Correction to Lancet Respir Med 2020; 8: 506–17 (The Lancet Respiratory Medicine (2020) 8(5) (506–517), (S2213260020301612), (10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30161-2));Intensive care management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): challenges and recommendations

The Lancet Respiratory Medicine

Volumn 8, Issue 5, 2020, Pages 506-517

  Phua, Jason ^a,b   Weng, Li ^c   Ling, Lowell ^d   Egi, Moritoki ^e   Lim, Chae Man ^f   Divatia, Jigeeshu Vasishtha ^g   Shrestha, Babu Raja ^h   Arabi, Yaseen M ⁱ   Ng, Jensen ^j   Gomersall, Charles D ^d   Nishimura, Masaji ^k   Koh, Younsuck ^f   Du, Bin ^c  

^a NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HEALTH SYSTEM   (Singapore)

^b NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Singapore)

^c PEKING UNION MEDICAL COLLEGE HOSPITAL   (China)

^d CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^e KOBE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Japan)

^f University of Ulsan College of Medicine   (South Korea)

^g TATA MEMORIAL HOSPITAL   (India)

^h KATHMANDU MEDICAL COLLEGE TEACHING HOSPITAL   (Nepal)

ⁱ KING SAUD BIN ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY FOR HEALTH SCIENCES   (Saudi Arabia)

^j TAN TOCK SENG HOSPITAL   (Singapore)

^k TOKUSHIMA PREFECTURAL CENTRAL HOSPITAL   (Japan)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CHLOROQUINE; FAVIPIRAVIR; HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; LOPINAVIR PLUS RITONAVIR; OSELTAMIVIR; REMDESIVIR; TOCILIZUMAB;

ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA; CLINICAL FEATURE; CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; DECONTAMINATION; DIARRHEA; DRUG REPOSITIONING; EBOLA HEMORRHAGIC FEVER; EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICE; EXTRACORPOREAL OXYGENATION; FLUID THERAPY; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HEART ARREST; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; HYPOVOLEMIA; INFECTION PREVENTION; INTENSIVE CARE; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; LOADING DRUG DOSE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MORTALITY; NAUSEA; PANDEMIC; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVIEW; SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS 2; VIRUS PNEUMONIA; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; VOMITING;

EID: 85083526727     PISSN: 22132600     EISSN: 22132619     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30186-7     Document Type: Erratum

References (128)

1. Morens, DM, Daszak, P, Taubenberger, JK, Escaping Pandora's box—another novel coronavirus. N Engl J Med, 2020 published online Feb 26. DOI:10.1056/NEJMp2002106.
2. Worldometer. COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/, April 2, 2020. (Accessed 2 April 2020)
3. WHO. Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003. https://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/, Dec 31, 2003. (Accessed 7 March 2020)
4. WHO. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). https://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov/en/, Nov 30, 2019. (Accessed 7 March 2020)
5. Xie, J, Tong, Z, Guan, X, Du, B, Qiu, H, Slutsky, AS, Critical care crisis and some recommendations during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Intensive Care Med, 2020 published online March 2. DOI:10.1007/s00134-020-05979-7.
6. Qiu, H, Tong, Z, Ma, P, et al. Intensive care during the coronavirus epidemic. Intensive Care Med 46 (2020), 576–578.
7. Baud, D, Qi, X, Nielsen-Saines, K, Musso, D, Pomar, L, Favre, G, Real estimates of mortality following COVID-19 infection. Lancet Infect Dis, 2020 published online March 12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30195-X.
8. WHO-China Joint Mission. Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf, Feb 28, 2020. (Accessed 7 March 2020)
9. Grasselli, G, Pesenti, A, Cecconi, M, Critical care utilization for the COVID-19 outbreak in Lombardy, Italy: early experience and forecast during an emergency response. JAMA, 2020 published online March 13. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.4031.
10. Remuzzi, A, Remuzzi, G, COVID-19 and Italy: what next?. Lancet, 2020 published online March 13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30627-9.
11. Wang, D, Hu, B, Hu, C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA, 2020 published online Feb 7. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.1585.
12. Guan, WJ, Ni, ZY, Hu, Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med, 2020 published online Feb 28. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa2002032.
13. Huang, C, Wang, Y, Li, X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 395 (2020), 497–506.
14. Chen, N, Zhou, M, Dong, X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 395 (2020), 507–513.
15. Yang, X, Yu, Y, Xu, J, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med, 2020 published online Feb 24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5.
16. Arentz, M, Yim, E, Klaff, L, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of 21 critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Washington state. JAMA, 2020 published online March 19. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.4326.
17. Cao, J, Hu, X, Cheng, W, Yu, L, Tu, WJ, Liu, Q, Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 18 patients with corona virus disease 2019 in intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med, 2020 published online March 2. DOI:10.1007/s00134-020-05987-7.
18. Zhou, F, Yu, T, Du, R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 395 (2020), 1054–1062.
19. Shi, H, Han, X, Jiang, N, et al. Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis 20 (2020), 425–434.
20. Ai, T, Yang, Z, Hou, H, et al. Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases. Radiology, 2020 published online Feb 26. DOI:10.1148/radiol.2020200642.
21. Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 41 (2020), 145–151 (in Chinese).
22. Wu, Z, McGoogan, JM, Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA, 2020 published online Feb 24. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.2648.
23. Ruan, Q, Yang, K, Wang, W, Jiang, L, Song, J, Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med, 2020 published online March 3. DOI:10.1007/s00134-020-05991-x.
24. Wu, C, Chen, X, Cai, Y, et al. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med, 2020 published online March 13. DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994.
25. Zhao, D, Yao, F, Wang, L, et al. A comparative study on the clinical features of COVID-19 pneumonia to other pneumonias. Clin Infect Dis, 2020 published online March 12. DOI:10.1093/cid/ciaa247.
26. WHO. Global surveillance for COVID-19 caused by human infection with COVID-19 virus: interim guidance. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/global-surveillance-for-covid-v-19-final200321-rev.pdf, March 20, 2020. (Accessed 22 March 2020)
27. van Doremalen, N, Bushmaker, T, Morris, DH, et al. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med, 2020 published online March 17. DOI:10.1056/NEJMc2004973.
28. Wang, W, Xu, Y, Gao, R, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens. JAMA, 2020 published online March 11. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.3786.
29. Mukhopadhyay, A, Tambyah, PA, Singh, KS, Lim, TK, Lee, KH, SARS in a hospital visitor and her intensivist. J Hosp Infect 56 (2004), 249–250.
30. Group of Interventional Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Thoracic Society. Expert consensus for bronchoscopy during the epidemic of 2019 novel coronavirus infection (Trial version). Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 43 (2020), 199–202 (in Chinese).
31. Young, BE, Ong, SWX, Kalimuddin, S, et al. Epidemiologic features and clinical course of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore. JAMA, 2020 published online March 3. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.3204.
32. Pang, J, Wang, MX, Ang, IYH, et al. Potential rapid diagnostics, vaccine and therapeutics for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV): a systematic review. J Clin Med, 9, 2020, 623.
33. Alhazzani, W, Moller, MH, Arabi, YM, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: guidelines on the management of critically ill adults with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Intensive Care Med, 2020 published online March 28. DOI:10.1007/s00134-020-06022-5.
34. Tran, K, Cimon, K, Severn, M, Pessoa-Silva, CL, Conly, J, Aerosol generating procedures and risk of transmission of acute respiratory infections to healthcare workers: a systematic review. PLoS One, 7, 2012, e35797.
35. Simonds, AK, Hanak, A, Chatwin, M, et al. Evaluation of droplet dispersion during non-invasive ventilation, oxygen therapy, nebuliser treatment and chest physiotherapy in clinical practice: implications for management of pandemic influenza and other airborne infections. Health Technol Assess 14 (2010), 131–172.
36. Hui, DS, Chow, BK, Lo, T, et al. Exhaled air dispersion during high-flow nasal cannula therapy versus CPAP via different masks. Eur Respir J, 53, 2019, 1802339.
37. Leung, CCH, Joynt, GM, Gomersall, CD, et al. Comparison of high-flow nasal cannula versus oxygen face mask for environmental bacterial contamination in critically ill pneumonia patients: a randomized controlled crossover trial. J Hosp Infect 101 (2019), 84–87.
38. Xu, XP, Zhang, XC, Hu, SL, et al. Noninvasive ventilation in acute hypoxemic nonhypercapnic respiratory failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 45 (2017), e727–e733.
39. Bellani, G, Laffey, JG, Pham, T, et al. Epidemiology, patterns of care, and mortality for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in intensive care units in 50 countries. JAMA 315 (2016), 788–800.
40. Arabi, YM, Arifi, AA, Balkhy, HH, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. Ann Intern Med 160 (2014), 389–397.
41. Rochwerg, B, Granton, D, Wang, DX, et al. High flow nasal cannula compared with conventional oxygen therapy for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 45 (2019), 563–572.
42. Kang, BJ, Koh, Y, Lim, CM, et al. Failure of high-flow nasal cannula therapy may delay intubation and increase mortality. Intensive Care Med 41 (2015), 623–632.
43. Wax, RS, Christian, MD, Practical recommendations for critical care and anesthesiology teams caring for novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) patients. Can J Anaesth, 2020 published online Feb 12. DOI:10.1007/s12630-020-01591-x.
44. Fan, E, Del Sorbo, L, Goligher, EC, et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Society of Intensive Care Medicine/Society of Critical Care Medicine clinical practice guideline: Mechanical ventilation in adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 195 (2017), 1253–1263.
45. Matthay, MA, Aldrich, JM, Gotts, JE, Treatment for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome from COVID-19. Lancet Respir Med, 2020 published online March 20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30127-2.
46. Aoyama, H, Uchida, K, Aoyama, K, et al. Assessment of therapeutic interventions and lung protective ventilation in patients with moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open, 2, 2019, e198116.
47. Alshahrani, MS, Sindi, A, Alshamsi, F, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Ann Intensive Care, 8, 2018, 3.
48. Ramanathan, K, Antognini, D, Combes, A, et al. Planning and provision of ECMO services for severe ARDS during the COVID-19 pandemic and other outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases. Lancet Respir Med, 2020 published online March 20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30121-1.
49. MacLaren, G, Fisher, D, Brodie, D, Preparing for the most critically ill patients with COVID-19: the potential role of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. JAMA, 2020 published online Feb 19. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.2342.
50. Zhang, H, Penninger, JM, Li, Y, Zhong, N, Slutsky, AS, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target. Intensive Care Med 46 (2020), 586–590.
51. Zheng, YY, Ma, YT, Zhang, JY, Xie, X, COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nat Rev Cardiol, 2020 published online March 5. DOI:10.1038/s41569-020-0360-5.
52. Silversides, JA, Major, E, Ferguson, AJ, et al. Conservative fluid management or deresuscitation for patients with sepsis or acute respiratory distress syndrome following the resuscitation phase of critical illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 43 (2017), 155–170.
53. Lippi, G, Lavie, CJ, Sanchis-Gomar, F, Cardiac troponin I in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Evidence from a meta-analysis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 2020 published online March 10. DOI:10.1016/j.pcad.2020.03.001.
54. He, XW, Lai, JS, Cheng, J, et al. Impact of complicated myocardial injury on the clinical outcome of severe or critically ill COVID-19 patients. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi, 48, 2020, E011.
55. Lin, D, Liu, L, Zhang, M, et al. Co-infections of SARS-CoV-2 with multiple common respiratory pathogens in infected patients. Sci China Life Sci, 2020 published online March 5. DOI:10.1007/s11427-020-1668-5.
56. Ding, Q, Lu, P, Fan, Y, Xia, Y, Liu, M, The clinical characteristics of pneumonia patients co-infected with 2019 novel coronavirus and influenza virus in Wuhan, China. J Med Virol, 2020 published online March 20. DOI:10.1002/jmv.25781.
57. Mehta, P, McAuley, DF, Brown, M, et al. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet, 2020 published online March 16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0.
58. Stockman, LJ, Bellamy, R, Garner, P, SARS: systematic review of treatment effects. PLoS Med, 3, 2006, e343.
59. Arabi, YM, Mandourah, Y, Al-Hameed, F, et al. Corticosteroid therapy for critically ill patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 197 (2018), 757–767.
60. Lansbury, L, Rodrigo, C, Leonardi-Bee, J, Nguyen-Van-Tam, J, Lim, WS, Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of influenza. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2, 2019, CD010406.
61. WHO. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected: interim guidance. https://www.who.int/publications-detail/clinical-management-of-severe-acute-respiratory-infection-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected, March 13, 2020. (Accessed 15 March 2020)
62. Liew, MF, Siow, WT, Yau, YW, See, KC, Safe patient transport for COVID-19. Crit Care, 24, 2020, 94.
63. Liao, X, Wang, B, Kang, Y, Novel coronavirus infection during the 2019–2020 epidemic: preparing intensive care units—the experience in Sichuan Province, China. Intensive Care Med 46 (2020), 357–360.
64. Peng, QY, Wang, XT, Zhang, LN, Chinese Critical Care Ultrasound Study Group. Findings of lung ultrasonography of novel corona virus pneumonia during the 2019–2020 epidemic. Intensive Care Med, 2020 published online March 12. DOI:10.1007/s00134-020-05996-6.
65. Liu, Y, Yan, L, Wan, L, et al. Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis, 2020 published online March 19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30232-2.
66. WHO. Informal consultation on prioritization of candidate therapeutic agents for use in novel coronavirus 2019 infection. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/330680/WHO-HEO-RDBlueprint%28nCoV%29-2020.1-eng.pdf, Jan 24, 2020. (Accessed 2 March 2020)
67. Mulangu, S, Dodd, LE, Davey, RT Jr, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of Ebola virus disease therapeutics. N Engl J Med 381 (2019), 2293–2303.
68. Sheahan, TP, Sims, AC, Leist, SR, et al. Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV. Nat Commun, 11, 2020, 222.
69. Wang, M, Cao, R, Zhang, L, et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res 30 (2020), 269–271.
70. Sheahan, TP, Sims, AC, Graham, RL, et al. Broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734 inhibits both epidemic and zoonotic coronaviruses. Sci Transl Med, 9, 2017, eaal3653.
71. Cao, B, Wang, Y, Wen, D, et al. A trial of lopinavir-ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med, 2020 published online March 18. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa2001282.
72. Arabi, YM, Asiri, AY, Assiri, AM, et al. Treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome with a combination of lopinavir/ritonavir and interferon-β1b (MIRACLE trial): statistical analysis plan for a recursive two-stage group sequential randomized controlled trial. Trials, 21, 2020, 8.
73. Kim, UJ, Won, EJ, Kee, SJ, Jung, SI, Jang, HC, Combination therapy with lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin and interferon-α for Middle East respiratory syndrome. Antivir Ther 21 (2016), 455–459.
74. Chu, CM, Cheng, VC, Hung, IF, et al. Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings. Thorax 59 (2004), 252–256.
75. Gao, J, Tian, Z, Yang, X, Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies. Biosci Trends 14 (2020), 72–73.
76. Vincent, MJ, Bergeron, E, Benjannet, S, et al. Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread. Virol J, 2, 2005, 69.
77. Wang, M, Cao, R, Zhang, L, et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res 30 (2020), 269–271.
78. Kalil, AC, Treating COVID-19-Off-label drug use, compassionate use, and randomized clinical trials during pandemics. JAMA, 2020 published online Mar 24. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.4742.
79. Gautret, P, Lagier, J, Parola, P, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2020 published online March 20. DOI:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949.
80. Yao, X, Ye, F, Zhang, M, et al. In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clin Infect Dis, 2020 published online March 9. DOI:10.1093/cid/ciaa237.
81. Beigel, JH, Voell, J, Kumar, P, et al. Safety and tolerability of a novel, polyclonal human anti-MERS coronavirus antibody produced from transchromosomic cattle: a phase 1 randomised, double-blind, single-dose-escalation study. Lancet Infect Dis 18 (2018), 410–418.
82. Luke, T, Wu, H, Zhao, J, et al. Human polyclonal immunoglobulin G from transchromosomic bovines inhibits MERS-CoV in vivo. Sci Transl Med, 8, 2016, 326ra21.
83. Mair-Jenkins, J, Saavedra-Campos, M, Baillie, JK, et al. The effectiveness of convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe acute respiratory infections of viral etiology: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis. J Infect Dis 211 (2015), 80–90.
84. Arabi, Y, Balkhy, H, Hajeer, AH, et al. Feasibility, safety, clinical, and laboratory effects of convalescent plasma therapy for patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a study protocol. Springerplus, 4, 2015, 709.
85. Shen, C, Wang, Z, Zhao, F, et al. Treatment of 5 critically ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma. JAMA, 2020 published online March 27. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.4783.
86. Chen, C, Zhang, XR, Ju, ZY, He, WF, Advances in the research of cytokine storm mechanism induced by corona virus disease 2019 and the corresponding immunotherapies. Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi, 36, 2020, E005 published online March 1. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501120-20200224-00088 (in Chinese).
87. Dong, L, Hu, S, Gao, J, Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Drug Discov Ther 14 (2020), 58–60.
88. Chan, KW, Wong, VT, Tang, SCW, COVID-19: An update on the epidemiological, clinical, preventive and therapeutic evidence and guidelines of integrative Chinese-Western medicine for the management of 2019 novel coronavirus disease. Am J Chin Med, 2020 published online March 13. doi:10.1142/S0192415X20500378.
89. Song, Y, Yao, C, Yao, Y, et al. XueBiJing injection versus placebo for critically ill patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med 47 (2019), e735–e743.
90. WHO. Ethical considerations for use of unregistered interventions for Ebola viral disease: report of an advisory panel to WHO. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/130997, 2014. (Accessed 3 March 2020)
91. Wu, JT, Leung, K, Leung, GM, Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study. Lancet 395 (2020), 689–697.
92. WHO. Rational use of personal protective equipment for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): interim guidance. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331215/WHO-2019-nCov-IPCPPE_use-2020.1-eng.pdf, Feb 27, 2020. (Accessed 1 March 2020)
93. Gomersall, CD, Tai, DY, Loo, S, et al. Expanding ICU facilities in an epidemic: recommendations based on experience from the SARS epidemic in Hong Kong and Singapore. Intensive Care Med 32 (2006), 1004–1013.
94. Wong, JEL, Leo, YS, Tan, CC, COVID-19 in Singapore-current experience: critical global issues that require attention and action. JAMA, 2020 published online Feb 20. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.2467.
95. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Strategies for optimizing the supply of n95 respirators: crisis/alternate strategies. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/respirators-strategy/index.html, March 17, 2020. (Accessed 21 March 2020)
96. Hui, CYT, Leung, CCH, Gomersall, CD, Performance of a novel non-fit-tested HEPA filtering face mask. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 38 (2017), 1260–1261.
97. Zamora, JE, Murdoch, J, Simchison, B, Day, AG, Contamination: a comparison of 2 personal protective systems. CMAJ 175 (2006), 249–254.
98. Bouadma, L, Lescure, FX, Lucet, JC, Yazdanpanah, Y, Timsit, JF, Severe SARS-CoV-2 infections: practical considerations and management strategy for intensivists. Intensive Care Med 46 (2020), 579–582.
99. Gomersall, CD, Joynt, GM, Ho, OM, et al. Transmission of SARS to healthcare workers. The experience of a Hong Kong ICU. Intensive Care Med 32 (2006), 564–569.
100. Pillet, S, Berthelot, P, Gagneux-Brunon, A, et al. Contamination of healthcare workers' mobile phones by epidemic viruses. Clin Microbiol Infect 22 (2016), 456 e1–456 e6.
101. Ong, SWX, Tan, YK, Chia, PY, et al. Air, surface environmental, and personal protective equipment contamination by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a symptomatic patient. JAMA, 2020 published online March 4. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.3227.
102. Kim, SH, Chang, SY, Sung, M, et al. Extensive viable Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus contamination in air and surrounding environment in MERS isolation wards. Clin Infect Dis 63 (2016), 363–369.
103. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for patients with suspected or confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in healthcare settings. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/infection-control/control-recommendations.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fhcp%2Finfection-control.html, March 19, 2020. (Accessed 26 February 2020)
104. WHO. Infection prevention and control during health care when novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection is suspected: interim guidance. https://www.who.int/publications-detail/infection-prevention-and-control-during-health-care-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected-20200125, Jan 25, 2020. (Accessed 27 February 2020)
105. Arabi, YM, Phua, J, Koh, Y, et al. Structure, organization, and delivery of critical care in Asian ICUs. Crit Care Med 44 (2016), e940–e948.
106. Wai, JK, Gomersall, CD, A controlled crossover human volunteer study of the in vivo filtration efficacy of a high-efficiency particulate air-filtering oxygen mask. Am J Infect Control 39 (2011), 782–784.
107. Fisher, D, Wilder-Smith, A, The global community needs to swiftly ramp up the response to contain COVID-19. Lancet, 2020 published online March 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30679-6.
108. Phua, J, Faruq, MO, Kulkarni, AP, et al. Critical care bed capacity in Asian countries and regions. Crit Care Med, 2020 published online Jan 9. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0000000000004222.
109. Rhodes, A, Ferdinande, P, Flaatten, H, Guidet, B, Metnitz, PG, Moreno, RP, The variability of critical care bed numbers in Europe. Intensive Care Med 38 (2012), 1647–1653.
110. Rosenbaum, L, Facing Covid-19 in Italy—ethics, logistics, and therapeutics on the epidemic's front line. N Engl J Med, 2020 published online March 18. DOI:10.1056/NEJMp2005492.
111. Murthy, S, Leligdowicz, A, Adhikari, NK, Intensive care unit capacity in low-income countries: a systematic review. PLoS One, 10, 2015, e0116949.
112. Gilbert, M, Pullano, G, Pinotti, F, et al. Preparedness and vulnerability of African countries against importations of COVID-19: a modelling study. Lancet 395 (2020), 871–877.
113. Einav, S, Hick, JL, Hanfling, D, et al. Surge capacity logistics: care of the critically ill and injured during pandemics and disasters: CHEST consensus statement. Chest 146:suppl (2014), e17S–e43S.
114. Lee, A, Cheung, YSL, Joynt, GM, Leung, CCH, Wong, WT, Gomersall, CD, Are high nurse workload/staffing ratios associated with decreased survival in critically ill patients? A cohort study. Ann Intensive Care, 7, 2017, 46.
115. Joynt, GM, Zimmerman, J, Li, TST, Gomersall, CD, A systematic review of short courses for nonspecialist education in intensive care. J Crit Care 26 (2011), 533.e1–533.e10.
116. Liew, MF, Siow, WT, MacLaren, G, See, KC, Preparing for COVID-19: early experience from an intensive care unit in Singapore. Crit Care, 24, 2020, 83.
117. Adams, JG, Walls, RM, Supporting the health care workforce during the COVID-19 global epidemic. JAMA, 2020 published online March 12. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.3972.
118. Xiang, YT, Yang, Y, Li, W, et al. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. Lancet Psychiatry 7 (2020), 228–229.
119. Wu, P, Fang, Y, Guan, Z, et al. The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk. Can J Psychiatry 54 (2009), 302–311.
120. Christian, MD, Sprung, CL, King, MA, et al. Triage: care of the critically ill and injured during pandemics and disasters: CHEST consensus statement. Chest 146:suppl (2014), e61S–e74S.
121. Vergano, M, Bertolini, G, Giannini, A, et al. Clinical ethics recommendations for the allocation of intensive care treatments, in exceptional, resource-limited circumstances. http://www.siaarti.it/SiteAssets/News/COVID19%20-%20documenti%20SIAARTI/SIAARTI%20-%20Covid-19%20-%20Clinical%20Ethics%20Reccomendations.pdf, March 16, 2020. (Accessed 22 March 2020)
122. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid guideline: critical care. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/NG159, March 20, 2020. (Accessed 22 March 2020)
123. Ranieri, VM, Pettila, V, Karvonen, MK, et al. Effect of intravenous interferon beta-1a on death and days free from mechanical ventilation among patients with moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2020 published online Feb 17. DOI:10.1001/jama.2019.22525.
124. The InFACT Global H1N1 Collaboration. InFACT: a global critical care research response to H1N1. Lancet 375 (2010), 11–13.
125. WHO. A multi-centre, adaptive, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of the safety and efficacy of investigational therapeutics for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients. https://www.who.int/blueprint/priority-diseases/key-action/multicenter-adaptive-RCT-of-investigational-therapeutics-for-COVID-19.pdf?ua=1, Feb 24, 2020. (Accessed 2 March 2020)
126. Wu, F, Zhao, S, Yu, B, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature 579 (2020), 265–269.
127. Johansson, MA, Reich, NG, Meyers, LA, Lipsitch, M, Preprints: an underutilized mechanism to accelerate outbreak science. PLoS Med, 15, 2018, e1002549.
128. Huynh, N, Baumann, A, Loeb, M, Reporting quality of the 2014 Ebola outbreak in Africa: a systematic analysis. PLoS One, 14, 2019, e0218170.