for, and design of, a randomized controlled trial of nutritional supplementation in pregnancy. Nutrition Reports International 1973;7:547-53.
57. Stein Z, Susser M, Rush D. Prenatal nutrition and birth weight: experiments and quasi-experiments in the past decade. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1978;21:287-97.
58. Sweeney C, Smith H, Foster JC, Specht J, Kochenour NK, Prater BM. Effects of a nutrition intervention program during pregnancy: maternal data phases 1 and 2. Journal of Nurse Midwifery 1985;30:149-58.
59. Macleod J, Tang L, Hobbs FD, Wharton B, Holder R, Hussain S, et al. Effects of nutritional supplementation during pregnancy on early adult disease risk: follow up of offspring of participants in a randomised controlled trial investigating effects of supplementation on infant birth weight. PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource] 2013;8(12):e83371.
60. Viegas OAC, Scott PH, Cole TJ, Mansfield HN, Wharton P, Wharton BA. Dietary protein energy supplementation of pregnant Asian mothers at Sorrento, Birmingham. I. Unselective during second and third trimesters. British Medical Journal 1982;285:589-92.
61. Viegas OAC, Scott PH, Cole TJ, Eaton P, Needham PG, Wharton BA. Dietary protein energy supplementation of pregnant Asian mothers at Sorrento, Birmingham. II. Selective during third trimester only. British Medical Journal 1982;285:592-5.
62. Aaltonen J, Ojala T, Laitinen K, Isolauri E. Programming of infants systolic blood pressure by accelerated foetal growth during early pregnancy. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2005;40(5):624.
63. Aaltonen J, Ojala T, Laitinen K, Pirainen TJ, Poussa TA, Isolauri E. Evidence of infant blood pressure programming by maternal nutrition during pregnancy: a prospective randomized controlled intervention study. Journal of Pediatrics 2008;152:79-84.
64. Aaltonen J, Ojala T, Laitinen K, Poussa T, Ozanne S, Isolauri E. Impact of maternal diet during pregnancy and breastfeeding on infant metabolic programming: a prospective randomized controlled study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011;65(1):10-9.
65. Huurre A, Laitinen K, Rautava S, Korkeamaki M, Isolauri E. Impact of maternal atopy and probiotic supplementation during pregnancy on infant sensitization: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2008;38(8):1342-8.
66. Isolauri E. The effects of maternal nutrition during pregnancy and breast feeding on the risk of allergic disease in child (NAMI). ClinicalTrials.gov (http://clinicaltrials.gov/) (accessed 6 Nov 2007).
67. Laitinen K, Poussa T, Isolauri E, Nutrition, Allergy, Mucosal Immunology and Intestinal Microbiota Group. Probiotics and dietary counselling contribute to glucose regulation during and after pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition 2009;101:1679-87.
68. Luoto R, Laitinen K, Nermes M, Isolauri E. Impact of maternal probiotic-supplemented dietary counselling on pregnancy outcome and prenatal and postnatal growth: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. British Journal of Nutrition 2010;103(12):1792-9.
69. Luoto R, Nermes M, Laitinen K, Isolauri E. Impact of maternal probiotic-supplemented dietary counselling on pregnancy outcome and prenatal and postnatal growth: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting; 2009 May 2-5; Baltimore, USA. 2009.
70. Piirainen T, Isolauri E, Lagstrom H, Laitinen K. Impact of dietary counselling on nutrient intake during pregnancy: a prospective cohort study. British Journal of Nutrition 2006;96:1095-104.
71. Vahamiko S, Isolauri E, Laitinen K. Weight status and dietary intake determine serum leptin concentrations in pregnant and lactating women and their infants. British Journal of Nutrition 2013;110(6):1098-106.
72. Adams SO, Barr GD, Huenemann RL. Effect of nutritional supplementation in pregnancy. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1978;72:144-7.
73. Anderson AS, Campbell DM, Shepherd R. The influence of dietary advice on nutrient intake during pregnancy. British Journal of Nutrition 1995;73:163-77.
74. Astrup AV. An optimized programming of healthy children (APPROACH). ClinicalTrials.gov (http://clinicaltrials.gov/) [accessed 5 February 2014] 2013.
75. Atkinson SA. Be healthy in pregnancy (B-HIP): a trial to study nutrition and exercise approaches for healthy (B-HIP). ClinicalTrials.gov (accessed 21 May 2013) 2013.
76. Atton C, Watney PJM. Selective supplementation in pregnancy: effect on birth weight. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 1990;3:381-92.
77. Watney PJM, Atton C. Dietary supplementation in pregnancy. British Medical Journal 1986;293:1102.
78. Badrawi H, Hassanein MK, Badraoui MHH, Wafa YA, Shawky HA, Badrawi N. Pregnancy outcome in obese pregnant mothers. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1992;20(Suppl 1):203.
79. Badrawi H, Hassanein MK, Badrroui MHH, Wafa YA, Shawky HA, Badrawi N. Pregnancy outcome in obese pregnant mothers. New Egypt Journal of Medicine 1993;8(6):1717-26.
80. Bosaeus M, Hussain A, Karlsson T, Andersson L, Hulthen L, Svelander C, et al. A randomized longitudinal dietary intervention study during pregnancy: effects on fish intake, phospholipids, and body composition. Nutrition Journal 2015;14(1):1.
81. Blumenthal I. Diet and diuretics in pregnancy and subsequent growth of offspring. British Medical Journal 1976;2:733.
82. Campbell DM, MacGillivray I. The effect of a low calorie diet or a thiazide diuretic on the incidence of pre-eclampsia and on birthweight. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1975;82:572-7.
83. Campbell DM. Dietary restriction in obesity and its effect on neonatal outcome. Nutrition in pregnancy. Proceedings of 10th Study Group of the RCOG; 1983; London, UK. London: RCOG, 1983:243-50.
84. Campbell Brown M. Protein energy supplements in primigravid women at risk of low birthweight. In: Campbell DM, Gillmer MDG editor(s). Nutrition in pregnancy. Proceedings of the 10th Study Group of the RCOG. London: RCOG, 1983:85-98.
85. Clapp JF. Diet, exercise, and feto-placental growth. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 1997;260:101-8.
86. Clapp JF. Effects of dietary carbohydrate on the glucose and insulin response to mixed caloric intake and exercise in both nonpregnant and pregnant women. Diabetes Care 1998;21(Suppl 2):B107-B112.
87. Dirige OV, McNutt SW, Hamatake CK, McGee RI, Manayan CA. The effect of nutrition education on the nutritional status of pregnant Filipino women in Hawaii. Nutrition Research 1987;7:197-209.
88. Ebbs JH, Scott WA, Tisdall FF, Moyle WJ, Bell M. Nutrition in pregnancy. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1942;46:1-6.
89. Ebbs JH, Tisdall FF, Scott WA. The influence of prenatal diet on the mother and child. Journal of Nutrition 1941;22:515-6.
90. Eneroth H, El Arifeen S, Persson LA, Lonnerdal B, Hossain MB, Stephensen CB, et al. Maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation has limited impact on micronutrient status of Bangladeshi infants compared with standard iron and folic acid supplementation. Journal of Nutrition 2010;140(3):618-24.
91. Fard NM, Mehrabian F, Sarraf-zadegan N, Sajadi F. Fat-modified diets during pregnancy and lactation and serum lipids after birth. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 2004;71:683-7.
92. Fung EB, Ritchie LD, Walker BH, Gildengorin G, Crawford PB. Randomized, controlled trial to examine the impact of providing yogurt to women enrolled in WIC. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2010;42(3 Suppl):S22-29.
93. Guelinckx I, Devlieger R, Mullie P, Vansant G. Effect of lifestyle intervention on dietary habits, physical activity, and gestational weight gain in obese pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2010;91(2):373-80.
94. Hankin ME, Symonds EM. Body weight, diet and pre-eclamptic toxaemia of pregnancy. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1962;4:156-60.
95. Hautero U, Laakso P, Linderborg K, Niinivirta K, Poussa T, Isolauri E, et al. Proportions and concentrations of serum n-3 fatty acids can be increased by dietary counseling during pregnancy. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2013;67(11):1163-8.
96. Iyengar L. Effects of dietary supplements late in pregnancy on the expectant mother and her newborn. Indian Journal of Medical Research 1967;55:85-9.
97. Kaseb F, Kimiagar M, Ghafarpoor M, Valaii N. Effect of traditional food supplementation during pregnancy on maternal weight gain and birthweight. International Journal for Vitamin & Nutrition Research 2002;72(6):389-93.
98. Kinra S, Rameshwar Sarma KV, Ghafoorunissa, Mendu VV, Ravikumar R, Mohan V, et al. Effect of integration of supplemental nutrition with public health programmes in pregnancy and early childhood on cardiovascular risk in rural Indian adolescents: long term follow-up of hyderabad nutrition trial. BMJ 2008;337:a605.
99. Kinra S, Sarma KV, Hards M, Smith GD, Ben-Shlomo Y. Is relative leg length a biomarker of childhood nutrition? Long-term follow-up of the Hyderabad Nutrition Trial. International Journal of Epidemiology 2011;40(4):1022-9.
100. Behrman JR, Calderon MC, Preston SH, Hoddinott J, Martorell R, Stein AD. Nutritional supplementation in girls influences the growth of their children: prospective study in Guatemala. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009;90(5):1372-9.
101. Conlisk AJ, Barnhart HX, Martorell R, Grajeda R, Stein AD. Maternal and child nutritional supplementation are inversely associated with fasting plasma glucose concentration in young Guatemalan adults. Journal of Nutrition 2004;134(4):890-7.
102. Delgado H, Martorell R, Brineman E, Klein RE. Nutrition and length of gestation. Nutrition Research 1982;2:117-26.
103. Delgado HL, Martorell R, Klein RE. Nutrition, lactation, and birth interval components in rural Guatemala. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1982;35:1468-76.
104. Hoddinott J, Maluccio JA, Behrman JR, Flores R, Martorell R. Effect of a nutrition intervention during early childhood on economic productivity in Guatemalan adults. Lancet 2008;371(9610):411-6.
105. Lechtig A, Habicht JP, Delgado H, Klein RE, Yarbrough C, Martorell R. Effect of food supplementation during pregnancy on birthweight. Pediatrics 1975;56:508-20.
106. Lechtig A, Klein RE, Daza CH, Read MS, Kahn SG. Effects of maternal nutrition on infant health: implications for action. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion 1979;29:1-26.
107. Lechtig A, Yarbrough C, Delgado H, Martorell R, Klein RE, Behar M. Effect of moderate maternal malnutrition on the placenta. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1975;123:191-201.
108. Merchant K, Martorell R, Haas J. Maternal and fetal responses to the stresses of lactation concurrent with pregnancy and of short recuperative intervals. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1990;52:280-8.
109. Rasmussen KM, Habicht JP. Maternal supplementation differentially affects the mother and newborn. Journal of Nutrition 2010;140(2):402-6.
110. Stein AD, Barnhart HX, Hickey M, Ramakrishnan U, Schroeder DG, Martorell R. Prospective study of protein-energy supplementation early in life and of growth in the subsequent generation in Guatemala. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;78:162-7.
111. Stein AD, Wang M, Ramirez-Zea M, Flores R, Grajeda R, Melgar P, et al. Exposure to a nutrition supplementation intervention in early childhood and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in adulthood: evidence from Guatemala. American Journal of Epidemiology 2006;164(12):1160-70.
112. Webb AL, Conlisk AJ, Barnhart HX, Martorell R, Grajeda R, Stein AD. Maternal and childhood nutrition and later blood pressure levels in young Guatemalan adults. International Journal of Epidemiology 2005;34(4):898-904.
113. Li YF, Hu NS, Tian XB, Li L, Wang SM, Xu XB, et al. Effect of daily milk supplementation on serum and umbilical cord blood folic acid concentrations in pregnant Han and Mongolian women and birth characteristics in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2014;23(4):567-74.
114. Luke B, Misiunas R, Anderson E, Hediger M, Burpee B, Gogliotti S, et al. Prenatal program to improve neonatal and early childhood outcomes in twins [abstract]. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2001; Vol. 185, issue 6 Suppl:S105.
115. Magon A, Collin SM, Joshi P, Davys Late G, Attlee A, Mathur B. Leaf concentrate fortification of antenatal protein-calorie snacks improves pregnancy outcomes. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition 2014;32(3):430-40.
116. Maleta K. Randomized controlled trial of the impact of treating moderately malnourished women in pregnancy. ClinicalTrials.gov (http://clinicaltrials.gov/) [accessed 27 August 2014] 2014.
117. Mardones-Santander F, Rosso P, Stekel A, Ahumada E, Llaguno S, Pizzaro F, et al. Effect of a milk-based food supplement on maternal nutritional status and fetal growth in underweight Chilean women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1988;47:413-9.
118. Metcoff J, Costiloe P, Crosby WM, Dutta S, Sandstead H, Milne D, et al. Effects of WIC supplement on maternal nutritional status between 19 and 36 weeks pregnancy. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1983;37:703.
119. Metcoff J, Costiloe P, Crosby WM, Dutta S, Sandstead H, Milne D, et al. Interaction between birth weight and smoking altered by WIC supplementation during pregnancy. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1983;37:710.
120. Metcoff J, Costiloe P, Crosby WM, Dutta S, Sandstead HH, Milne D, et al. Effect of food supplementation (WIC) during pregnancy on birth weight. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1985;41:933-47.
121. Mirmolaei ST, Moshrefi M, Kazemnejad A, Farivar F, Morteza H. The effect of nutrition education on nutritional behaviors in pregnant women. HAYAT 2010;15(4):35-42.
122. Moses RG, Barker M, Winter M, Petocz P, Brand-Miller JC. Can a low-glycemic index diet reduce the need for insulin in gestational diabetes mellitus? A randomized trial. Diabetes Care 2009;32(6):996-1000.
123. Moses RG, Casey S, Cleary J, Milosavljevic M, Quinn E, Tapsell L, et al. Effect of low glycaemic index dietary advice in normal pregnancy: The PREGGIO study. Obesity Research and Clinical Practice 2013;7:e34-5.
124. Moses RG, Casey SA, Quinn EG, Cleary JM, Tapsell LC, Milosavljevic M, et al. Pregnancy and Glycemic Index Outcomes study: effects of low glycemic index compared with conventional dietary advice on selected pregnancy outcomes. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2014;99(3):517-23.
125. Moses RG, Luebcke M, Davis WS, Coleman KJ, Tapsell LC, Petocz P, et al. Effect of a low-glycemic-index diet during pregnancy on obstetric outcomes. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2006;84(4):807-12.
126. Moses RG, Luebke M, Petocz P, Brand-Miller JC. Maternal diet and infant size 2 y after the completion of a study of a low-glycemic-index diet in pregnancy. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;86(6):1806.
127. Oken E, Guthrie LB, Bloomingdale A, Platek DN, Price S, Haines J, et al. A pilot randomized controlled trial to promote healthful fish consumption during pregnancy: the Food for Thought Study. Nutrition Journal 2013;12:33.
128. Potdar RD, Sahariah SA, Gandhi M, Kehoe SH, Brown N, Sane H, et al. Improving women's diet quality preconceptionally and during gestation: effects on birth weight and prevalence of low birth weight-a randomized controlled efficacy trial in India (Mumbai Maternal Nutrition Project). American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2014;100(5):1257-68.
129. Qureshi S, Rao NP, Madhavi V, Mathur YC, Reddi YR. Effect of maternal nutrition supplementation on the birth weight of the newborn. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 1973;10:541-4.
130. Ross RA, Perlzweig WA, Taylor HM, McBryde A, Yates A, Kondritzer AA, et al. A study of certain dietary factors of possible etiologic significance in toxemias of pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1938;35:426-40.
131. Thangaratinam S. Effect of simple, targeted diet in pregnant women with metabolic risk factors on pre-eclampsia (ESTEEM): a randomised trial. ClinicalTrials.gov (http://clinicaltrials.gov/) [accessed 2 September 2014] 2014.
132. Kasius RV, Randall A, Tompkins WT, Wiehl DG. Maternal and newborn nutrition studies at Philadelphia Lying-In Hospital. Newborn studies I. Size and growth of babies and mothers receiving nutritional supplements. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 1955;33:230-45.
133. Tompkins WT, Wiehl DG. Effect of nutrient supplements on obese patients during pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1954;4(4):365-74.
134. Wiehl DG, Tompkins WT. Size of babies of obese mothers receiving nutrient supplements. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 1954;32:125-40.
135. Tontisirin K, Booranasubkajorn U, Hongsumarn A, Thewtong D. Formulation and evaluation of supplementary foods for Thai pregnant women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1986;43:931-9.
136. Tu N, King JC, Dean D, Dirren H. Effect of food-based supplement prior to and during pregnancy on birth weight and prematurity in rural Vietnam (VINAVAC study). Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2013;63(Suppl 1):806, Abstract no: PO3314.
137. Donnelly J, Horan M, Walsh J, McGowan C, Byrne J, Molloy EJ, et al. Impact of a low GI diet on neonatal body composition (ROLO Kids). Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4-7; Washington DC, USA. 2013.
138. Donnelly JM, Walsh JM, Byrne J, Molloy E, McAuliffe FM. Altered neonatal anthropometric measurements following maternal low GI diet in pregnancy (ROLO study). Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2013;92(s160):13.
139. Horan M, McGowan C, Donnelly J, Gibney E, McAuliffe F. Maternal diet and weight at 3 months partum following a pregnancy intervention with a low glycaemic index diet: Results from the ROLO randomised control trial. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2014;99(Suppl 1):A129-A130 [Abstract no: PMM.20].
140. Horan MK, McGowan CA, Donnelly J, Gibney E, McAuliffe FM. The association of maternal characteristics and macronutrient intake in pregnancy with neonatal body composition. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2014;99(Suppl 1):A11.
141. Horan MK, McGowan CA, Doyle O, McAuliffe FM. Well-being in pregnancy: An examination of the effect of socioeconomic, dietary and lifestyle factors including impact of a low glycaemic index dietary intervention. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2014;68(1):19-24.
142. Horan MK, McGowan CA, Gibney ER, Donnelly JM, McAuliffe FM. Maternal diet and weight at 3 months postpartum following a pregnancy intervention with a low glycaemic index diet: results from the ROLO randomised control trial. Nutrients 2014;6(7):2946-55.
143. Horan MK, McGowan CA, Gibney ER, Donnelly JM, McAuliffe FM. Maternal low glycaemic index diet, fat intake and postprandial glucose influences neonatal adiposity - secondary analysis from the ROLO study. Nutrition Journal 2014;13(1):78.
144. McGowan CA, Walsh JM, Byrne J, Curran S, McAuliffe FM. The influence of a low glycemic index dietary intervention on maternal dietary intake, glycemic index and gestational weight gain during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrition Journal 2013;12(1):140.
145. Walsh J, Mahony R, Foley M, McAuliffe F. ROLO study: a randomized control trial of low glycemic index diet to prevent macrosomia in euglycemic women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;206(Suppl 1):S4.
146. Walsh JM, Mahony RM, Canty G, Foley ME, McAuliffe FM. Identification of those most likely to benefit from a low-glycaemic index dietary intervention in pregnancy. British Journal of Nutrition 2014;112:583-9.
147. Walsh JM, Mahony RM, Culliton M, Foley ME, McAuliffe FM. Impact of a low glycemic index diet in pregnancy on markers of maternal and fetal metabolism and inflammation. Reproductive Sciences 2014;21(11):1378-81.
148. Walsh JM, McGowan CA, Mahony R, Foley ME, McAuliffe FM. Low glycaemic index diet in pregnancy to prevent macrosomia (ROLO study): randomised control trial. BMJ 2012;345:e5605.
149. Wijaya-Erhardt M, Muslimatun S, Erhardt G. Effect of an educational intervention related to health and nutrition on pregnant women in the villages of Central Java Province, Indonesia. Health Education Journal 2014;73(4):370-81.
150. Wijaya-Erhardt M, Muslimatun S, Erhardt JG. Fermented soyabean and vitamin C-rich fruit: a possibility to circumvent the further decrease of iron status among iron-deficient pregnant women in Indonesia. Public Health Nutrition 2011;14(12):2185-96.
151. Wolever T. The effect of a low glycemic index diet on blood sugar control in pregnant women at risk for gestational diabetes. ClinicalTrials.gov (accessed 21 May 2013) 2010.
152. Wolff S, Legarth J, Vangsgaard K, Toubro S, Astrup A. A randomized trial of the effects of dietary counseling on gestational weight gain and glucose metabolism in obese pregnant women. International Journal of Obesity 2008;32(3):495-501.
153. Woods LL, Gaboury CL. Importance of baseline diet in modulating renal reserve in pregnant women [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1995;6(3):688.
154. Yan W. Low glycemic index diet management for overweight pregnant women (LGIDMOPW). ClinicalTrials.gov (accessed 21 May 2013) 2012.
155. Hambidge KM, Krebs NF, Westcott JE, Garces A, Goudar SS, Kodkany BS, et al. Preconception maternal nutrition: a multi-site randomized controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2014;14(1):111.
156. Moore S. Investigating the effects of pre-natal and infancy nutritional supplementation on infant immune development in The Gambia: the early nutrition and immune development (ENID) trial. Current Clinical Trials (http://www.current-trials.com) [accessed 8 July 2011] 2011.
157. Moore SE, Fulford AJC, Darboe MK, Jobarteh ML, Jarjou LM, Prentice AM. A randomized trial to investigate the effects of pre-natal and infant nutritional supplementation on infant immune development in rural Gambia: The ENID trial: Early Nutrition and Immune Development. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2012;12:107.
158. Aaltonen J, Ojala T, Laitinen K, Poussa T, Ozanne S, Isolauri E. Impact of maternal diet during pregnancy and breastfeeding on infant metabolic programming: a prospective randomized controlled study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011;65(1):10-9.
159. Alderman H, Hawkesworth S, Lundberg M, Tasneem A, Mark H, Moore SE. Supplemental feeding during pregnancy compared with maternal supplementation during lactation does not affect schooling and cognitive development through late adolescence. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2014;99(1):122-9.
160. Ashworth A. Effects of intrauterine growth retardation on mortality and morbidity in infants and young children. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1998;52(1):S34-41.
161. Barker DJP. Mothers, Babies and Health in Later Life. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1998.
162. Barker DJP, Eriksson JG, Forsén T, Osmond C Fetal origins of adult disease: strength of effects and biological basis. International Journal of Epidemiology 2002;31:1235-9.
163. Behrman JR, Calderon MC, Preston SH, Hoddinott J, Martorell R, Stein AD. Nutritional supplementation in girls influences the growth of their children: prospective study in Guatemala. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009;90(5):1372-9.
164. Chen A, Feresu S, Fernandez C, Rogan W. Maternal obesity and the risk of infant death in the United States. Epidemiology 2009;20:74-81.
165. de Onis M, Villar J, Gülmezoglu M. Nutritional intervention to prevent intrauterine growth retardation: evidence from randomized controlled trials. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1998;52(1):S83-S93.
166. de Onis M, Onyango AW, Borghi E, Siyam A, Nishida C, Siekmann J. Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2007;85(9):660-7.
167. Eriksson JG, Forsén T, Tuomilehto J, Osmond C, Barker DJ Early growth and coronary heart disease in later life: longitudinal study. BMJ 2001;322(7292):949-53.
168. Garlick PJ, Reeds PJ. Proteins. Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 10th Edition. UK: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:77.
169. McMaster University. GRADEpro. [Computer program on www.gradepro.org]. 2015. McMaster University, 2014.
170. Grantham-McGregor SM, Powell CA, Walker SP, Himes JH. Nutritional supplementation, psychosocial stimulation, and mental development of stunted children: the Jamaican Study. Lancet 1991;338(8758):1-5. [PUBMED: 1676083]
171. Grieve JFK, Campbell Brown BM, Johnsotone FD. Dieting in pregnancy: a study of the effect of a high protein low carhobydrate diet on birthweight on an obstetric population. In: Sutherland MW, Stowers JM editor(s). Carbohydrate Metabolism in Pregnancy and the Newborn 1978. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1979:518-33.
172. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Vist GE, Falck-Ytter Y, Schunemann HJ. GRADE Working Group. Rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations: What is "quality of evidence" and why is it important to clinicians?. BMJ 2008;336(7651):995-8.
173. Heslehurst N, Ells LJ, Simpson H, Batterham A, Wilkinson J, Summerbell CD. Trends in maternal obesity incidence rates, demographic predictors, and health inequalities in 36 821 women over a 15-year period. An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2006;114:187-94.
174. Heslehurst N, Simpson H, Ells LJ, Rankin J, Wilkinson J, Lang R, et al. The impact of maternal BMI status on pregnancy outcomes with immediate short-term obstetric resource implications: a meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews 2008;9:635-83.
175. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
176. Imdad A, Yakoob MY, Bhutta ZA. The effect of folic acid, protein energy and multiple micronutrient supplements in pregnancy on stillbirths. BMC Public Health 2011;11(Suppl3):S4.
177. Institute of Medicine. Nutrition in Pregnancy. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1990:137-75.
178. Kardjati S, Kusin JA, de With C. Food consumption of rural women in East Java. Nutrition Reports International 1983;28:1341-9.
179. Kramer MS. Determinants of low birth weight: methodological assessment and meta-analysis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1987;65:663-737.
180. Kramer MS, Aboud F, Mironova E, Vanilovich I, Platt RW, Matush L, et al. Breastfeeding and child cognitive development: new evidence from a large randomized trial. Archives of General Psychiatry 2008;65(5):578-84. [PUBMED: 18458209]
181. Kulier R, de Onis M, Gülmezoglu AM, Villar J. Nutritional interventions for the prevention of maternal morbidity. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstettrics 1998;63(3):231-46.
182. Laitinen K, Poussa T, Isolauri E, Nutrition, Allergy, Mucosal Immunology and Intestinal Microbiota Group. Probiotics and dietary counselling contribute to glucose regulation during and after pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition 2009;101:1679-87.
183. Lanou H, Huybregts L, Roberfroid D, Nikiema L, Kouanda S, Van Camp J, et al. Prenatal nutrient supplementation and postnatal growth in a developing nation: an RCT. Pediatrics 2014;133(4):e1001-8.
184. Luoto R, Laitinen K, Nermes M, Isolauri E. Impact of maternal probiotic-supplemented dietary counselling on pregnancy outcome and prenatal and postnatal growth: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. British Journal of Nutrition 2010;103(12):1792-9.
185. Macleod J, Tang L, Hobbs FD, Wharton B, Holder R, Hussain S, et al. Effects of nutritional supplementation during pregnancy on early adult disease risk: follow up of offspring of participants in a randomised controlled trial investigating effects of supplementation on infant birth weight. PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource] 2013;8(12):e83371.
186. Ota E, Haruna M, Suzuki M, Anh DD, Tho HL, Thanh Tam NT, et al. The association of gestational weight gain and maternal body mass index on perinatal outcomes in Vietnamese women. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2011;89(2):127-36.
187. Prentice AM, Whitehead RG, Watkinson M, Lamb WH, Cole TJ. Prenatal dietary supplementation of African women and birth weight. Lancet 1983;321(8323):489-92.
188. Rasmussen KM, Habicht JP. Maternal supplementation differentially affects the mother and newborn. Journal of Nutrition 2010;140(2):402-6.
189. The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). 5.3. Copenhagen, The Nordic Cochrane Centre: The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
190. Rush D. Effects of changes in protein and calorie intake during pregnancy on the growth of the human fetus. In: Chalmers I, Enkin MW, Keirse MJNC editor(s). Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989:255-80.
191. Rush D. Maternal nutrition and perinatal survival. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition 2001;19 Suppl:S217-S264.
192. Schunemann HJ. GRADE: from grading the evidence to developing recommendations. A description of the system and a proposal regarding the transferability of the results of clinical research to clinical practice [GRADE: Von der Evidenz zur Empfehlung. Beschreibung des Systems und Losungsbeitrag zur Ubertragbarkeit von Studienergebnissen]. Zeitschrift fur Evidenz, Fortbildung und Qualitat im Gesundheitswesen 2009;103(6):391-400. [PUBMED: 19839216]
193. Shah PS, Ohlsson A, Knowledge Synthesis Group on Determinants of Low Birth Weight and Preterm Births. Effects of prenatal multimicronutrient supplementation on pregnancy outcomes: a meta-analysis. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2009;180(21):E99-E108.
194. Stein Z, Susser M, Saenger G, Marolla F. Famine and Human Development: the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944-45. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975.
195. Thangaratinam S, Rogozińska E, Jolly K, Glinkowski S, Roseboom T, Tomlinson JW, et al. Effects of interventions in pregnancy on maternal weight and obstetric outcomes: meta-analysis of randomised evidence. BMJ 2012;344:e2088.
196. United Nations Children's Fund and World Health Organization. Low Birth Weight; Country and Global Estimates. New York: UNICEF, 2004.
197. Villar J, Gülmezoglu AM, de Onis M. Nutritional and antimicrobial interventions to prevent preterm birth: an overview of randomized controlled trials. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 1998;53(9):575-85.
198. Viswanathan M, Siega-Riz AM, Moos MK, Deierlein A, Mumford S, Knaack J, et al. Outcomes of maternal weight gain. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment 2008;168:1-223.
199. Wang TC, McPherson K, Marsh T, Gortmaker SL, Borown M. Health and economic burden of the projected obesity trends in the USA and the UK. Lancet 2011;378:815-25.
200. Kramer MS. Energy/protein restriction for high weight-for-height or weight gain during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1996, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000080]
201. Kramer MS. High protein supplementation in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1996, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000105]
202. Kramer MS. Isocaloric balanced protein supplementation in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1996, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000118]
203. Kramer MS. Nutritional advice in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1996, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000149]
204. Kramer MS, Kakuma R. Energy and protein intake in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000032]
205. Ota E, Tobe-Gai R, Mori R, Farrar D. Antenatal dietary advice and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 9. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000032.pub2]