Opinion of the Scientific Panel on additives and products or substances used in animal feed (FEEDAP) on the use of iodine in feedingstuffs

EFSA Journal

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2005, Pages

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

Iodine; iodine excess; iodine in feed; iodine in food; iodine requirement

Indexed keywords

EID: 85078374974     PISSN: None     EISSN: 18314732     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2005.168     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Alderman, G. and Stranks, M.H. 1967. The iodine content of bulk herd milk in summer in relation to estimated dietary iodine intake of cows. J. Sci. Food Agric. 18, 151–153.
2. Als, C., Haldimann, M., Burgi, E., Donati, F., Gerber, H. and Zimmerli, B. 2003. Swiss pilot study of individual seasonal fluctuations of urinary iodine concentration over two years: is age-dependency linked to the major source of dietary iodine? Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003 May; 57(5), 636–46.
3. Andrews, F. N., Shrewsbury, C. L., Harper, C., Vestal, C. M. and Doyle, L. P. 1948. Iodine deficiency in newborn sheep and swine. J. Anim. Sci. 7, 298–310.
4. Anke, M., Groppel, B., and Scholz, E. 1993. Iodine in the food chain. Proc. Trace Elements in Man and Animals (TEMA 8), pp. 1049–1053.
5. Anon. 1956. Geochemistry of Iodine, Chilean Educational Bureau. World Goitre Survey. Bureau: London 1956.
6. ARC, Agricultural Research Council. 1981. The nutrient requirements of pig: Technical review. Rev. ed. Slough, England. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux xxii, 307pp.
7. ARC, Agricultural Research Council. 1997. The nutrition of goats. Technical Committee on Responses to Nutrients. Report No. 10. Nutr. Abstr. Rev. (Series B), 67, 765–830.
8. Arrington, L.R., Santa, Cruz, R.A., Harms, R.H. and Wilson, H.R. 1967. Effects of excess dietary iodine upon pullets and laying hens. J. Nutr. 92, 325–330.
9. Arrington, L.R., Taylor, R.N. Jr., Ammerman, C.B. and Shirley, R.L. 1965. Effects of excess dietary iodine upon rabbits, hamsters, rats and swine. J. Nutr. 87, 394.
10. Aumont, G. 1987. Milk iodine residues after a post-milking iodophor teat-dipping. Ann. Rech. Vet. 18 (4), 375–378.
11. Bader, N., Möller, U., Leiterer, M., Franke, K., and Jahreis, G. 2003. Iodine content in human milk and cows milk increased continuously – Investigations in Jena/Thuringia. Submitted for publication.
12. Baker, H.J. and Lindsey, J.R. 1968. Equine goiter due to excess dietary iodine. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 153(12), 1618–1630.
13. Bedi, S.P.S. 1997. Iodine status of feeds and fodders. In: Pandav, C.S. and Rao, A.R. (eds.) Iodine deficiency disorders in Livestock. Oxford University press publ., Dehli, pp. 161–178 12.
14. Belshaw, B.E., Cooper, T.B. and Becker, D.V. 1975. The Iodine Requirement and Influence of Iodine Intake on Iodine Metabolism and Thyroid Function in the Adult Beagle. Endocrinology 96, 1280–1291.
15. Berk, A., Leiterer, M., Schöne, F., Zimmermann, C. and Flachowsky, G. 2004. Auswirkungen einer unterschiedlichen Jodversorgung auf die Leistung von Mastschweinen und den Jodstatus der Schilddrüse. Proc. 22th Workshop Macro and Trace Elements, Jena, 24/25. Sept. 2004, pp.
16. Binnerts, W.T. 1979. The iodine content of milk: no reason for concern yet. Neth Milk Dairy J. 33, 12–23.
17. Binnerts, W.T. 1958. Acta Physiol. Pharmacol. Neerlandica 7, cited from Harding, F. 1982. Iodide in Milk and Milk Procducts. International Dairy federation, IDF Doc 152, Brusselles.
18. Braverman, L.E. 1998. Adequate iodine intake - the good far outweights the bad. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 139, 14–15.
19. Broadhead, G.D., Pearson, I.B., and Wilson, G.M. 1965. Seasonal changes in iodine metabolism. 1. Iodine content of cows' milk. Brit. Med. J. 5431, 343–348.
20. Bundeslebensmittelschlüssel 1994. Databank edited by Bundesinstitut für gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutz und Veterinärmedizin.
21. Burel C, Boujard, T., Kaushik, S.J., Boeuf, G., Mol, K.A., van der Geyten, S., Darras, V.M., Kuhn, E.R., Pradet-Balade, B., Querat, B., Quinsac, A., Krouti, M. and Ribaillier, D.M. 2001. Effects of rapeseed meal-glucosinolates on thyroid metabolism and feed utilization in rainbow trout. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 124(3),;343–58.
22. Burkhard, S., Reiter, R., Lukowicz, M.V., Arnold, R., Le Deit, H., He, M.L., Ranz, D., and Rambeck, W.A. 2002. Jodanreicherung im Süβwasserfisch durch Supplementierung mit Meeresalgen. Ein Beitrag zur Verbesserung der Jodversorgung des Menschen. Proc. 21. Workshop Mengen- und Spurenelemente, 18./19.10.2002, pp. 1012–1017.
23. Castillo, V.A., Lalia, J.C., Junco, M., Sartorio, G., Marquez, A., Rodriguez, M.S. and Pisarex, M.A. 2001. Changes in thyroid function in puppies fed a high iodine commercial diet. Vet. J. 161 (1), 80–84.
24. Cheeke, P.R. 1987. Rabbit feeding and nutrition. In Animal Feeding and Nutrition p 128. Edito: Cunha, T.J. Academic Press, Orlando.
25. Christensen, V.L., Donaldson, W.E. and Ort, J.F. 1991. The effect of dietary iodine on the hatchability of eggs from two commercial strains of turkeys. Poultry Science 70, 2529–2537.
26. Cromwell, G.L., Sihombing, D.T. and Hays, V.W. 1975. Effects of iodine level on performance and thyroid traits of growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 41, 813–818.
27. Dahl, L., Opsahl, J.A., Meltzer, H.M. and Julshamn, K. 2003. Iodine concentration in Norwegian milk and dairy products. Br. J. Nutr. 90, 679–685.
28. Dahl, L., Johansson, L., Julshamn, K. and Meltzer, H.M. 2003b. The iodine content of Norwegian foods and diets. Public Health Nutrition, 7, (4), 569–576.
29. Delange, F. 1998. Risks and benefits of iodine supplementation. Lancet 351, 923 924.
30. Delange, F. 2002. Iodine deficiency in Europe anno 2002. Thyroid International 5, 1 19. 21, 22, 24.
31. Delange, F. and Dunn, J.T. 2004. Iodine Deficiency. In: Braverman, L.E. and Utiger, R.D. (eds.): The Thyroid. A fundamental and clinical text. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins publ., Philadelphia. p. 731–744.
32. Delange, F. and Hetzel, B. 2003. The Iodine Deficiency Disorders: http://www.thyroidmanager.org.
33. Delange, F. and Lecomte, P. 2000. Iodine supplementation: benefits outweigh risks. Drug Safety, 22, 89–95.
34. DLG-Futterwerttabelle (Deutsche Landwirtschafts Gesellschaft). 1973. Mineralstoffgehalte in Futtermitteln. DLG-Verlag Frankfurt (Main), Bd. 62 199 pp.
35. Drebickas, V. 1993. Iodine status in Lithania. Proc. Trace Elements in Man and Animals (TEMA 8), 1032–1035.
36. Dremier, S., Coppée, F., Delange, F., Vassart, G., Dumont, J. E. and Van Sande, J. 1996. Thyroid autonomy: mechanism and clinical effects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81, 4187–4193.
37. Drew, B., Barber, W.P. and Williams, D.G. 1975. The effect of excess dietary iodine on pregnant mares and foals. Vet. Rec. 97, 93–95.
38. Driscoll, J., Hintz, H.F. and Schryver, H.F. 1978. Goiter in foals caused by excessive iodine. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1, 173(7), 858–859.
39. Ehlers, K., Wemheuer, W., Zech, K., and Paufler, S. 1994. FT4- und T4-Serumspiegel von Milchkühen nach Thiocyanatbelastung mittels $00-Rapsextraktionsschrot bei unterschiedlicher Jodversorgung. Proc. 14. Arbeitstagung Mengen- und Spurenelemente, 25./26.11. 1994, Jena, pp. 628–636.
40. Falkenberg, U., Tenhagen, B.A., Forderung, D. and Heuwieser, W. 2002. Effect of predipping with an iodophor teat desinfectant on iodine content of milk. Milk Sci. Int. 57, 599–601.
41. Fuge, R. and Johnson, C.J. 1986. The Geochemistry of iodine – a review. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 8 (2), 31–54.
42. Galton, D.M. 2004. Effects of an automatic postmilking teat dipping system on new intramammary infections and iodine in milk. J. Dairy Sci. 87 (1), 225–231.
43. Galton, D.M., Petersson, L.G. and Erb, H.N. 1986. Milk iodine residues in herds practicing iodophor premilking teat disinfection. J. Dairy. Sci. 69 (1), 267–271.
44. GfE (Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie) 1987. Energie- und Nährstoffbedarf landwirtschaftlicher Nutztiere, Nr. 4: Schweine. DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt, 153 pp.
45. GfE (Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie) 1994. Energie- und Nährstoffbedarf landwirtschaftlicher Nuztiere, Nr. 2. Empfehlungen zur Energie- und Nährstoffversorgung der Pferde, DLG-Verlag Frankfurt (Main), 67 p.
46. GfE (Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie) 1999. Empfehlungen zur Energie- und Nährstoffversorgung der Legehennen und Masthühner (Broiler). Nr. 7, DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt, 185 pp.
47. GfE (Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie) 2001. Empfehlungen zur Energie- und Nährstoffversorgung der Milchkühe und Aufzuchtrinder. Nr. 8, DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt, 136 pp.
48. GfE (Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie) 2003. Recommendations for Supply of Energy and Nutrients to Goats, no 9, DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt, 121 p.
49. GfE (Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie) 2004. Empfehlungen zur Energie- und Nährstoffversorgung von Mastputen. Proc. Soc. Nutr. Physiol. 13, 199–233.
50. Groppel, B., Anke, M., Hennig, A. 1984. Einige Aspekte zum Jodbedarf und zur Jodversorgung. Proc. Arbeitstagung Mengen- und Spurenelemente, 3./4. 12. 1983, Leipzig, 490–498.
51. Groppel, B. and Körber, R. 1985. Jodversorgung und Jodbedarf der Wiederkäuer und Schweine. Fortschrittsbericht Akad. Landw. Wissenschaften der DDR, Bd. 23, Heft 1.
52. Groppel, B., Anke, M., Scholz, E. and Köhler, B. 1990a. Jodversorgung und Jodstatus des Wiederkäuers. 15. Mitt.: Einfuß der Jodversorgung verschiedenere extrathyreoidaler Organe bzw. Gewebe von Ziegen und Schafen. Proc. 10. Arbeitstagung Mengen- und Spurenelemente, 17./18.12. 1990, Leipzig, 32–39.
53. Groppel, B., Flamann, A., Köhler, B. and Scholz, E. 1990b. Jodversorgung und Jodstatus des Wiederkäuers. 16. Mitt.: Einfuß der Jodversorgung auf den Jodgehalt verschiedener extrathyreoidaler Organe von Mastbullen. Proc. 10. Arbeitstagung Mengen- und Spurenelemente, 17./18.12. 1990, Leipzig, 40–44.
54. Groppel, B., Hennig. A., Anke, M., Scholz, E. and Köhler, B. 1988. Jodversorgung und Jodstatus des Wiederkäuers. 11. Mitt.: Einfuß der Jodversorgung auf den Jodgehalt der Milch. Proc. 10. Arbeitstagung Mengen- und Spurenelemente, 20./21.12. 1988, Jena, 428–436.
55. Groppel, B., Rambeck, W.A. and Gropp J. 1991. Jodanreicherung in Organen und Geweben von Mastküken nach Jodsupplementation des Futters. Proc. 11. Arbeitstagung Mengen- und Spurenelemente, 12./13.12.1991, Jena, 300–308.
56. Großklaus, R. and Jahreis, G. 2004. Universelle Salzjodierung für Mensch und Tier. Ernährungs-Umschau 51, 138–143.
57. Hamann, J. and Heeschen, W. 1982. On the iodine content of milk. Milchwissenschaft 37(9), 525–529.
58. Hampel, R. and Zöllner, H. 2004. Zur Jodversorgung und Belastung mit strumigen Noxen in Deutschland. Ernährungs-Umschau 51, 132–137.
59. He, M.L., Hollwich, W. and Rambeck, W.A. 2002. Supplementation of algae to the diet of pigs is a new possibility to improve the iodine content in the meat. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 86, 97–104.
60. Hemken, R.W. 1970. Iodine. J. Dairy Sci. 53, 1138–1143.
61. Herzig, I., Písaříková, B., Kursa, J., Říha, J. 1999 Defined iodine intake and changes of its concentration in urine and milk of dairy cows. Vet. Med. – Czech, 44, 35–40.
62. Hetzel, B.S. and Hay, I.D. 1979. Thyroid function, iodine nutrition and fetal brain development. Clin. Endocrinol. 11, 445–460.
63. Hetzel, B. and Welby, M. 1997. Iodine. In: O'Dell, B.L., Sunde, R.A. (eds.): Handbook of Nutritionally Essential Mineral Elements. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, pp. 557–581.
64. IOM, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. National Academy Press Washington DC.
65. Jahreis, G., Haussmann, W., Kiessling, G., Franke, K. and Leiterer, M. 2001. Bioavaibility of iodine from normal diets rich in dairy products – results of balance studies in women Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 109 (3), 163–167.
66. Jahreis, G., Leiterer, M., Franke, K., Maichrowitz, W., Schöne, F. and Hesse, V. 1999. Jodversorgung bei Schulkindern und zum Jodgehalt der Milch. Kinderärztliche Praxis 16, 172–181.
67. Jeroch, H., Flachowsky, G. and Weißbach, F. 1993. Futtermittelkunde. Gustav-Fischer Verlag Jena, Stuttgart, 510p 16.
68. Jongbloed, A.W., Kemme, P.A., De Groote, G., Lippens, M., and Meschy, F. 2002. Bioavailability of major and trace elements. EMFEMA, Brussels, 188 pp.
69. Julshamn, K., Dahl, L. and Eckhoff, K. 2001. Determination of iodine in seafood and other biological material by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). J. AOAC 84, 6, 1976–1983.
70. Kampf, D., Daenicke, R., Gädeken, D., Aulrich, K., Pabst, K. and Leiterer, M. 1999. Einfluss von Crambepreßkuchen und Crambeextraktionsschrot auf die Leistung von Milchkühen sowie die Zusammensetzung und Qualität der Milch (Engl.: The influence of crambe press cake and crambe meal on the yield of dairy cows and composition and quality of milk). Proc. VDLUFA Schriftenreihe 52/1999, Kongreßband 111. VDLUFA-Kongreß, Halle/Saale, 13.-17. Sept. 1999, 309–312.
71. Karl, H. and Werner, W. 1998. Iodine content of fish and fishery products. Inf. Fischwirtsch. 45(3), 115–118.
72. Kaufmann, S. and Rambeck, W.A. 1998. Iodine supplementation in chicken, pig and cows feed. J. Anim. Physiol. a. Anim. Nutr. 80, 147–152.
73. Ketz, H.A. 1989. Der Stoffwechsel des Wassers und der Mineralstoffe. In: Kolb, E. (ed): Lehrbuch der Physioplogie der Haustiere. Teil II. 5. überarbeitete Aufl. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart - New York, p. 601.
74. Krajkovicova-Kudlackova, M., Buckova, K., Klimes, I. and Sebokova, E. 2003. Iodine deficiency in vegetarians and vegans. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 47, 183–185.
75. Kroupova, V., Travnicek, J., Kursa, J. and Kratochvil, P. 1997. Der aktuelle Stand des Jodgehaltes der Hühnereier in der Tschechischen Republik. Proc. 17 Arbeitstagung Mengen- und Spurenelemente, 5./6.12.1997, Jena, 753–755.
76. Kursa, J., Herzig, I., Travnicek, J. and Krupova, V. 2004. The effect of higher iodine supply in cows in the Czech Republic on the iodine content in milk. Macro and Trace Elements. Agricultural, Biological, Environmental, Nutritional and Medical Importance of Macro, Trace and Ultra Trace Elements. 22. Workshop, 2. Volume p. 1080–1086.
77. Kyle, A.H.M., Tarttelin, M. F., Cooke, R. R. and Ford, H. C. 1994. Serum free thyroxine levels in cats maintained on diets relatively high or low in iodine. N. Z. Vet. J. 42:101–103
78. Lacroix, D.E. and Wong, N.P. 1980. Determination of Iodide in Milk Using the Iodide Specific Ion Electrode and its Application to Market Milk Samples. J. Food Protect 43, 672–674.
79. Lall, S.P. 1979. Minerals in finfish nutrition, pp. 85–97. In: JE Halver and K Thiews (eds.), Finfish Nutrition and Fishfeed Technology, Volume I. Schriften der Bundesforschungsanstalt für Fischerei Hamburg, Band 14/15. Heenemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Berlin, Germany. 593 pp.
80. Lentze, 2001. Vegeterian nutrition and extreme diets in childhood) Monatsschrift für Kinderheilkunde 149, 19–24.
81. Lichovnikova, M., Zeman, L. and Cermakova, M. 2003. The long-term effects of using a higher amount of iodine supplement on the efficiency of laying hens. Br. Poult. Sci. 44, 732–734.
82. Lindmark-Mansson, H., Fonden, R. and Pettersson, H.-E. 2003. Composition of Swedish dairy milk. Int. Dairy J. 13, 409–425.
83. Mackowiak, C.L, Gross, P.R. and Cook, K.L 2004. Iodine toxicity in a plant-solution system with and without humic acid. Plant and Soil 0, 1–10, 2004.
84. McDowell, L.R. 2003. Minerals in animal and human nutrition. Iodine 2nd Ed., Elsevier, pp. 305–334.
85. Miller, J.K., Ramsey, N. and Madsen, F.C. 1988. The trace elements. In: Church, D. C. (ed.): The Ruminant Animal-Digestive Physiology and Nutrition. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice Hall, pp. 342–401.
86. Miller, J.K., Swanson, E.W. and Spalding, G.E. 1975. Iodine absorption, excretion, recycling and tissue distributions in the dairy cow. J. Dairy Sci. 58, 1578–1593.
87. MAFF. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. 1997. Nutrient analysis of liquid pasteurised milk. Food Surveillance Sheet Number 198 http://archive.food.gov.uk/maff/archive/food/infsheet/1997/no128/128milk.htm.
88. MAFF. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. 2000. Iodine in milk. Food Surveillance Sheet Number 198, www.food.gov.uk/science/surveillance/maffinfo/2000/maff-2000–198.
89. Newton, G.L. and Clawson, A.J. 1974. Iodine toxicity: physiological effects of elevated dietary iodine on pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 39 (5), 879–884.
90. Newton, G.L., Barrick, E.R., Harvey, R.W. and Wise, M.B. 1974. Iodine toxicity: Physiological effects of elevated dietary iodine on calves. J. Anim. Sci. 38, 449–455.
91. NOVUS-Tables 1996. Raw material compendium. A compilation of worldwide data sources. 2nd ed. Novus Int. Inc., Brussels.
92. NRC. 1980. Mineral Tolerance of Animals, Nat. Acad. Press, Washington, D.C.
93. NRC. 1985. Nutrient Requirements of Sheep, Sixth Revised Edition. Nat. Acad. Press, Washington, D.C.
94. NRC. 1989. Nutrient Requirements of Horses, Fifth Revised Edition. Nat. Acad. Press, Washington, D.C.
95. NRC. 1993. Nutrient Requirements of Fish. Nat. Acad. Press, Washington, D.C. NRC.
96. NRC. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition. Nat. Acad. Press, Washington, D.C.
97. NRC. 1996. Nutrient Requirements for Beef Cattle (7th Ed.). National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
98. NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th Ed. Nat. Acad. Press, Washington, D.C.
99. NRC. 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th Revised Edition. Nat. Acad. Press, Washington, D.C.
100. NRC. 2003. Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats, Nat. Acad. Press, Washington, D.C.
101. Olson, W.G., Stevens, J.B., Anderson, J. and Haggard, D.W. 1984. Iodine toxicosis in six herds of dairy cattle. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass. 184, 179–181.
102. Orts, S., Dustin, P. and Delange, F. 1971. Goitrous enzootic in the wild rat with a geographical distribution similar to endemic human goitre. Acta Endocrinol. 66, 193–200.
103. Pandav, C.S. and Rao, A.R. 1997. Iodine Deficiency Disorders in Livestock. Ecology and Economics. Oxford University Press publ. 288p.
104. Peterson, J. 1997. Jehrbuch für die Geflügelwirtschaft. Eugen Ulmer Verlag Stuttgartd.
105. Pittman, J.A. (Jr) and C.S. and Pittman. 1997. Iodine deficiency and animal production. In Iodine deficiency disorders in Livestock. C.S. Pandav and A.R. Rao Eds. Oxford University press publ., Dehli, pp. 147–160.
106. Preiss, U., Alfaro Santos, C., Spitzer, A. and Wallnöfer, P.R. 1997. Iodine content of Bavarian consumer milk. Z. Ernährungswiss. 36, 220–224.
107. Rasmussen, L.B., Ovesen, L., Bülow, I., Jørgensen, T., Knudsen, N., Laurberg, P. and Perrild, H. 2002. Dietary iodine intake and urinary iodine excretion in a Danish population: effect of geography, supplements and food choice. Br. J. Nutr. 87, 61–69.
108. Richter, G. 1995. Einfluss der Jodversorgung der Legehennen auf den Jodgehalt im Ei. Proc. 15. Arbeitstagung Mengen- und Spurenelemente, 8./9.12.1995, Jena, 457–464.
109. Souci, F.W., Fachmann, W. and Kraut, H. 2000. Food Consumption and Nutrition Tables, 6th rev. edn. Medpharm, Scientific Publishers, Stuttgart, Germany.
110. SCAN (Scientific Committee for Animal Nutrition) 2003. Opinion of the Scientific Committee for Animal Nutrition on the use of zinc in feedingstuffs.
111. SCF (Scientific Committee on Food). 2002. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Tolerable Upper Intake level of Iodine. Expressed on 26 September 2002.
112. SCF (Scientific Committee on Food). 1992. Nutrition and energy intakes for the European Community. Opinion expressed on 11 December 1992 (http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scf/reports/scf_reports_31.pdf).
113. Schöne, F., Leiterer, M., Hartung, H., Jahreis, G. and Tischendorf, F. 2001. Rapeseed glucosinolates and iodine in sows affect the milk iodine concentration and the iodine status of piglets. Br. J. Nutr. 85, 659–70.
114. Schöne, F., Leiterer, M., Hartung, H., Kinast, C., Böhm, V. and Jahreis, G. 2003. Trace Elements and further nutrition-related constituents of milk and cheese. Milchwissenschaft 58, 486–487.
115. Schryver, H.F. 1990. Mineral and vitamin intoxication in horses. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Practice 6, 295–318.
116. Scott, P.P. 1960. Some aspects of the nutrition of the dog and cat. II The cat. Vet. Rec. 72, 5.
117. Seki R., Takahashi, T. and Ikeda, N. 1984. Adsorption behaviour of radioactive iodide and iodate in soil. Radioisotopes 33 (2), 51–54.
118. Sorensen, P. 1962. Studies of thyroid functions in cattle and pigs. In Use of Radioisotopes in animal Biology and Medical Sciences, Vol. 1, New York, Academic Press, p. 455.
119. Stanbury, J. B., Ermans, A. E., Bourdoux, P., Todd, C., Oken, E., Tonglet, R., Vidor, G., Braverman, L. E. and Medeiros-Neto, G. 1998. Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism: occurrence and epidemiology. Thyroid 8, 83–100.
120. Stibiij, V. and Holcman, A. 2002. Se and I content in eggs and tissues of hens from farmyard rearing. Proc 21. Workshop Mengen- und Spurenelemente, 18./19. 10. 2003, 437–443.
121. Tarttelin, M. F., Johnson, L. A., Cooke R. R., Ford, H. C. and Feek, C. M. 1992. Serum free thyroxine levels respond inversely to changes in levels of dietary iodine in the domestic cat. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 40, 66–68.
122. Todd, C. H., Allain, T., Gomo, Z. A. R., Hasler, J. A., Ndiweni, M. and Oken, E. 1995. Increase in thyrotoxicosis associated with iodine supplements in Zimbabwe. Lancet 346, 1563–1564.
123. Travnicek, J., Ther, R. and Kursa, J. 2000. Concentration of iodine in milk of sheep and goats in South Bohemia. Proc. 20. Arbeitstagung Mengen- und Spurenelemente, 1./2. 2000, 904–914.
124. Underwood, E.J. 1977. Trace elements in human and animal nutrition. 4th ed., Academic Press, New York, p. 228.
125. Underwood, LJ. and Suttle, N.F. 1999. The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock. 3rd Ed., CABI Publishing, UK.
126. Underwood EJ, Suttle NF. 2001. Iodine, p.343–374. The mineral nutrition of livestock, 3rd ed. (reprinted with corrections). CAB International, Wallington, UK. PB ISBN 0 85199 557 8; 624 pp.
127. Ungelenk, M.B. 2000. Algen als Jodquelle in der Legehennenfütterung. Möglichkeit zur Verbesserung der Jodversorgung des Menschen. Diss. LMU München, 166p.
128. Vitti, P., Delange, F., Pinchera, A., Zimmermann, M. and Dunn, J. T. 2003. Europe is iodine deficient. Lancet 361, 1226.
129. Wayne, E.J., Koutras, D.A. and Alexander, W.D. 1964. Clinical aspects of iodine metabolism. Blackwell publ. Oxford. pp 1–303.
130. Wehr, U., Engelschalk. B., Kienzle, E. and Rambeck, W.A. 2001. Iodine balance in relation to iodine intake in ponies. Proceedings of the Waltham International Symposium, Vancouver, Canada.
131. WHO, 1994. Iodine and health. Eliminating iodine deficiency disorders safely through salt iodization. WHO publ. Geneva.
132. WHO, UNICEF, and ICCIDD. 2001. Assessment of the Iodine Deficiency Disorders and monitoring their elimination. Geneva: WHO publ. WHO/NHD/01.1. 1–107 pp.
133. Wiechen, A. and Kock, B. 1985. Zum Jodgehalt von Molkereisammelmilch in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (On the iodine content of bulk milk in the Federal Republic of Germany). Milchwissenschaft 40, 522–525.
134. Wiersinga, W.M., Podoba, J., Srbecky, M., Van Vessem, M., Van Beeren, H.C. and Platvoet-Ter Schiphorst, M.C. 2001 A survey of iodine intake and thyroid volume in Dutch schoolchildren: reference values in an iodine-sufficient area and the effect of puberty. Eur. J. Endocrinol. Jun; 144(6), 595–603.
135. Woodall, A. N. and LaRoche, G. 1964. Nutrition of salmonid fishes. 11. Iodide requirements of chinook salmon. J. Nutr. 82, 475–482.
136. Yalçin S, Z. Kahraman, S. Yalçin, S.S. Yalçin, H.E. Dedeoğlu. 2004. Effects of supplementary iodine on the performance and egg traits of laying hens. Bristish Poult. Sci. 45, 499–503.