Evaluating the impacts of cannabis legalization: The International Cannabis Policy Study

International Journal of Drug Policy

Volumn 77, Issue , 2020, Pages

  Hammond, David ^a   Goodman, Samantha ^a   Wadsworth, Elle ^a   Rynard, Vicki ^a   Boudreau, Christian ^a   Hall, Wayne ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cannabis; Legalization; Marijuana; Measures; Methods; Survey

Indexed keywords

CANNABIS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CANADA; CANNABIS LEGALIZATION; CANNABIS USE; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; CONTROLLED STUDY; COST; DRUG LEGISLATION; FEMALE; HEALTH EDUCATION; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMAN; KNOWLEDGE; MALE; PERCEPTION; POLICY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PUBLIC HEALTH MESSAGE; PURCHASING; RISK; UNITED STATES;

EID: 85079906624     PISSN: 09553959     EISSN: 18734758     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102698     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) Public Use Codebook. 2019, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration From https://www.cdc.gov/rdc/data/b1/2018-FinalAnalytic-Codebook-RDC508.pdf.
2. Alshaarawy, O., Anthony, J.C., The replicability of cannabis use prevalence estimates in the United States. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 26(2), 2017, 10.1002/mpr.1524 10.1002/mpr.1524.
3. American Association of Public Opinion Research (AAPOR). (2010). Report on online panels. From https://www.aapor.org/Education-Resources/Reports/Report-on-Online-Panels.
4. American Association of Public Opinion Research (AAPOR). (2019). Online panels. From https://www.aapor.org/Education-Resources/Election-Polling-Resources/Online-Panels.aspx.
5. Azofeifa, A., Mattson, M., Schauer, G., MCAfee, T., Grant, A., Lyerla, R., National estimates of marijuana use and related indicators—National Survey on Drug Use and Health, United States, 2002–2014. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Surveillance Summaries 65 (2016), 1–25 From http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6511a1.
6. Blumberg, S., Luke, J., Reevaluating the need for concern regarding noncoverage bias in landline surveys. American Journal of Public Health 99:10 (2009), 1806–1810, 10.2105/ajph.2008.152835.
7. Blumberg, S., Luke, J., Ganesh, N., Davern, M., Boudreaux, M., Soderberg, K., Wireless substitution: state-level estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, January 2007-June 2010. National Health Statistics Reports 39 (2011), 1–26 28. From https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21568134.
8. Borodovsky, J., Lee, D., Crosier, B., Gabrielli, J., Sargent, J., Budney, A., U.S. cannabis legalization and use of vaping and edible products among youth. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 177 (2017), 299–306, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.02.017.
9. Braunsberger, K., Wybenga, H., Gates, R., A comparison of reliability between telephone and web-based surveys. Journal of Business Research 60:7 (2007), 758–764, 10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.02.015.
10. Brooks-Russell, A., Ma, M., Levinson, A.H., Kattari, L., Kirchner, T., Anderson Goodell, E.M., et al. Adolescent marijuana use, marijuana-related perceptions, and use of other substances before and after initiation of retail marijuana sales in Colorado (2013-2015). Prevention Science 20:2 (2019), 185–193, 10.1007/s11121-018-0933-2.
11. Government of Canada. Budget 2018. Equality + growth: a strong middle class. 2018, Department of Finance, Ottawa, ON From https://www.budget.gc.ca/2018/docs/plan/budget-2018-en.pdf.
12. Bull, S.S., Brooks-Russell, A., Davis, J.M., Roppolo, R., Corsi, K., Awareness, perception of risk and behaviors related to retail marijuana among a sample of Colorado youth. Journal of Community Health 42:2 (2017), 278–286, 10.1007/s10900-016-0253-z.
13. Dennis, M., Li, R., More honest answers to surveys? A study of data collection mode effects. Journal of Online Research 10:7 (2007), 1–15.
14. Canadian Institute for Health Information. Deprivation in Canadian cities: an analytical tool. 2019 From https://www.cihi.ca/en/deprivation-in-canadian-cities-an-analytical-tool.
15. Canadian Public Health Association. Provincial and territorial cannabis regulations summaries. 2018 From https://www.cpha.ca/provincial-and-territorial-cannabis-regulations-summaries.
16. Government of Canada. Cannabis regulations (SOR/2018-144). 2018, Cannabis Act From https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2018-144/FullText.html.
17. Cao, D., Srisuma, S., Bronstein, A.C., Hoyte, C.O., Characterization of edible marijuana product exposures reported to United States poison centers. Clinical Toxicology 54:9 (2016), 840–846, 10.1080/15563650.2016.1209761.
18. Carlini, B.H., Garrett, S.B., Harwick, R.M., Beyond joints and brownies: marijuana concentrates in the legal landscape of WA State. International Journal of Drug Policy 42 (2017), 26–29, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.01.004.
19. Cerda, M., Wall, M., Feng, T., Keyes, K.M., Sarvet, A., Schulenberg, J., et al. Association of state recreational marijuana laws with adolescent marijuana use. JAMA Pediatrics 171:2 (2017), 142–149, 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.3624.
20. Colorado Department of Public Health & Environment. Monitoring health concerns related to marijuana in Colorado: 2018. 2018 From https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cyaRNiT7fUVD2VMb91ma5bLMuvtc9jZy/view?usp=sharing.
21. Couper, F.J., Peterson, B.L., The prevalence of marijuana in suspected impaired driving cases in Washington State. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 38:8 (2014), 569–574, 10.1093/jat/bku090.
22. US Census Bureau. Current Population Survey, 2017 Annual Social and Economic Supplement. Table 1. Educational attainment of the population 18 years and over, sex, race, and Hispanic origin: 2017. 2017, US Census Bureau From https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/demo/tables/educational-attainment/2017/cps-detailed-tables/table-1-1.xlsx.
23. US Census Bureau. Current Population Survey 2018. 2018, US Census Bureau From https://www.census.gov/cps/data/cpstablecreator.html.
24. Daniulaityte, R., Zatreh, M.Y., Lamy, F.R., Nahhas, R.W., Martins, S.S., Sheth, A., et al. A Twitter-based survey on marijuana concentrate use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 187 (2018), 155–159, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.02.033.
25. Alaska Department of Health and Social Services. (2016). Data statistics: Marijuana use in Alaska and the United States. Office of Substance Misuse and Addiction Prevention. From http://dhss.alaska.gov/dph/Director/Documents/marijuana/MJ_AKandUS_DataSurveySummary.pdf.
26. Davenport, S.S., Caulkins, J.P., Evolution of the United States marijuana market in the decade of liberalization before full legalization. Journal of Drug Issues 46:4 (2016), 411–427, 10.1177/0022042616659759.
27. Davis, A.J., Geisler, K.R., Nichols, M.W., The price elasticity of marijuana demand: evidence from crowd-sourced transaction data. Empirical Economics 50:4 (2016), 1171–1192, 10.1007/s00181-015-0992-1.
28. Dodou, D., de Winter, J., Social desirability is the same in offline, online, and paper surveys: a meta-analysis. Computers in Human Behavior 36 (2014), 487–495, 10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.005.
29. Statistics Canada. Education highlight tables, 2016 Census. 2019, Government of Canada From https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/edu-sco/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=11&Geo=00&SP=1&view=2&age=1&sex=1.
30. Fahimi, M. FM&, Barlas, F.M., Thomas, R.K., A practical guide for surveys based on nonprobability samples [Webinar]. American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR), 2018 https://www.gfk.com/fileadmin/user_upload/dyna_content/US/documents/A_practical_guide_for_surveys_based_on_nonprobability_samples_webinar.pdf.
31. Fischer, B., Russell, C., Sabioni, P., van den Brink, W., Le Foll, B., Hall, W., et al. Lower-Risk Cannabis Use Guidelines: a comprehensive update of evidence and recommendations. American Journal of Public Health 107:8 (2017), e1–e12, 10.2105/ajph.2017.303818.
32. Fong, G.T., Cummings, K.M., Borland, R., Hastings, G., Hyland, A., Giovino, G.A., et al. The conceptual framework of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Policy Evaluation Project. Tobacco Control 15:suppl 3 (2006), iii3–iii11, 10.1136/tc.2005.015438.
33. Glanz, K., Sallis, J.F., Saelens, B.E., Frank, L.D., Healthy nutrition environments: concepts and measures. American Journal of Health Promotion 19:5 (2005), 330–333, 10.4278/0890-1171-19.5.330.
34. Goodman, S., Hammond, D., International Cannabis Policy Study: Technical report – Wave 1 (2018). 2019, University of Waterloo From http://cannabisproject.ca/methods/.
35. Goodman, S., Leos-Toro, C., Hammond, D., Methods to assess cannabis consumption in population surveys: results of cognitive interviewing. Qualitative Health Research 29:10 (2019), 1474–1482, 10.1177/1049732318820523.
36. Statistics Canada. Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) 2017 Annual Component. 2019, Government of Canada Table 13-10-0096-02 Perceived health, by age group. From https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1310009602.
37. Statistics Canada. Canadian Tobacco, Acohol and Drugs Survey (CTADS), 2017. 2018, Government of Canada From http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p3Instr.pl?Function=assembleInstr&lang=en&Item_Id=337407.
38. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse and Addiction. Cannabis regulation: lessons learned in Colorado and Washington State. 2015, Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse and Addiction From http://www.ccsa.ca/Resource%20Library/CCSA-Cannabis-Regulation-Lessons-Learned-Report-2015-en.pdf.
39. Government of Canada. What you need to know about cannabis. 2019 From https://www.canada.ca/en/services/health/campaigns/cannabis/canadians.html.
40. Groves, R., Three eras of survey research. Public Opinion Quarterly 75:5 (2011), 861–871, 10.1093/poq/nfr057.
41. Groves, R., Fowler, F., Couper, M., Lepkowski, J., Singer, E., Tourangeau, R., Survey methodology. 2nd ed., 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey.
42. Hall, W., Kozlowski, L.T., The diverging trajectories of cannabis and tobacco policies in the United States: reasons and possible implications. Addiction 113:4 (2018), 595–601, 10.1111/add.13845.
43. Hammond, D., Health warning messages on tobacco products: a review. Tobacco Control, 20(5), 2011, 327, 10.1136/tc.2010.037630.
44. Blackwell, D., & Villarroel, M. (2017). Tables of summary health statistics for U.S. Adults: 2017 National Health Interview Survey. National Center for Health Statistics. Table A-11a. Age-adjusted percent distribution (with standard errors) of respondent-assessed health status among adults aged 18 and over, by selected characteristics. From https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/NHIS/SHS/2017_SHS_Table_A-11.pdf.
45. Harpin, S.B., Brooks-Russell, A., Ma, M., James, K.A., Levinson, A.H., Adolescent marijuana use and perceived ease of access before and after recreational marijuana implementation in Colorado. Substance Use and Misuse 53:3 (2018), 451–456, 10.1080/10826084.2017.1334069.
46. Hays, R.D., Liu, H., Kapteyn, A., Use of internet panels to conduct surveys. Behavior Research Methods 47:3 (2015), 685–690, 10.3758/s1342.
47. Institut national de santé publique. Deprivation index. 2019 From https://www.inspq.qc.ca/en/information-management-and-analysis/deprivation-index.
48. Hammond, D., Goodman, S., Leos-Toro, C., Wadsworth, E., Reid, J.L., Hall, W., et al. https://cannabisproject.ca/methods/.
49. Jessor, R., Bridging etiology and prevention in drug abuse research US Department of Health and Human Services, 1985, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDAFrom, Rockville, MD https://archives.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/monograph56.pdf.
50. Johnson, J.S., Improving online panel data usage in sales research. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management 36:1 (2016), 74–85, 10.1080/08853134.2015.1111611.
51. Jones, J., Jones, N.K., Peil, J., The impact of the legalization of recreational marijuana on college students. Addictive Behaviors 77 (2018), 255–259, 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.08.015.
52. Kerr, D.C.R., Bae, H., Koval, A.L., Oregon recreational marijuana legalization: changes in undergraduates' marijuana use rates from 2008 to 2016. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 32:6 (2018), 670–678, 10.1037/adb0000385.
53. Kerr, D.C.R., Bae, H., Phibbs, S., Kern, A.C., Changes in undergraduates' marijuana, heavy alcohol and cigarette use following legalization of recreational marijuana use in Oregon. Addiction 112:11 (2017), 1992–2001, 10.1111/add.13906.
54. Krumpal, I., Determinants of social desirability bias in sensitive surveys: a literature review. Quality & Quantity 47:4 (2013), 2025–2047, 10.1007/s11135-011-9640-9.
55. Leos-Toro, C., Health warnings, cannabis marketing and perceptions among youth and young adults in Canada. 2019, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON (Doctoral Dissertation). From http://hdl.handle.net/10012/14544.
56. Macdonald, R., Rotermann, M., Experimental estimates of cannabis consumption in Canada, 1960 to 2015. 2017, Economic Analysis Division and Health Analysis Division, Ottawa, ON From https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/11-626-x/11-626-x2017077-eng.pdf?st=Um9_wcgR.
57. Mahamad, S., Hammond, D., Retail price and availability of illicit cannabis in Canada. Addictive Behaviors 90 (2019), 402–408, 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.12.001.
58. Mason, W.A., Fleming, C.B., Ringle, J.L., Hanson, K., Gross, T.J., Haggerty, K.P., Prevalence of marijuana and other substance use before and after Washington State's change from legal medical marijuana to legal medical and nonmedical marijuana: cohort comparisons in a sample of adolescents. Substance Abuse 37:2 (2016), 330–335, 10.1080/08897077.2015.1071723.
59. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Methods for evaluating tobacco control policies. Handbooks of Cancer Prevention, 12, 2008, International Agency for Research on Cancer http://www.iarc.fr/en/publications/pdfs-online/prev/handbook12/index.php.
60. Miller, A.M., Rosenman, R., Cowan, B.W., Recreational marijuana legalization and college student use: early evidence. SSM - Population Health 3 (2017), 649–657, 10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.08.001.
61. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Comparison of 2008-2009 and 2016-2017 population percentages (50 states and the District of Columbia). 2017, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration From https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/comparison-2008-2009-and-2016-2017-nsduh-state-prevalence-estimates.
62. Pacula, R., Kilmer, B., Wagenaar, A., Chaloupka, F., Caulkins, J., Developing public health regulations for marijuana: lessons from alcohol and tobacco. American Journal of Public Health 104:6 (2014), 1021–1028, 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301766.
63. Pacula, R., Lundberg, R., Why changes in price matter when thinking about marijuana policy: a review of the literature on the elasticity of demand. Public Health Reviews 35:2 (2014), 1–18.
64. Parnes, J.E., Smith, J.K., Conner, B.T., Reefer madness or much ado about nothing? Cannabis legalization outcomes among young adults in the united states. International Journal of Drug Policy 56 (2018), 116–120, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.03.011.
65. PEW Research Center. Internet penetration rates are high in North America, Europe and parts of the Asia-Pacific. 2018 From http://www.pewglobal.org/2018/06/19/social-media-use-continues-to-rise-in-developing-countries-but-plateaus-across-developed-ones/pg_2018-06-19_global-tech_0-01/.
66. Reed, J., Impacts of marijuana legalization in Colorado: a report pursuant to Senate Bill 13-283, 2018, Colorado Department of Public Safety, Colorado Division of Criminal Justice. From https://cdpsdocs.state.co.us/ors/docs/reports/2018-SB13-283_Rpt.pdf.
67. Statistics Canada. Residential Telephone Service Survey. 2016, Government of Canada From https://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/survey/household/4426.
68. Reuter, P., Mark, A.R.K., Risks and prices: an economic analysis of drug enforcement. Crime and Justice 7 (1986), 289–340 From http://www.jstor.org/stable/1147520.
69. Russell, C., Rueda, S., Room, R., Tyndall, M., Fischer, B., Routes of administration for cannabis use - basic prevalence and related health outcomes: a scoping review and synthesis. International Journal of Drug Policy 52 (2018), 87–96, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.11.008.
70. Schleimer, J.P., Rivera-Aguirre, A.E., Castillo-Carniglia, A., Laqueur, H.S., Rudolph, K.E., Suárez, H., et al. Investigating how perceived risk and availability of marijuana relate to marijuana use among adolescents in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay over time. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 201 (2019), 115–126.
71. Shadish, W.R., Cook, T.D., Campbell, D.T., Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference, 2002, Houghton Mifflin.
72. Smart, R., Pacula, R.L., Early evidence of the impact of cannabis legalization on cannabis use, cannabis use disorder, and the use of other substances: findings from state policy evaluations. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2019, 1–20, 10.1080/00952990.2019.1669626.
73. National Conference of State Legislatures. State medical marijuana laws. 2019, National Conference of State Legislatures From http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx.
74. Statistics Canada. Table 1. Prevalence of past-year cannabis use, by age group and sex, household population aged 15 or older, Canada excluding territories, 2015. 2018, Government of Canada From https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2018002/article/54908/tbl/tbl01-eng.htm.
75. US Census Bureau. 2013-2017 American Community Survey 5-Year estimates. 2017, US Census Bureau From https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_17_5YR_S1501&src=pt.
76. Statistics Canada. 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS): Ethnic origin, 2015. 2018, Government of Canada From http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=3226.
77. Statistics Canada. 2016 Census. 2019 From https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110634&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=123&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF.
78. National Institute on Drug Abuse. DrugFacts: Monitoring the Future Survey: high school and youth trends. 2018, National Institute on Drug Abuse From https://d14rmgtrwzf5a.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/drugfacts-mtf.pdf.
79. US Census Bureau. Calculated using penetration rate and population data from “Countries and areas ranked by population: 2012”. 2012, US Census Bureau From http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/rank.php.
80. Government of Canada. Canadian Cannabis Survey 2018 summary. 2018, Health Canada From https://www.canada.ca/en/services/health/publications/drugs-health-products/canadian-cannabis-survey-2018-summary.html.
81. Statistics Canada. National Cannabis Survey, second quarter 2019. 2019, Government of Canada From https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/190815/dq190815a-eng.htm.
82. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: results from the 2018 national survey on drug use and health (HHS publication no. PEP19-5068, NSDUH series H-54). 2019, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD From https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/cbhsq-reports/NSDUHNationalFindingsReport2018/NSDUHNationalFindingsReport2018.pdf.
83. Parliament of Canada. C-45: an Act respecting cannabis and to amend the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, the Criminal Code and other Acts. 2018, LEGISinfo, Ottawa, ON From http://www.parl.ca/LegisInfo/BillDetails.aspx?billId=8886269&Language=E&Mode=1.
84. US Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking - 50 years of progress. 2014, A Report of the Surgeon General. US Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health (Ed.), Atlanta, Georgia, 872 From https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/50-years-of-progress/full-report.pdf.
85. Rocky Mountain High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area. The legalization of marijuana in Colorado: the impact. 2017, Rocky Mountain High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area, Strategic Intelligence Unit From https://www.rmhidta.org/html/FINAL%202017%20Legalization%20of%20Marijuana%20in%20Colorado%20The%20Impact.pdf.
86. Statistics Canada. Table 17-10-0005-01. Population estimates on July 1st, by age and sex, 2017. 2019, Government of Canada From https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000501.
87. US Census Bureau. US Current PopulationSurvey: Table 1. Population by age, sex, and race: 2018. 2019, US Census Bureau From https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2018/demo/hispanic-origin/2018-cps.html.
88. US Surgeon General. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 2012, Office on Smoking and Health, Atlanta, GA, 1–899 From https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/preventing-youth-tobacco-use/full-report.pdf.
89. Vigil, D.I., Van Dyke, M., Hall, K.E., Contreras, A.E., Ghosh, T.S., Wolk, L., Marijuana use and related health care encounters in Colorado before and after retail legalization. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 16:4 (2018), 806–812, 10.1007/s11469-018-9901-0.
90. Wang, G.S., Le Lait, M.-.C., Deakyne, S.J., Bronstein, A.C., Bajaj, L., Roosevelt, G., Unintentional pediatric exposures to marijuana in Colorado, 2009-2015. JAMA Pediatrics, 170(9), 2016, 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.0971 e160971-e160971.
91. Washington State Office of Financial Management. Monitoring impacts of recreational marijuana legalization: 2016 update report. 2016 From https://www.ofm.wa.gov/sites/default/files/public/legacy/reports/marijuana_impacts_update_2016.pdf.
92. World Health Organization. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2013: enforcing bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship. 2013, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland From http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/85380/9789241505871_eng.pdf;jsessionid=8F859D52E050FB353233DFF6206D6138?sequence=1.
93. Zhang, Z., Zheng, X., Zeng, D.D., Leischow, S.J., Tracking dabbing using search query surveillance: a case study in the United States. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 18(9), 2016, e252, 10.2196/jmir.5802.
94. World Health Organization. (2019). WHO - ASSIST v.3.0. From https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/activities/assist_v3_english.pdf.