A tripartite concept of a remote-copilot center for commercial single-pilot operations

AIAA Information Systems-AIAA Infotech at Aerospace, 2017

Volumn , Issue , 2017, Pages

  Schmid, Daniela ^a   Korn, Bernd ^a  

^a GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER DLR   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CIVIL AVIATION; INFORMATION SYSTEMS; INFORMATION USE; OPTIMIZATION; TRAINING AIRCRAFT;

AIRCRAFT AVAILABILITY; CREW SCHEDULING; FUNCTION ALLOCATIONS; GROUND OPERATOR; GROUND STATIONS; PILOT OPERATIONS; SAFETY CONCERNS; SOCIOTECHNICAL SYSTEMS;

COCKPITS (AIRCRAFT);

EID: 85088070773     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Conference Proceeding    
DOI: 10.2514/6.2017-0064     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (65)

1. Mensen, H., Handbuch der Luftfahrt, Springer Vieweg, Berlin, 2nd ed., 2013.
2. Landry, S. J., “Human Factors and Ergonomics in Aviation,” Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics, edited by G. Salvendy, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2012, pp. 1667-1688.
3. Harris, D., “A human-centred design agenda for the development of single crew operated commercial aircraft,” Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, Vol. 79, No. 5, 2007, pp. 518-526.
4. Schutte, P. C., Goodrich, K. H., Cox, D. E., Jackson, E. B., Palmer, M. T., Pope, A. T., Schlecht, R. W., Tedjojuwono, K. K., Trujillo, A. C., Williams, R. A., Kinney, J. B., and Barry, J. S., “The Naturalistic Flight Deck System: An Integrated System Concept for Improved Single-Pilot Operations,” 2007.
5. Comerford, D., Brandt, S. L., Lachter, J., Wu, S.-C., Mogford, R., Battiste, V., and Johnson, W. W., “NASA’s Single-Pilot Operations Technical Interchange Meeting: Proceedings and Findings,” 2013.
6. Malik, A. and Gollnick, V., “Impact of Reduced Crew Operations on Airlines Operational Challenges and Cost Benefits,” 16th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference, Vol. AIAA 2016-3303 of AIAA Aviation, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reston, VA, 2016, p. 3303.
7. Norman, R. M., “Economic Opportunities and Technological Challenges for Reduced Crew Operations,” 2007.
8. O’Connor, R., Roberts, Z., Ziccardi, J., Koteskey, R., Lachter, J., Dao, Q. V., Johnson, W. W., Battiste, V., Vu, K.-P., and Strybel, T. Z., “Pre-study Walkthrough with a Commercial Pilot for a Preliminary Single Pilot Operations Experiment,” Human Interface and the Management of Information. Proceedings, Part II, edited by S. Yamamoto, Vol. 8017 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, Heidelberg, 2013, pp. 136-142.
9. Stanton, N. A., Harris, D., and Starr, A., “The future flight deck: Modelling dual, single and distributed crewing options,” Applied Ergonomics, Vol. 53, No. Part B, 2016, pp. 331-342.
10. Doyle, A., “Embraer reveals vision for single-pilot airliners,” Flight Global, June 16, 2010.
11. Boy, G. A., “Cognitive Function Analysis in the Design of Human and Machine Multi-Agent Systems,” The Handbook of Human-Machine Interaction, edited by G. A. Boy, Ashgate, Surrey, United Kingdom, 2011, pp. 189-206.
12. Harris, D., Human Performance on the Flight Deck, Ashgate, Surrey, United Kingdom, 2011.
13. Deutsch, S. and Pew, R. W., “Single Pilot Commercial Aircraft Operation,” 2005.
14. Schutte, P. C., “How to Make the Most of Your Human: Design Considerations for Single Pilot Operations,” Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics: Proceedings, edited by D. Harris, Vol. 9174 of Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, 2015, pp. 480-491.
15. Schutte, P. C., “Complemation: An Alternative to Automation,” Journal of Information Technology Impact, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1999, pp. 113-118.
16. Boy, G. A., “Requirements for Single Pilot Operations in Commercial Aviation: A First High-Level Cognitive Function Analysis,” Complex Systems Design & Management, edited by F. Boulanger, D. Korb, G. Morel, and J.-C. Roussel, Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, 2015, pp. 227-234.
17. Bilimoria, K. D., Johnson, W. W., and Schutte, P. C., “Conceptual Framework for Single Pilot Operations,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction in Aerospace, HCI-Aero ‘14, ACM, New York, NY, 2014.
18. Graham, J., Hopkins, C., Loeber, A., and Trivedi, S., “Design of a Single Pilot Cockpit for Airline Operations,” Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium (SIEDS), IEEE, 2014, pp. 210-215.
19. Stimpson, A. J., Ryan, J. C., and Cummings, M. L., “Assessing Pilot Workload in Single-Pilot Operations with Advanced Autonomy,” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Vol. 60, No. 1, 2016, pp. 675-679.
20. Liu, J., Gardi, A., Ramasamy, S., Lim, Y., and Sabatini, R., “Cognitive Pilot-Aircraft Interface for Single-Pilot Operations,” Knowledge-Based Systems, Vol. 112, 2016, pp. 37-53.
21. Lachter, J., Brandt, S. L., Battiste, V., Ligda, S. V., Matessa, M., and Johnson, W. W., “Toward Single Pilot Operations: Developing a Ground Station,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction in Aerospace, HCI-Aero ‘14, ACM, New York, NY, 2014.
22. Koltz, M. T., Roberts, Z. S., Sweet, J., Battiste, H., Cunningham, J., Battiste, V., Vu, K.-P. L., and Strybel, T. Z., “An Investigation of the Harbor Pilot Concept for Single Pilot Operations,” Procedia Manufacturing, Vol. 3, 2015, pp. 2937-2944.
23. Ligda, S. V., Fischer, U., Mosier, K., Matessa, M., Battiste, V., and Johnson, W. W., “Effectiveness of Advanced Collaboration Tools on Crew Communication in Reduced Crew Operations,” Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics: Proceedings, edited by D. Harris, Vol. 9174 of Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, 2015, pp. 416-427.
24. Sadler, G., Battiste, H., Ho, N., Hoffmann, L., Lyons, J., Johnson, W., Shively, R., and Smith, D., “Effects of Transparency on Pilot Trust and Agreement in the Autonomous Constrained Flight Planner,” 2016 IEEE/AIAA 35th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2016, pp. 1-9.
25. Stanton, N. A., Harris, D., and Starr, A., “Modelling and Analysis of Single Pilot Operations in Commercial Aviation,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction in Aerospace, HCI-Aero ‘14, ACM, New York, NY, 2014.
26. Huddlestone, J., Harris, D., Richards, D., Scott, S., and Sears, R., “Dual Pilot and Single Pilot Operations Hierarchical Task Decomposition Analysis of Doing More with Less,” Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics, edited by D. Harris, Vol. 8532 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, 2014, pp. 365-376.
27. Varga, J., Iacob, C., Grote, M., and Stanton, N., “Constraint Analysis for Aircraft Landing in Distributed Crewing Contexts,” Procedia Manufacturing, Vol. 3, 2015, pp. 2682-2689.
28. Harris, D., Stanton, N. A., and Starr, A., “Spot the difference: Operational event sequence diagrams as a formal method for work allocation in the development of single-pilot operations for commercial aircraft,” Ergonomics, Vol. 58, No. 11, 2015, pp. 1773-1791.
29. Revell, K., Stanton, N., and Kelleher, G., “Exploring Changes in Pilot Behaviour during Distributed Crewing,” Ergonomics & Human Factors 2016, 2016.
30. Revell, K., Allison, C., Stanton, N., and Sears, R., “Modelling Distributed Crewing with STAMP,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction in Aerospace, HCI-Aero ‘16, ACM, New York, NY, 2016.
31. Lachter, J., Battiste, V., Matessa, M., Dao, Q. V., Koteskey, R., and Johnson, W. W., “Toward Single Pilot Operations: The Impact of the Loss of Non-verbal Communication on the Flight Deck,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction in Aerospace, HCI-Aero ‘14, ACM, New York, NY, 2014.
32. Wickens, C. and Tsang, P. S., “Workload,” APA Handbook of Human Systems Integration, edited by D. A. BoehmDavis, F. T. Durso, and J. D. Lee, APA Handbooks in Psychology, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, 2015, pp. 277-292.
33. Cummings, M. L., Mastracchio, C., Thornburg, K. M., and Mkrtchyan, A., “Boredom and distraction in multiple unmanned vehicle supervisory control,” Interacting with Computers, Vol. 25, No. 1, 2013, pp. 34-47.
34. Caldwell, J. A., “Fatigue in aviation,” Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, Vol. 3, 2005, pp. 85-96.
35. Burian, B. K., “Perturbing the System: Emergency and Off-Nominal Situations under NextGen,” International Journal of Applied Aviation Studies, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2008, pp. 114-127.
36. Burian, B. K., Barshi, I., and Dismukes, K., “The Challenge of Aviation Emergency and Abnormal Situations,” 2005.
37. International Civil Aviation Organization, “Manual of Civil Aviation Medicine,” 2012.
38. Liu, D., Wasson, R., and Vincenzi, D. A., “Effects of system automation management strategies and multi-mission operator-to-vehicle ratio on operator performance in UAV systems,” Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems, Vol. 54, No. 5, 2009, pp. 795-810.
39. ACROSS Consortium, “Mental Workload Monitoring with fNIR Optical Brain Imaging Technology: Turkish Aerospace Industries TAI,” 2016.
40. Schmitt, D.-R., Többen, H., and Philippens, H., “Passivation of Misused Aircraft to Protect Passengers, Airports and Infrastructure,” 27th Congress of the International Council of Aeronautical Sciences, edited by I. Grant, Optimage, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, 2010, pp. 1-3.
41. Gaultier, D. and SAFEE Consortium, “SAFEE (Security of Aircraft in the Future European Environment): Final Publishable Report,” 2008.
42. Laviv, O. and Speijker, L. J. P., “SAFEE Security of Aircraft in the Future European Environment: Executive summary,” 2007.
43. ACROSS Consortium, “Incapacitated Crew: Emergency Aircraft Control System (EACS),” 2016.
44. Kim, A., Wampler, B., Goppert, J., Hwang, I., and Aldridge, H., “Cyber Attack Vulnerabilities Analysis for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles,” Infotech@Aerospace, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reston, VA, 2012.
45. Stanton, N. A., Stewart, R., Harris, D., Houghton, R. J., Baber, C., McMaster, R., Salmon, P., Hoyle, G., Walker, G. H., Young, M. S., Linsell, M., Dymott, R., and Green, D., “Distributed situation awareness in dynamic systems: theoretical development and application of an ergonomics methodology,” Ergonomics, Vol. 49, No. 12-13, 2006, pp. 1288-1311.
46. Salmon, P. M., Stanton, N. A., Walker, G. H., Baber, C., Jenkins, D. P., McMaster, R., and Young, M. S., “What really is going on? Review of situation awareness models for individuals and teams,” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, Vol. 9, No. 4, 2008, pp. 297-323.
47. Stanton, N. A., Salmon, P. M., and Walker, G. H., “Let the reader decide: A paradigm shift for situation awareness in sociotechnical systems,” Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2015, pp. 44-50.
48. Endsley, M. R., “Measurement of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems,” Human Factors, Vol. 37, No. 1, 1995, pp. 65-84.
49. Endsley, M. R., “Toward a Theory of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems,” Human Factors, Vol. 37, No. 1, 1995, pp. 32-64.
50. Endsley, M. R., “Situation awareness misconceptions and misunderstandings,” Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2015, pp. 4-32.
51. Stanton, N. A., Salmon, P. M., Walker, G. H., and Jenkins, D., “Genotype and phenotype schemata as models of situation awareness in dynamic command and control teams,” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Vol. 39, No. 3, 2009, pp. 480-489.
52. Stanton, N. A., Salmon, P. M., Walker, G. H., and Jenkins, D., “Genotype and phenotype schemata and their role in distributed situation awareness in collaborative systems,” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2009, pp. 43-68.
53. Young, M. S., Brookhuis, K. A., Wickens, C. D., and Hancock, P. A., “State of science: Mental workload in ergonomics,” Ergonomics, Vol. 58, No. 1, 2015, pp. 1-17.
54. Vidulich, M. A. and Tsang, P. S., “Mental Workload and Situation Awareness,” Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics, edited by G. Salvendy, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2012, pp. 243-273.
55. Vidulich, M. A. and Tsang, P. S., “The confluence of situation awareness and mental workload for adaptable human machine systems,” Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2015, pp. 95-97.
56. Wickens, C. D., “Multiple resources and performance prediction,” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2002, pp. 159-177.
57. Wickens, C. D., “Multiple Resources and Mental Workload,” Human Factors, Vol. 50, No. 3, 2008, pp. 449-455.
58. Feigh, K. M. and Pritchett, A. R., “Requirements for effective function allocation: A critical review,” Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2014, pp. 23-32.
59. European Union, “Commission Regulation (EU) No 965/2012,” 5 October 2012.
60. International Civil Aviation Organization, “Phases of Flight: Definitions and Usage of Notes,” 2013.
61. Roth, E. M. and Bisantz, A. M., “Cognitive Work Analysis,” The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Engineering, edited by J. D. Lee and A. Kirlik, Oxford Library of Psychology, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 2013, pp. 240-260.
62. Naikar, N., “Cognitive work analysis: An inuential legacy extending beyond human factors and engineering,” Applied Ergonomics, 2016, pp. in press, 1-13.
63. Driskell, J. E. and Mullen, B., “Social Network Analysis,” Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods, edited by N. A. Stanton, A. Hedge, K. Brookhuis, E. Salas, and H. Hendrick, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005, pp. 58-1-58-6.
64. theguardian, “Ryanair boss aims to axe ‘unnecessary’ copilots,” theguardian, 8 Sept., 2010.
65. Eriksen, C. A., Åkerstedt, T., and Nilsson, J. P., “Fatigue in Trans-Atlantic Airline Operations: Diaries and Actigraphy for Twovs. Three-Pilot Crews,” Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 77, No. 6, 2006, pp. 605-612.