CALICIVIRUSES

Feigin and Cherry's Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Sixth Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 2213-2227

  Matson, David O ^a,b  

^a Graduate Program in Public Health   (United States)

^b EASTERN VIRGINIA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85088177442     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-4044-6.50186-2     Document Type: Chapter

References (280)

1. Gastroenteritis outbreak among Canadian Forces members (2005) Bosnia-Herzegovina, August 2003. Can. Commun. Dis. Rep. 31 141-148.
2. Infectious disease and dermatologic conditions in evacuees and rescue workers after Hurricane Katrina—multiple states, August-September, 2005. M. M. W. R. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 54 961-964.
3. Reported foodborne illness and gastroenteritis in Australia (2005) Annual report of the OzfoodNet network, 2004. Commun. Dis. Intell. 29 165-192.
4. J.L. Adler and R. Zickl (1969) Winter vomiting disease. J. Infect. Dis. 119 668-673.
5. A.D. Anderson, V.D. Garrett, J. Sobel, et al. (2001) Multistate outbreak of Norwalk-like virus gastroenteritis associated with a common caterer. Am. J. Epidemiol. 154 1013-1019.
6. H. Appleton (1987) Small round viruses: Classification and role in food-borne infections. Ciba Found. Symp. 128 108-125.
7. H. Appleton and P.G. Higgins (1975) Viruses and gastroenteritis in infants. Lancet 1 1297.
8. M.K. Arness, B.H. Feighner, M.L. Canham, et al. (2000) Norwalk-like viral gastroenteritis outbreak in U.S. Army trainees. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 6 204-207.
9. M.S. Bailey, C.J. Boos, G. Vautier, et al. (2005) Gastroenteritis outbreak in British troops, Iraq. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11 1625-1628.
10. J.M. Ball, M.K. Estes, M.E. Hardy, et al. (1996) Recombinant Norwalk virus–like particles as an oral vaccine. Arch. Virol. Suppl. 12 243-249.
11. J.M. Ball, M.E. Hardy, R.L. Atmar, et al. (1998) Oral immunization with recombinant Norwalk virus–like particles induces a systemic and mucosal immune response in mice. J. Virol. 72 1345-1353.
12. J.E. Barlough, E.S. Berry, D. Skilling, et al. (1986) The marine calicivirus story. Compend. Contin. Educ. Practicing Veterinarian 8 F5-F14.
13. J.E. Barlough, D.O. Matson, D.E. Skilling, et al. (1998) Isolation of reptilian calicivirus Crotalus type 1 from feral pinnipeds. J. Wildl. Dis. 34 451-456.
14. T. Berke, B. Golding, X. Jiang, et al. (1997) Phylogenetic analysis of the Caliciviruses. J. Med. Virol. 52 419-424.
15. T. Berke and D.O. Matson (2000) Reclassification of the Caliciviridae into distinct genera and exclusion of hepatitis E virus from the family on the basis of comparative phylogenetic analysis. Arch. Virol. 145 1421-1436.
16. R.E. Black, H.B. Greenberg, A.Z. Kapikian, et al. (1982) Acquisition of serum antibody to Norwalk virus and rotavirus and relation to diarrhea in a longitudinal study of young children in rural Bangladesh. J. Infect. Dis. 145 483-489.
17. B.K. Bohnker and S. Thornton (2003) Explosive outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the shipboard environment attributed to Norovirus. Mil. Med. 168 iv
18. K. Bok, V.J. Cavanaugh, D.O. Matson, et al. (2008) Inhibition of norovirus replication by morpholino oligomers targeting the 5′-end of the genome. Virology 380 328-337.
19. I.W. Booth, I.L. Chrystie, R.J. Levinsky, et al. (1982) Protracted diarrhoea, immunodeficiency and viruses. Eur. J. Pediatr. 138 271-272.
20. A. Bowen, A. Fry, G. Richards and L. Beuchat (2006) Infections associated with cantaloupe consumption: A public health concern. Epidemiol. Infect. 134 675-685.
21. I.L. Boxman, J.J. Tilburg, N.A. Te Loeke, et al. (2006) Detection of noroviruses in shellfish in the Netherlands. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 108 391-396.
22. E.R. Campagnolo, M.J. Ernst, M.L. Berninger, et al. (2003) Outbreak of rabbit hemorrhagic disease in domestic lagomorphs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 223 1151-1155. 1128
23. L. Capucci, P. Fusi, A. Lavazza, et al. (1996) Detection and preliminary characterization of a new rabbit calicivirus related to rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus but nonpathogenic. J. Virol. 70 8614-8623.
24. L. Capucci and A. Lavazza (1998) A brief update on rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 4 343-344.
25. J.A. Carman, M.G. Garner, M.G. Catton, et al. (1998) Viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits and human health. Epidemiol. Infect. 121 409-418.
26. M.J. Carter, I.D. Milton, J. Meanger, et al. (1992) The complete nucleotide sequence of a feline calicivirus. Virology 190 443-448.
27. S. Castriciano, K. Luinstra, A. Petrich, et al. (2007) Comparison of the RIDASCREEN norovirus enzyme immunoassay to IDEIA NLV GI/GII by testing stools also assayed by RT-PCR and electron microscopy. J. Virol. Methods 141 216-219.
28. P.R. Chadwick and R. McCann (1994) Transmission of a small round structured virus by vomiting during a hospital outbreak of gastroenteritis. J. Hosp. Infect. 26 251-259.
29. P.R. Chadwick, M. Walker and A.E. Rees (1994) Airborne transmission of a small round structured virus. Lancet 343 171.
30. M.C. Chan, J.J. Sung, R.K. Lam, et al. (2006) Sapovirus detection by quantitative real-time RT-PCR in clinical stool specimens. J. Virol. Methods 134 146-153.
31. K.O. Chang, S.V. Sosnovtsev, G. Belliot, et al. (2004) Bile acids are essential for porcine enteric calicivirus replication in association with down-regulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101 8733-8738.
32. D. Chasey (1994) Possible origin of rabbit haemorrhagic disease in the United Kingdom. Vet. Rec. 135 496-499.
33. J.E. Cheek, P. Young, L. Branch, et al. (2002) Norwalk-like virus–associated gastroenteritis in a large, high-density encampment—Virginia, July 2001. M. M. W. R. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 51 661-663.
34. J.S. Cheesbrough, J. Green, C.I. Gallimore, et al. (2000) Widespread environmental contamination with Norwalk-like viruses (NLV) detected in a prolonged hotel outbreak of gastroenteritis. Epidemiol. Infect. 125 93-98.
35. S. Cheetham, M. Souza, T. Meulia, et al. (2006) Pathogenesis of a genogroup II human norovirus in gnotobiotic pigs. J. Virol. 80 10372-10381.
36. R. Chen, J.D. Neill, M.K. Estes and B.V. Prasad (2006) X-ray structure of a native calicivirus: Structural insights into antigenic diversity and host specificity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103 8048-8053.
37. S. Chiba, Y. Sakuma, R. Kogasaka, et al. (1979) An outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with calicivirus in an infant home. J. Med. Virol. 4 249-254.
38. S. Chiba, Y. Sakuma, R. Kogasaka, et al. (1980) Fecal shedding of virus in relation to the days of illness in infantile gastroenteritis due to calicivirus. J. Infect. Dis. 142 247-249.
39. D. Cohen, C.S. Block, R. Ambar, et al. (1992) Pilot study of an extended range of potential etiologic agents of diarrhea in the Israel Defense Forces. Isr. J. Med. Sci. 28 49-51.
40. Coman, B. J.: Environmental impact associated with the proposed use of rabbit calicivirus disease for integrated rabbit control in Australia. 1996. Sydney, Australia and New Zealand Rabbit Calicivirus Program.
41. P.D. Cooper, V.I. Agolk, H.L. Bachrach, et al. (1978) Picornaviridae: Second report. Intervirology 10 165.
42. A.L. Corwin, R. Soderquist, M. Edwards, et al. (1999) Shipboard impact of a probable Norwalk virus outbreak from coastal Japan. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 61 898-903.
43. V. Costantini, F. Loisy, L. Joens, et al. (2006) Human and animal enteric caliciviruses in oysters from different coastal regions of the United States. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72 1800-1809.
44. Cubitt, W. D.: Human caliciviruses. Characterization and epidemiology. PhD thesis. London, Middlesex Hospital Medical School, 1985.
45. W.D. Cubitt (1987) The candidate caliciviruses. Ciba Found. Symp. 128 126-143.
46. W.D. Cubitt, N.R. Blacklow, J.E. Herrmann, et al. (1987) Antigenic relationships between human caliciviruses and Norwalk virus. J. Infect. Dis. 156 806-814.
47. W.D. Cubitt, D.W. Bradley, M. Carter, et al. (1995) Caliciviridae. F.A. Murphy, C.M. Fauquet, D.H.L. Bishop, et al., (Eds) The Sixth Report of the International Committee for Taxonomy of Viruses Vienna: Springer-Verlag 359-363.
48. W.D. Cubitt and D.A. McSwiggan (1981) Calicivirus gastroenteritis in North West London. Lancet 2 975-977.
49. W.D. Cubitt and D.A. McSwiggan (1987) Seroepidemiological survey of the prevalence of antibodies to a strain of human calicivirus. J. Med. Virol. 21 361-368.
50. W.D. Cubitt, D.A. McSwiggan and S. Arstall (1980) An outbreak of calicivirus infection in a mother and baby unit. J. Clin. Pathol. 33 1095-1098.
51. W.D. Cubitt, P.J. Pead and A.A. Saeed (1981) A new serotype of calicivirus associated with an outbreak of gastroenteritis in a residential home for the elderly. J. Clin. Pathol. 34 924-926.
52. G.D. Cummings (1947) Epidemic diarrhea of the newborn from the point of view of the epidemiologist and bacteriologist. J. Pediatr. 30 706-710.
53. D.H. D'Souza, A. Sair, K. Williams, et al. (2006) Persistence of caliciviruses on environmental surfaces and their transfer to food. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 108 84-91.
54. A.M. Dastjerdi, J. Green, C.I. Gallimore, et al. (1999) The bovine Newbury agent-2 is genetically more closely related to human SRSVs than to animal caliciviruses. Virology 254 1-5.
55. E. de Bruin, E. Duizer, H. Vennema and M.P. Koopmans (2006) Diagnosis of Norovirus outbreaks by commercial ELISA or RT-PCR. J. Virol. Methods 137 259-264.
56. M.A. de Wit, M.P. Koopmans, L.M. Kortbeek, et al. (2001) Gastroenteritis in sentinel general practices, The Netherlands. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 7 82-91.
57. M.A. de Wit, M.P. Koopmans, L.M. Kortbeek, et al. (2001) Etiology of gastroenteritis in sentinel general practices in the Netherlands. Clin. Infect. Dis. 33 280-288.
58. W.H. van Der Poel, J. Vinjé, R. van Der Heide, et al. (2000) Norwalk-like calicivirus genes in farm animals. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 6 36-41.
59. A. Dimitriadis, L.D. Bruggink and J.A. Marshall (2006) Evaluation of the Dako IDEIA norovirus EIA assay for detection of norovirus using faecal specimens from Australian gastroenteritis outbreaks. Pathology 38 157-165.
60. K.E. Dingle, P.R. Lambden, E.O. Caul and I.N. Clarke (1995) Human enteric Caliciviridae: The complete genome sequence and expression of virus-like particles from a genetic group II small round structured virus. J. Gen. Virol. 76(pt. 9), 2349-2355.
61. M.B. Dinulos and D.O. Matson (1994) Recent developments with human caliciviruses. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 13 998-1003.
62. G.J. Etherington, S.M. Ring, M.A. Charleston, et al. (2006) Tracing the origin and co-phylogeny of the caliciviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 87(pt. 5), 1229-1235.
63. D. Ewald, C. Franks, S. Thompson and M.S. Patel (2000) Possible community immunity to small round structured virus gastroenteritis in a rural aboriginal community. Commun. Dis. Intell. 24 48-50.
64. R.L. Fankhauser, J.S. Noel, S.S. Monroe, et al. (1998) Molecular epidemiology of “Norwalk-like viruses” in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the United States. J. Infect. Dis. 178 1571-1578.
65. T. Farkas, S.A. Thornton, N. Wilton, et al. (2003) Homologous versus heterologous immune responses to Norwalk-like viruses among crew members after acute gastroenteritis outbreaks on 2 US Navy vessels. J. Infect. Dis. 187 187-193.
66. G. Fell, M. Boyens and S. Baumgarte (2007) Frozen berries as a risk factor for outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis. Results of an outbreak investigation in the summer of 2005 in Hamburg. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 50 230-236.
67. X. Feng and X. Jiang (2007) Library screen for inhibitors targeting norovirus binding to histo-blood group antigen receptors. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51 324-331.
68. T.H. Flewett and H. Davies (1976) Caliciviruses in man. Letter. Lancet 1 311.
69. W.T. Flynn and L.J. Saif (1988) Serial propagation of porcine enteric calicivirus-like virus in primary porcine kidney cell cultures. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26 206-212.
70. W.T. Flynn, L.J. Saif and P.D. Moorhead (1988) Pathogenesis of porcine enteric calicivirus-like virus in four-day-old gnotobiotic pigs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 49 819-825.
71. C.I. Gallimore, J.S. Cheesbrough, K. Lamden, et al. (2005) Multiple norovirus genotypes characterised from an oyster-associated outbreak of gastroenteritis. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 103 323-330.
72. C.I. Gallimore, J. Green, D. Lewis, et al. (2004) Diversity of noroviruses cocirculating in the north of England from 1998 to 2001. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42 1396-1401.
73. C.I. Gallimore, M. Iturriza-Gomara, D. Lewis, et al. (2006) Characterization of sapoviruses collected in the United Kingdom from 1989 to 2004. J. Med. Virol. 78 673-682.
74. C.I. Gallimore, D. Lewis, C. Taylor, et al. (2004) Chronic excretion of a norovirus in a child with cartilage hair hypoplasia (CHH). J. Clin. Virol. 30 196-204.
75. C.I. Gallimore, C. Pipkin, H. Shrimpton, et al. (2005) Detection of multiple enteric virus strains within a foodborne outbreak of gastroenteritis: An indication of the source of contamination. Epidemiol. Infect. 133 41-47.
76. L. Ganova-Raeva, A.W. Smith, H. Fields and Y. Khudyakov (2004) New Calicivirus isolated from walrus. Virus Res. 102 207-213.
77. J.L. Goller, A. Dimitriadis, H. Kelly and J.A. Marshall (2004) Norovirus excretion in a healthcare worker without major symptoms of gastroenteritis: Infection control implications. Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health 28 88-89.
78. G.G. Gonzalez, F. Liprandi and J.E. Ludert (2006) Evaluation of a commercial enzyme immunoassay for the detection of norovirus antigen in fecal samples from children with sporadic acute gastroenteritis. J. Virol. Methods 136 289-291.
79. H. Gotz, K. Ekdahl, J. Lindback, et al. (2001) Clinical spectrum and transmission characteristics of infection with Norwalk-like virus: Findings from a large community outbreak in Sweden. Clin. Infect. Dis. 33 622-628.
80. D.Y. Graham, X. Jiang, T. Tanaka, et al. (1994) Norwalk virus infection of volunteers: New insights based on improved assays. J. Infect. Dis. 170 34-43.
81. J.J. Gray, J. Green, C. Cunliffe, et al. (1997) Mixed genogroup SRSV infections among a party of canoeists exposed to contaminated recreational water. J. Med. Virol. 52 425-429.
82. J.J. Gray, X. Jiang, P. Morgan-Capner, et al. (1993) Prevalence of antibodies to Norwalk virus in England: Detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using baculovirus-expressed Norwalk virus capsid antigen. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31 1022-1025.
83. J. Green, J. Vinjé, C.I. Gallimore, et al. (2000) Capsid protein diversity among Norwalk-like viruses. Virus Genes 20 227-236.
84. K.Y. Green, T. Ando, M.S. Balayan, et al. (2000) Taxonomy of the caliciviruses. J. Infect. Dis. 181(Suppl. 2), S322-S330.
85. K.Y. Green, G. Belliot, J.L. Taylor, et al. (2002) A predominant role for Norwalk-like viruses as agents of epidemic gastroenteritis in Maryland nursing homes for the elderly. J. Infect. Dis. 185 133-146.
86. K.Y. Green, T. Berke, D.O. Matson (2000) Hepatitis E–like viruses. M.H. van Regenmortel, C.M. Fauquet, D.H.L. Bishop, et al., (Eds) Virus Taxonomy: Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses San Diego: Academic Press 735-739.
87. H.B. Greenberg, J. Valdesuso, R.H. Yolken, et al. (1979) Role of Norwalk virus in outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis. J. Infect. Dis. 139 564-568.
88. D.A. Gregg, C. House, R. Meyer and M. Berninger (1991) Viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits in Mexico: Epidemiology and viral characterization. Rev. Sci. Tech. 10 435-451.
89. M.R. Griffin, J.J. Surowiec, D.I. McCloskey, et al. (1982) Foodborne Norwalk virus. Am. J. Epidemiol. 115 178-184.
90. I. Grotto, M. Huerta, R.D. Balicer, et al. (2004) An outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis on an Israeli military base. Infection 32 339-343.
91. R.A. Guerrero, J.M. Ball, S.S. Krater, et al. (2001) Recombinant Norwalk virus–like particles administered intranasally to mice induce systemic and mucosal (fecal and vaginal) immune responses. J. Virol. 75 9713-9722.
92. B.R. Gulati, P.B. Allwood, C.W. Hedberg and S.M. Goyal (2001) Efficacy of commonly used disinfectants for the inactivation of calicivirus on strawberry, lettuce, and a food-contact surface. J. Food Prot. 64 1430-1434.
93. R.A. Gunn, H.T. Janowski, S. Lieb, et al. (1982) Norwalk virus gastroenteritis following raw oyster consumption. Am. J. Epidemiol. 115 348-351.
94. R. Gunson, J. Miller and W.F. Carman (2003) Comparison of primers for NLV diagnosis. J. Clin. Virol. 26 379-380.
95. R.N. Gunson, T.C. Collins and W.F. Carman (2006) The real-time detection of sapovirus. J. Clin. Virol. 35 321-322.
96. M. Guo, K.O. Chang, M.E. Hardy, et al. (1999) Molecular characterization of a porcine enteric calicivirus genetically related to Sapporo-like human caliciviruses. J. Virol. 73 9625-9631.
97. M. Guo, J. Hayes, K.O. Cho, et al. (2001) Comparative pathogenesis of tissue culture–adapted and wild-type Cowden porcine enteric calicivirus (PEC) in gnotobiotic pigs and induction of diarrhea by intravenous inoculation of wild-type PEC. J. Virol. 75 9239-9251.
98. M. Guo, Y. Qian, K.O. Chang and L.J. Saif (2001) Expression and self-assembly in baculovirus of porcine enteric calicivirus capsids into virus-like particles and their use in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibody detection in swine. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39 1487-1493.
99. D. Hafliger, P. Hubner and J. Luthy (2000) Outbreak of viral gastroenteritis due to sewage-contaminated drinking water. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 54 123-126.
100. A. Hale, K. Mattick, D. Lewis, et al. (2000) Distinct epidemiological patterns of Norwalk-like virus infection. J. Med. Virol. 62 99-103.
101. A.D. Hale, T.N. Tanaka, N. Kitamoto, et al. (2000) Identification of an epitope common to genogroup 1 “Norwalk-like viruses.” J. Clin. Microbiol. 38 1656-1660.
102. G.A. Hall, J.C. Bridger, B.E. Brooker, et al. (1984) Lesions of gnotobiotic calves experimentally infected with a calicivirus-like (Newbury) agent. Vet. Pathol. 21 208-215.
103. J.A. Hall, J.S. Goulding, N.H. Bean, et al. (2001) Epidemiologic profiling: Evaluating foodborne outbreaks for which no pathogen was isolated by routine laboratory testing: United States, 1982-9. Epidemiol. Infect. 127 381-387.
104. M.G. Han, J.R. Smiley, C. Thomas and L.J. Saif (2004) Genetic recombination between two genotypes of genogroup III bovine noroviruses (BoNVs) and capsid sequence diversity among BoNVs and Nebraska-like bovine enteric caliciviruses. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42 5214-5224.
105. M.E. Hardy, S.F. Kramer, J.J. Treanor and M.K. Estes (1997) Human calicivirus genogroup II capsid sequence diversity revealed by analyses of the prototype Snow Mountain agent. Arch. Virol. 142 1469-1479.
106. P.R. Harrington, L. Lindesmith, B. Yount, et al. (2002) Binding of Norwalk virus–like particles to ABH histo-blood group antigens is blocked by antisera from infected human volunteers or experimentally vaccinated mice. J. Virol. 76 12335-12343.
107. P.R. Harrington, J. Vinjé, C.L. Moe and R.S. Baric (2004) Norovirus capture with histo-blood group antigens reveals novel virus-ligand interactions. J. Virol. 78 3035-3045.
108. K.O. Hedlund, E. Rubilar-Abreu and L. Svensson (2000) Epidemiology of calicivirus infections in Sweden, 1994-1998. J. Infect. Dis. 181(Suppl. 2), S275-S280.
109. T. Hohdatsu, K. Sato, T. Tajima and H. Koyama (1999) Neutralizing feature of commercially available feline calicivirus (FCV) vaccine immune sera against FCV field isolates. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 61 299-301.
110. S. Honma, S. Nakata, K. Kinoshita-Numata, et al. (2000) Evaluation of nine sets of PCR primers in the RNA dependent RNA polymerase region for detection and differentiation of members of the family Caliciviridae, Norwalk virus and Sapporo virus. Microbiol. Immunol. 44 411-419.
111. S. Honma, S. Nakata, K. Numata, et al. (1998) Epidemiological study of prevalence of genogroup II human calicivirus (Mexico virus) infections in Japan and Southeast Asia as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36 2481-2484.
112. P. Huang, T. Farkas, S. Marionneau, et al. (2003) Noroviruses bind to human ABO, Lewis, and secretor histo-blood group antigens: Identification of 4 distinct strain-specific patterns. J. Infect. Dis. 188 19-31.
113. P. Huang, T. Farkas, W. Zhong, et al. (2005) Norovirus and histo-blood group antigens: Demonstration of a wide spectrum of strain specificities and classification of two major binding groups among multiple binding patterns. J. Virol. 79 6714-6722.
114. T.J. Humphrey, J.G. Cruickshank and W.D. Cubitt (1984) An outbreak of calicivirus associated gastroenteritis in an elderly persons home. A possible zoonosis? J. Hyg. (Lond.) 93 293-299.
115. A.M. Hutson, F. Airaud, J. LePendu, et al. (2005) Norwalk virus infection associates with secretor status genotyped from sera. J. Med. Virol. 77 116-120.
116. A.M. Hutson, R.L. Atmar and M.K. Estes (2004) Norovirus disease: Changing epidemiology and host susceptibility factors. Trends Microbiol. 12 279-287.
117. A.M. Hutson, R.L. Atmar, D.Y. Graham and M.K. Estes (2002) Norwalk virus infection and disease is associated with ABO histo-blood group type. J. Infect. Dis. 185 1335-1337.
118. A.M. Hutson, R.L. Atmar, D.M. Marcus and M.K. Estes (2003) Norwalk virus–like particle hemagglutination by binding to h histo-blood group antigens. J. Virol. 77 405-415.
119. A.M. Hutson, M.K. Estes and R.L. Atmar (2004) Re: Nosocomial outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis and investigation of ABO histo-blood group type in infected staff and patients. J. Hosp. Infect. 58 163-164.
120. K.C. Hyams, A.L. Bourgeois, B.R. Merrell, et al. (1991) Diarrheal disease during Operation Desert Shield. N. Engl. J. Med. 325 1423-1428.
121. S. Inouye, K. Yamashita, S. Yamadera, et al. (2000) Surveillance of viral gastroenteritis in Japan: Pediatric cases and outbreak incidents. J. Infect. Dis. 181(Suppl. 2), S270-S274.
122. N. Iritani, Y. Seto, K. Haruki, et al. (2000) Major change in the predominant type of “Norwalk-like viruses” in outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in Osaka City, Japan, between April 1996 and March 1999. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38 2649-2654.
123. B.D.W. Jarvis (1999) Dilemmas and implications Miscellaneous Series of the Royal Society of New Zealand 55.
124. X. Jiang, D. Cubitt, J. Hu, et al. (1995) Development of an ELISA to detect MX virus, a human calicivirus in the Snow Mountain agent genogroup. J. Gen. Virol. 76(pt. 11), 2739-2747.
125. X. Jiang, W.D. Cubitt, T. Berke, et al. (1997) Sapporo-like human caliciviruses are genetically and antigenically diverse. Arch. Virol. 142 1813-1827.
126. X. Jiang, C. Espul, W.M. Zhong, et al. (1999) Characterization of a novel human calicivirus that may be a naturally occurring recombinant. Arch. Virol. 144 2377-2387.
127. X. Jiang, P. Huang, W. Zhong, et al. (2004) Human milk contains elements that block binding of noroviruses to histo-blood group antigens in saliva. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 554 447-450.
128. X. Jiang, P. Huang, W. Zhong, et al. (2004) Human milk contains elements that block binding of noroviruses to human histo-blood group antigens in saliva. J. Infect. Dis. 190 1850-1859.
129. X. Jiang, D.O. Matson, F.R. Velazquez, et al. (1995) Study of Norwalk-related viruses in Mexican children. J. Med. Virol. 47 309-316.
130. X. Jiang, E. Turf, J. Hu, et al. (1996) Outbreaks of gastroenteritis in elderly nursing homes and retirement facilities associated with human caliciviruses. J. Med. Virol. 50 335-341.
131. X. Jiang, J. Wang, D.Y. Graham and M.K. Estes (1992) Detection of Norwalk virus in stool by polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30 2529-2534.
132. X. Jiang, M. Wang, K. Wang and M.K. Estes (1993) Sequence and genomic organization of Norwalk virus. Virology 195 51-61.
133. X. Jiang, N. Wilton, W.M. Zhong, et al. (2000) Diagnosis of human caliciviruses by use of enzyme immunoassays. J. Infect. Dis. 181(Suppl. 2), S349-S359.
134. P.J. Johansson, M. Torven, A.C. Hammarlund, et al. (2002) Food-borne outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with genogroup I calicivirus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40 794-798.
135. R.P. Johnson and R.C. Povey (1984) Feline calicivirus infection in kittens borne by cats persistently infected with the virus. Res. Vet. Sci. 37 114-119.
136. T. Kageyama, S. Kojima, M. Shinohara, et al. (2003) Broadly reactive and highly sensitive assay for Norwalk-like viruses based on real-time quantitative reverse transcription–PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41 1548-1557.
137. A. Kapikian and R.M. Chanock (1990) Norwalk group of viruses. B. Fields, D.M. Knipe (Eds) Virology New York: Raven Press 671-693.
138. A. Kapikian, R.G. Wyatt, R. Dolin, et al. (1972) Visualization by immune electron microscopy of a 27-nm particle associated with acute infectious non-bacterial gastroenteritis. J. Virol. 10 1075-1081.
139. A.Z. Kapikian, H.B. Greenberg, W.L. Cline, et al. (1978) Prevalence of antibody to the Norwalk agent by a newly developed immune adherence hemagglutination assay. J. Med. Virol. 2 281-294.
140. A.Z. Kapikian, R.G. Wyatt, M.M. Levine, et al. (1983) Oral administration of human rotavirus to volunteers: Induction of illness and correlates of resistance. J. Infect. Dis. 147 95-106.
141. J.E. Kaplan, R. Feldman, D.S. Campbell, et al. (1982) The frequency of a Norwalk-like pattern of illness in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. Am. J. Public Health 72 1329-1332.
142. P.E. Kilgore, E.D. Belay, D.M. Hamlin, et al. (1996) A university outbreak of gastroenteritis due to a small round-structured virus. Application of molecular diagnostics to identify the etiologic agent and patterns of transmission. J. Infect. Dis. 173 787-793.
143. D.H. Kingsley, D.R. Holliman, K.R. Calci, et al. (2007) Inactivation of a norovirus by high-pressure processing. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73 581-585.
144. C.D. Kirkwood and R.F. Bishop (2001) Molecular detection of human calicivirus in young children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Melbourne, Australia, during 1999. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39 2722-2724.
145. G. Ko, C. Garcia, Z.D. Jiang, et al. (2005) Noroviruses as a cause of traveler's diarrhea among students from the United States visiting Mexico. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43 6126-6129.
146. G. Ko, Z.D. Jiang, P.C. Okhuysen and H.L. DuPont (2006) Fecal cytokines and markers of intestinal inflammation in international travelers with diarrhea due to Noroviruses. J. Med. Virol. 78 825-828.
147. M. Koopmans, C.H. von Bonsdorff, J. Vinje, et al. (2002) Foodborne viruses. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 26 187-205.
148. M. Koopmans, J. Vinjé, M. de Wit, et al. (2000) Molecular epidemiology of human enteric caliciviruses in The Netherlands. J. Infect. Dis. 181(Suppl. 2), S262-S269.
149. M. Kukkula, L. Maunula, E. Silvennoinen and C.H. von Bonsdorff (1999) Outbreak of viral gastroenteritis due to drinking water contaminated by Norwalk-like viruses. J. Infect. Dis. 180 1771-1776.
150. P.R. Lambden, B. Liu and I.N. Clarke (1995) A conserved sequence motif at the 5′ terminus of the Southampton virus genome is characteristic of the Caliciviridae. Virus Genes 10 149-152.
151. S. Laurent, J.F. Vautherot, G. Le Gall, et al. (1997) Structural, antigenic and immunogenic relationships between European brown hare syndrome virus and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus. J. Gen. Virol. 78(pt. 11), 2803-2811.
152. A. Lavazza, M.T. Scicluna and L. Capucci (1996) Susceptibility of hares and rabbits to the European brown hare syndrome virus (EBHSV) and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) under experimental conditions. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 43 401-410.
153. G. Le Gall, S. Huguet, P. Vende, et al. (1996) European brown hare syndrome virus: Molecular cloning and sequencing of the genome. J. Gen. Virol. 77(pt. 8), 1693-1697.
154. F. Le Guyader, F.H. Neill, M.K. Estes, et al. (1996) Detection and analysis of a small round-structured virus strain in oysters implicated in an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62 4268-4272.
155. F.S. Le Guyader, F. Bon, D. DeMedici, et al. (2006) Detection of multiple noroviruses associated with an international gastroenteritis outbreak linked to oyster consumption. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44 3878-3882.
156. J. Le Pendu, N. Ruvoen-Clouet, E. Kindberg and L. Svensson (2006) Mendelian resistance to human norovirus infections. Semin Immunol 18 375-386.
157. C.W. LeBaron, N.P. Furutan, J.F. Lew, et al. (1990) Viral agents of gastroenteritis. Public health importance and outbreak management. M. M. W. R. Recomm. Rep. 39(RR-5), 1-24.
158. J.F. Lew, J. Valdesuso, T. Vesikari, et al. (1994) Detection of Norwalk virus or Norwalk-like virus infections in Finnish infants and young children. J. Infect. Dis. 169 1364-1367.
159. L. Lindesmith, C. Moe, J. LePendu, et al. (2005) Cellular and humoral immunity following Snow Mountain virus challenge. J. Virol. 79 2900-2909.
160. L. Lindesmith, C. Moe, S. Marionneau, et al. (2003) Human susceptibility and resistance to Norwalk virus infection. Nat. Med. 9 548-553.
161. B.L. Liu, I.N. Clarke, E.O. Caul and P.R. Lambden (1995) Human enteric caliciviruses have a unique genome structure and are distinct from the Norwalk-like viruses. Arch. Virol. 140 1345-1356.
162. B.L. Liu, P.R. Lambden, H. Gunther, et al. (1999) Molecular characterization of a bovine enteric calicivirus: Relationship to the Norwalk-like viruses. J. Virol. 73 819-825.
163. B.A. Lopman, G.K. Adak, M.H. Reacher and D.W. Brown (2003) Two epidemiologic patterns of norovirus outbreaks: Surveillance in England and Wales, 1992-2000. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9 71-77.
164. J.E. Ludert, A.C. Alcala and F. Liprandi (2004) Primer pair p289-p290, designed to detect both noroviruses and sapoviruses by reverse transcription–PCR, also detects rotaviruses by cross-reactivity. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42 835-836.
165. M. Lynch, J. Painter, R. Woodruff and C. Braden (2006) Surveillance for foodborne-disease outbreaks—United States, 1998-2002. M. M. W. R. Surveill. Summ. 55 1-42.
166. C.R. Madeley and B.P. Cosgrove (1976) Caliciviruses in man. Letter. Lancet 1 199-200.
167. A.J. Maguire, J. Green, D.W. Brown, et al. (1999) Molecular epidemiology of outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with small round-structured viruses in East Anglia, United Kingdom, during the 1996-1997 season. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37 81-89.
168. A. Marie-Cardine, K. Gourlain, O. Mouterde, et al. (2002) Epidemiology of acute viral gastroenteritis in children hospitalized in Rouen, France. Clin. Infect. Dis. 34 1170-1178.
169. S. Marionneau, N. Ruvoen, B. Moullac-Vaidye, et al. (2002) Norwalk virus binds to histo-blood group antigens present on gastroduodenal epithelial cells of secretor individuals. Gastroenterology 122 1967-1977.
170. J.A. Marshall, M.E. Hellard, M.I. Sinclair, et al. (2003) Incidence and characteristics of endemic Norwalk-like virus–associated gastroenteritis. J. Med. Virol. 69 568-578.
171. J.A. Marshall, L.K. Yuen, M.G. Catton, et al. (2001) Multiple outbreaks of Norwalk-like virus gastroenteritis associated with a Mediterranean-style restaurant. J. Med. Microbiol. 50 143-151.
172. J.M. Martin-Alonso, D.E. Skilling, L. Gonzalez-Molleda, et al. (2005) Isolation and characterization of a new Vesivirus from rabbits. Virology 337 373-383.
173. N. Martinez, C. Espul, H. Cuello, et al. (2002) Sequence diversity of human caliciviruses recovered from children with diarrhea in Mendoza, Argentina, 1995-1998. J. Med. Virol. 67 289-298.
174. D.O. Matson (1999) Re-analysis of serologic data from the Australian study of human health risks of infection by rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus. Royal Society of New Zealand, Wellington: Misc Series 55 62-66.
175. D.O. Matson (2003) Calicivirus RNA recombination. U. Desselberger, J. Gray (Eds) Viral Gastroenteritis Amsterdam: Elsevier Science 555-566.
176. D.O. Matson (2005) Norovirus gastroenteritis in US Marines in Iraq. Clin. Infect. Dis. 40 526-527.
177. D.O. Matson, T. Berke, M.B. Dinulos, et al. (1996) Partial characterization of the genome of nine animal caliciviruses. Arch. Virol. 141 2443-2456.
178. D.O. Matson, M.K. Estes, R.I. Glass, et al. (1989) Human calicivirus-associated diarrhea in children attending day care centers. J. Infect. Dis. 159 71-78.
179. D.O. Matson, M.K. Estes, T. Tanaka, et al. (1990) Asymptomatic human calicivirus infection in a day care center. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 9 190-196.
180. D.O. Matson, D.K. Mitchell, R. Van, et al. (1995) Enteric viral pathogens as causes of outbreaks of diarrhea among children attending day care centers during one year of observation. Pediatr. Res. 37 826.
181. D.O. Matson and G. Szucs (2003) Calicivirus infections in children. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 16 241-246.
182. D.O. Matson, W.M. Zhong, S. Nakata, et al. (1995) Molecular characterization of a human calicivirus with sequence relationships closer to animal caliciviruses than other known human caliciviruses. J. Med. Virol. 45 215-222.
183. M.A. Mayo (2002) Virus taxonomy—Houston 2002. Arch. Virol. 147 1071-1076.
184. J.M. McAnulty, G.L. Rubin, C.T. Carvan, et al. (1993) An outbreak of Norwalk-like gastroenteritis associated with contaminated drinking water at a caravan park. Aust. J. Public Health 17 36-41.
185. M. McCarthy, M.K. Estes and K.C. Hyams (2000) Norwalk-like virus infection in military forces: Epidemic potential, sporadic disease, and the future direction of prevention and control efforts. J. Infect. Dis. 181(Suppl. 2), S387-S391.
186. D.A. McSwiggan, D. Cubitt and W. Moore (1978) Calicivirus associated with winter vomiting disease. Lancet 1 1215.
187. C. Mead (1998) Rabbit hemorrhagic disease. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 4 344-345.
188. T.G. Metcalf, J.L. Melnick and M.K. Estes (1995) Environmental virology: From detection of virus in sewage and water by isolation to identification by molecular biology—a trip of over 50 years. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 49 461-487.
189. G. Meyers, C. Wirblich and H.J. Thiel (1991) Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus—molecular cloning and nucleotide sequencing of a calicivirus genome. Virology 184 664-676.
190. M. Mochizuki, H. Nakatani and M. Yoshida (1994) Inhibitory effects of recombinant feline interferon on the replication of feline enteropathogenic viruses in vitro. Vet. Microbiol. 39 145-152.
191. N. Mohamed, S. Belak, K.O. Hedlund and J. Blomberg (2006) Experience from the development of a diagnostic single tube real-time PCR for human caliciviruses, Norovirus genogroups I and II. J. Virol. Methods 132 69-76.
192. D.M. Morens, R.M. Zweighaft, T.M. Vernon, et al. (1979) A waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis with secondary person-to-person spread. Association with a viral agent. Lancet 1 964-966.
193. A.L. Morrow, G.M. Ruiz-Palacios, M. Altaye, et al. (2004) Human milk oligosaccharide blood group epitopes and innate immune protection against campylobacter and calicivirus diarrhea in breastfed infants. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 554 443-446.
194. A.L. Morrow, G.M. Ruiz-Palacios, M. Altaye, et al. (2004) Human milk oligosaccharides are associated with protection against diarrhea in breast-fed infants. J. Pediatr. 145 297-303.
195. A.L. Morrow, G.M. Ruiz-Palacios, X. Jiang and D.S. Newburg (2005) Human-milk glycans that inhibit pathogen binding protect breast-feeding infants against infectious diarrhea. J. Nutr. 135 1304-1307.
196. A.W. Mounts, T. Ando, M. Koopmans, et al. (2000) Cold weather seasonality of gastroenteritis associated with Norwalk-like viruses. J. Infect. Dis. 181(Suppl 2), S284-S287.
197. A.M. Murphy, G.S. Grohmann, P.J. Christopher, et al. (1979) An Australia-wide outbreak of gastroenteritis from oysters caused by Norwalk virus. Med. J. Aust. 2 329-333.
198. H.S. Nagesha, L.F. Wang, A.D. Hyatt, et al. (1995) Self-assembly, antigenicity, and immunogenicity of the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (Czechoslovakian strain V-351) capsid protein expressed in baculovirus. Arch. Virol. 140 1095-1108.
199. S. Nakata, S. Chiba, H. Terashima and T. Nakao (1985) Prevalence of antibody to human calicivirus in Japan and Southeast Asia determined by radioimmunoassay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 22 519-521.
200. S. Nakata, S. Chiba, H. Terashima, et al. (1985) Humoral immunity in infants with gastroenteritis caused by human calicivirus. J. Infect. Dis. 152 274-279.
201. S. Nakata, M.K. Estes and S. Chiba (1988) Detection of human calicivirus antigen and antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26 2001-2005.
202. S. Nakata, S. Honma, K.K. Numata, et al. (2000) Members of the family caliciviridae (Norwalk virus and Sapporo virus) are the most prevalent cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks among infants in Japan. J. Infect. Dis. 181 2029-2032.
203. J.D. Neill (1990) Nucleotide sequence of a region of the feline calicivirus genome which encodes picornavirus-like RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, cysteine protease and 2C polypeptides. Virus Res. 17 145-160.
204. J.D. Neill, R.F. Meyer and B.S. Seal (1995) Genetic relatedness of the caliciviruses: San Miguel sea lion and vesicular exanthema of swine viruses constitute a single genotype within the Caliciviridae. J. Virol. 69 4484-4488.
205. J.D. Neill and B.S. Seal (1995) Development of PCR primers for specific amplification of two distinct regions of the genomes of San Miguel sea-lion and vesicular exanthema of swine viruses. Mol. Cell. Probes 9 33-37.
206. N. Nowotny, C.R. Bascunana, A. Ballagi-Pordany, et al. (1997) Phylogenetic analysis of rabbit haemorrhagic disease and European brown hare syndrome viruses by comparison of sequences from the capsid protein gene. Arch. Virol. 142 657-673.
207. K. Numata, S. Nakata, X. Jiang, et al. (1994) Epidemiological study of Norwalk virus infections in Japan and Southeast Asia by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with Norwalk virus capsid protein produced by the baculovirus expression system. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32 121-126.
208. M.L. O'Ryan, N. Mamani, A. Gaggero, et al. (2000) Human caliciviruses are a significant pathogen of acute sporadic diarrhea in children of Santiago, Chile. J. Infect. Dis. 182 1519-1522.
209. M.L. O'Ryan, P.A. Vial, N. Mamani, et al. (1998) Seroprevalence of Norwalk virus and Mexico virus in Chilean individuals: Assessment of independent risk factors for antibody acquisition. Clin. Infect. Dis. 27 789-795.
210. V.F. Ohlinger and H.J. Thiel (1991) Identification of the viral haemorrhagic disease virus of rabbits as a calicivirus. Rev. Sci. Tech. 10 311-323.
211. I. Oishi, A. Maeda, K. Yamazaki, et al. (1980) Calicivirus detected in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in school children. Biken J. 23 163-168.
212. B.A. Oyofo, R. Soderquist, M. Lesmana, et al. (1999) Norwalk-like virus and bacterial pathogens associated with cases of gastroenteritis onboard a US Navy ship. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 61 904-908.
213. X.L. Pang, S. Honma, S. Nakata and T. Vesikari (2000) Human caliciviruses in acute gastroenteritis of young children in the community. J. Infect. Dis. 181(Suppl. 2), S288-S294.
214. X.L. Pang, J. Joensuu and T. Vesikari (1999) Human calicivirus-associated sporadic gastroenteritis in Finnish children less than two years of age followed prospectively during a rotavirus vaccine trial. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 18 420-426.
215. X.L. Pang, S.Q. Zeng, S. Honma, et al. (2001) Effect of rotavirus vaccine on Sapporo virus gastroenteritis in Finnish infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 20 295-300.
216. F. Parra and M. Prieto (1990) Purification and characterization of a calicivirus as the causative agent of a lethal hemorrhagic disease in rabbits. J. Virol. 64 4013-4015.
217. T.A. Parrino, D.S. Schreiber, J.S. Trier, et al. (1977) Clinical immunity in acute gastroenteritis caused by Norwalk agent. N. Engl. J. Med. 297 86-89.
218. C. Phanuwan, S. Takizawa, K. Oguma, et al. (2006) Monitoring of human enteric viruses and coliform bacteria in waters after urban flood in Jakarta, Indonesia. Water Sci. Technol. 54 203-210.
219. R.C. Povey (1978) In vitro antiviral efficacy of ribavirin against feline calicivirus, feline viral rhinotracheitis virus, and canine parainfluenza virus. Am. J. Vet. Res. 39 175-178.
220. B.V. Prasad, M.E. Hardy, T. Dokland, et al. (1999) X-ray crystallographic structure of the Norwalk virus capsid. Science 286 287-290.
221. B.V. Prasad, M.E. Hardy, X. Jiang and M.K. Estes (1996) Structure of Norwalk virus. Arch. Virol. Suppl. 12 237-242.
222. B.V. Prasad, D.O. Matson and A.W. Smith (1994) Three-dimensional structure of calicivirus. J. Mol. Biol. 240 256-264.
223. B.V. Prasad, R. Rothnagel, X. Jiang and M.K. Estes (1994) Three-dimensional structure of baculovirus-expressed Norwalk virus capsids. J. Virol. 68 5117-5125.
224. S.M. Reid, N.P. Ferris, G.H. Hutchings, et al. (2004) Evaluation of real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays for the detection of swine vesicular disease virus. J. Virol. Methods 116 169-176.
225. G. Reuter, T. Farkas, T. Berke, et al. (2002) Molecular epidemiology of human calicivirus gastroenteritis outbreaks in Hungary, 1998 to 2000. J. Med. Virol. 68 390-398.
226. G.P. Richards, M.A. Watson, R.L. Fankhauser and S.S. Monroe (2004) Genogroup I and II noroviruses detected in stool samples by real-time reverse transcription–PCR using highly degenerate universal primers. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70 7179-7184.
227. J.E. Rinehart-Kim, W.M. Zhong, X. Jiang, et al. (1999) Complete nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of a primate calicivirus, Pan-1. Arch. Virol. 144 199-208.
228. T. Riordan, J. Craske, J.L. Roberts and A. Curry (1984) Food borne infection by a Norwalk like virus (small round structured virus). J. Clin. Pathol. 37 817-820.
229. S. Robinson, I.N. Clarke, I.B. Vipond, et al. (2002) Epidemiology of human Sapporo-like caliciviruses in the South West of England: Molecular characterisation of a genetically distinct isolate. J. Med. Virol. 67 282-288.
230. B. Rockx, M. De Wit, H. Vennema, et al. (2002) Natural history of human calicivirus infection: A prospective cohort study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 35 246-253.
231. N. Ruvoen-Clouet, E. Mas, S. Marionneau, et al. (2006) Bile-salt-stimulated lipase and mucins from milk of “secretor” mothers inhibit the binding of Norwalk virus capsids to their carbohydrate ligands. Biochem. J. 393(pt. 3), 627-634.
232. A.I. Sair, D.H. D'Souza, C.L. Moe and L.A. Jaykus (2002) Improved detection of human enteric viruses in foods by RT-PCR. J. Virol. Methods 100 57-69.
233. Y. Sakai, S. Nakata, S. Honma, et al. (2001) Clinical severity of Norwalk virus and Sapporo virus gastroenteritis in children in Hokkaido, Japan. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 20 849-853.
234. Y. Sakuma, S. Chiba, R. Kogasaka, et al. (1981) Prevalence of antibody to human calicivirus in general population of northern Japan. J. Med. Virol. 7 221-225.
235. J.W. Sanders, S.D. Putnam, P. Gould, et al. (2005) Diarrheal illness among deployed U.S. military personnel during Operation Bright Star 2001—Egypt. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 52 85-90.
236. L.A. Sawyer, J.J. Murphy, J.E. Kaplan, et al. (1988) 25- to 30-nm virus particle associated with a hospital outbreak of acute gastroenteritis with evidence for airborne transmission. Am. J. Epidemiol. 127 1261-1271.
237. D. Schmid, I. Lederer, P. Much, et al. (2005) Outbreak of norovirus infection associated with contaminated flood water, Salzburg, 2005. Euro. Surveill. 10 E050616.
238. D.S. Schreiber, N.R. Blacklow and J.S. Trier (1973) The mucosal lesion of the proximal small intestine in acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 288 1318-1323.
239. D.S. Schreiber, N.R. Blacklow and J.S. Trier (1974) The small intestinal lesion induced by Hawaii agent acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis. J. Infect. Dis. 129 705-708.
240. B.S. Seal, C. Lutze-Wallace, L.C. Kreutz, et al. (1995) Isolation of caliciviruses from skunks that are antigenically and genotypically related to San Miguel sea lion virus. Virus Res. 37 1-12.
241. T.W. Sharp, K.C. Hyams, D. Watts, et al. (1995) Epidemiology of Norwalk virus during an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis aboard a US aircraft carrier. J. Med. Virol. 45 61-67.
242. T.W. Sharp, S.A. Thornton, M.R. Wallace, et al. (1995) Diarrheal disease among military personnel during Operation Restore Hope, Somalia, 1992-1993. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 52 188-193.
243. A.W. Smith (2000) Virus cycles in aquatic mammals, poikilotherms, and invertebrates. C. Hurst (Eds) Viral Ecology San Diego: Academic Press 447-491.
244. A.W. Smith and P.M. Boyt (1990) Caliciviruses of ocean origin: A review. J. Zoo Wildlife Med. 21 3-23.
245. A.W. Smith, E.S. Berry, D.E. Skilling, et al. (1998) In vitro isolation and characterization of a calicivirus causing a vesicular disease of the hands and feet. Clin. Infect. Dis. 26 434-439.
246. A.W. Smith, P.L. Iversen, D.E. Skilling, et al. (2006) Vesivirus viremia and seroprevalence in humans. J. Med. Virol. 78 693-701.
247. A.W. Smith, D.O. Matson, D.A. Stein, et al. (2002) Antisense treatment of caliciviridae: An emerging disease agent of animals and humans. Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther. 4 177-184.
248. A.W. Smith, D.E. Mattson, D.E. Skilling and J.A. Schmitz (1983) Isolation and partial characterization of a calicivirus from calves. Am. J. Vet. Res. 44 851-855.
249. A.W. Smith, C. Prato and D.E. Skilling (1978) Caliciviruses infecting monkeys and possibly man. Am. J. Vet. Res. 39 287-289.
250. A.W. Smith, D.E. Skilling, N. Cherry, et al. (1998) Calicivirus emergence from ocean reservoirs: Zoonotic and interspecies movements. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 4 13-20.
251. A.W. Smith, D.E. Skilling, A.H. Dardiri and A.B. Latham (1980) Calicivirus pathogenic for swine: A new serotype isolated from opaleye Girella nigricans, an ocean fish. Science 209 940-941.
252. A.W. Smith, D.E. Skilling, P.K. Ensley, et al. (1983) Calicivirus isolation and persistence in a pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus). Science 221 79-81.
253. A.W. Smith, D.E. Skilling, D.O. Matson, et al. (2002) Detection of vesicular exanthema of swine-like calicivirus in tissues from a naturally infected spontaneously aborted bovine fetus. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 220 455-458.
254. S.V. Sosnovtsev and K.Y. Green (2000) Identification and genomic mapping of the ORF3 and VPg proteins in feline calicivirus virions. Virology 277 193-203.
255. D.A. Stein, D.E. Skilling, P.L. Iversen and A.W. Smith (2001) Inhibition of Vesivirus infections in mammalian tissue culture with antisense morpholino oligomers. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 11 317-325.
256. M.J. Studdert (1978) Caliciviruses. Brief review. Arch. Virol. 58 157-191.
257. M. Sugieda, K. Nakajima and S. Nakajima (1996) Outbreaks of Norwalk-like virus–associated gastroenteritis traced to shellfish: Coexistence of two genotypes in one specimen. Epidemiol. Infect. 116 339-346.
258. C.O. Tacket, H.S. Mason, G. Losonsky, et al. (2000) Human immune responses to a novel Norwalk virus vaccine delivered in transgenic potatoes. J. Infect. Dis. 182 302-305.
259. A. Taku, B.R. Gulati, P.B. Allwood, et al. (2002) Concentration and detection of caliciviruses from food contact surfaces. J. Food Prot. 65 999-1004.
260. M. Tan and X. Jiang (2005) Norovirus and its histo-blood group antigen receptors: An answer to a historical puzzle. Trends Microbiol. 13 285-293.
261. M.B. Taylor, S. Parker, W.O. Grabow and W.D. Cubitt (1996) An epidemiological investigation of Norwalk virus infection in South Africa. Epidemiol. Infect. 116 203-206.
262. T.S. Thornhill, A.R. Kalica, R.G. Wyatt, et al. (1975) Pattern of shedding of the Norwalk particle in stools during experimentally induced gastroenteritis in volunteers as determined by immune electron microscopy. J. Infect. Dis. 132 28-34.
263. S.A. Thornton, S.S. Sherman, T. Farkas, et al. (2005) Gastroenteritis in US Marines during Operation Iraqi Freedom. Clin. Infect. Dis. 40 519-525.
264. M. Thorven, A. Grahn, K.O. Hedlund, et al. (2005) A homozygous nonsense mutation (428G→A) in the human secretor (FUT2) gene provides resistance to symptomatic norovirus (GGII) infections. J. Virol. 79 15351-15355.
265. T. Tsugawa, K. Numata-Kinoshita, S. Honma, et al. (2006) Virological, serological, and clinical features of an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis due to recombinant genogroup II norovirus in an infant home. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44 177-182.
266. K. Ueda, J.H. Park, K. Ochiai and C. Itakura (1992) Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in rabbit haemorrhagic disease. Jpn. J. Vet. Res. 40 133-141.
267. J. Vinjé, S.A. Altena and M.P. Koopmans (1997) The incidence and genetic variability of small round-structured viruses in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in The Netherlands. J. Infect. Dis. 176 1374-1378.
268. J. Vinjé, H. Deijl, R. van der Heide, et al. (2000) Molecular detection and epidemiology of Sapporo-like viruses. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38 530-536.
269. J. Vinjé and M.P. Koopmans (1996) Molecular detection and epidemiology of small round-structured viruses in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the Netherlands. J. Infect. Dis. 174 610-615.
270. J. Vinjé, H. Vennema, L. Maunula, et al. (2003) International collaborative study to compare reverse transcriptase PCR assays for detection and genotyping of noroviruses. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41 1423-1433.
271. M.A. Widdowson, A. Sulka, S.N. Bulens, et al. (2005) Norovirus and foodborne disease, United States, 1991-2000. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11 95-102.
272. L. Widerlite, J.S. Trier, N.R. Blacklow and D.S. Schreiber (1975) Structure of the gastric mucosa in acute infectious bacterial gastroenteritis. Gastroenterology 68 425-430.
273. C. Wirblich, G. Meyers, V.F. Ohlinger, et al. (1994) European brown hare syndrome virus: Relationship to rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus and other caliciviruses. J. Virol. 68 5164-5173.
274. H.M. Wu, M. Fornek, K.J. Schwab, et al. (2005) A norovirus outbreak at a long-term-care facility: The role of environmental surface contamination. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 26 802-810.
275. R.G. Wyatt, R. Dolin, N.R. Blacklow, et al. (1974) Comparison of three agents of acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis by cross-challenge in volunteers. J. Infect. Dis. 129 709-714.
276. Z.J. Xu and W.X. Chen (1989) Viral hemorrhagic disease in rabbits: A review. Vet. Res. Commun. 13 205-212.
277. T. Yoda, Y. Suzuki, Y. Terano, et al. (2003) Precise characterization of norovirus (Norwalk-like virus)–specific monoclonal antibodies with broad reactivity. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41 2367-2371.
278. T. Yoda, Y. Terano, Y. Suzuki, et al. (2000) Characterization of monoclonal antibodies generated against Norwalk virus GII capsid protein expressed in Escherichia coli. Microbiol. Immunol. 44 905-914.
279. L.K. Yuen, M.G. Catton, B.J. Cox, et al. (2001) Heminested multiplex reverse transcription–PCR for detection and differentiation of Norwalk-like virus genogroups 1 and 2 in fecal samples. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39 2690-2694.
280. C. Zintz, K. Bok, E. Parada, et al. (2005) Prevalence and genetic characterization of caliciviruses among children hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis in the United States. Infect. Genet. Evol. 5 281-290.