Nosocomial transmission of emerging viruses via aerosol-generating medical procedures

Viruses

Volumn 11, Issue 10, 2019, Pages

  Judson, Seth D ^a,b   Munster, Vincent J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Aerosols; Cross infection; Ebolavirus; Health personnel; Hemorrhagic fevers; Infection control; Risk; Viral; Virus diseases; Viruses

Indexed keywords

VIRUS RNA;

AEROSOL; ARENAVIRIDAE; BRONCHOSCOPY; CRIMEAN-CONGO HEMORRHAGIC FEVER VIRUS; CROSS INFECTION; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; EBOLAVIRUS; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; FILOVIRIDAE; HEALTH CARE; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HEMORRHAGIC FEVER; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; HUMIDITY; MANUAL VENTILATION; MEDICAL PROCEDURES; MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS; NEBULIZATION; NIPAH VIRUS; NONHUMAN; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE; RESPIRATORY VIRUS; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SUCTION; TERTIARY CARE CENTER; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; VIRUS; VIRUS INFECTION; COMMUNICABLE DISEASE; CORONAVIRUS INFECTION; CRIMEAN CONGO HEMORRHAGIC FEVER; INFECTION CONTROL; VIROLOGY;

AEROSOLS; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, EMERGING; CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS; CROSS INFECTION; HEALTH PERSONNEL; HEMORRHAGIC FEVER, CRIMEAN; HUMANS; INFECTION CONTROL; INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, PATIENT-TO-PROFESSIONAL; RISK FACTORS; VIRUS DISEASES;

EID: 85073295063     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19994915     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/v11100940     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. McCarthy, M. Texas healthcare worker is diagnosed with Ebola. BMJ 2014, 349, g6200. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2. Assiri, A.; McGeer, A.; Perl, T.M.; Price, C.S.; Al Rabeeah, A.a.; Cummings, D.a.T.; Alabdullatif, Z.N.; Assad, M.; Almulhim, A.; Makhdoom, H.; et al. Hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013, 369, 407-416. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3. Chowell, G.; Abdirizak, F.; Lee, S.; Lee, J.; Jung, E.; Nishiura, H.; Viboud, C. Transmission characteristics of MERS and SARS in the healthcare setting: A comparative study. BMC Med. 2015, 13, 210. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. de Wit, E.; van Doremalen, N.; Falzarano, D.; Munster, V.J. SARS and MERS: Recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2016, 14, 523-534. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. Hunter, J.C.; Nguyen, D.; Aden, B.; Al Bandar, Z.; Al Dhaheri, W.; Abu Elkheir, K.; Khudair, A.; Al Mulla, M.; El Saleh, F.; Imambaccus, H.; et al. Transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infections in Healthcare Settings, Abu Dhabi. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2016, 22, 647-656. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6. Pshenichnaya, N.Y.; Nenadskaya, S.A. Probable Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus transmission occurred after aerosol-generating medical procedures in Russia: Nosocomial cluster. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2015, 33, 120-122. [CrossRef]
7. Davies, A.; Thomson, G.;Walker, J.; Bennett, A. A review of the risks and disease transmission associated with aerosol generating medical procedures. J. Infect. Prev. 2009, 10, 122-126. [CrossRef]
8. Judson, S.; Prescott, J.; Munster, V. Understanding Ebola Virus Transmission. Viruses 2015, 7, 511-521. [CrossRef]
9. Thomas, R.J. Particle size and pathogenicity in the respiratory tract. Virulence 2013, 4, 847-858. [CrossRef]
10. Tellier, R. Review of aerosol transmission of influenza A virus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2006, 12, 1657-1662. [CrossRef]
11. Tran, K.; Cimon, K.; Severn, M.; Pessoa-Silva, C.L.; Conly, J. Aerosol generating procedures and risk of transmission of acute respiratory infections to healthcare workers: A systematic review. PLoS ONE 2012, 7. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. Fowler, R.A.; Guest, C.B.; Lapinsky, S.E.; Sibbald, W.J.; Louie, M.; Tang, P.; Simor, A.E.; Stewart, T.E. Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome during Intubation and Mechanical Ventilation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2004, 169, 1198-1202. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. Christian, M.D.; Loutfy, M.; McDonald, L.C.; Martinez, K.F.; Ofner, M.; Wong, T.; Wallington, T.; Gold, W.L.; Mederski, B.; Green, K.; et al. Possible SARS coronavirus transmission during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2004, 10, 287-293. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. Wong, K.C.; Leung, K.S. Transmission and prevention of occupational infections in orthopaedic surgeons. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 2004, 86-A, 1065-1076. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15. Garden, J.M. Viral Disease Transmitted by Laser-Generated Plume (Aerosol). Arch. Dermatol. 2002, 138, 1303. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
16. Shiu, E.Y.; Leung, N.H.; Cowling, B.J. Controversy around airborne versus droplet transmission of respiratory viruses. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 2019, 32, 372-379. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. Mehand, M.S.; Al-Shorbaji, F.; Millett, P.; Murgue, B. The WHO R&D Blueprint: 2018 review of emerging infectious diseases requiring urgent research and development efforts. Antiviral Res. 2018, 159, 63-67. [PubMed]
18. Lloyd-Smith, J.O.; George, D.; Pepin, K.M.; Pitzer,V.E.; Pulliam, J.R.C.; Dobson, A.P.; Hudson, P.J.; Grenfell, B.T. Epidemic dynamics at the human-animal interface. Science 2009, 326, 1362-1367. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
19. Drosten, C. Virus ecology: A gap between detection and prediction. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 2013, 2, e31. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20. Kenyon, R.H.; McKee, K.T.; Zack, P.M.; Rippy, M.K.; Vogel, A.P.; York, C.; Meegan, J.; Crabbs, C.; Peters, C.J. Aerosol infection of rhesus macaques with Junin virus. Intervirology 1992, 33, 23-31.
21. Malhotra, S.; Yen, J.Y.; Honko, A.N.; Garamszegi, S.; Caballero, I.S.; Johnson, J.C.; Mucker, E.M.; Trefry, J.C.; Hensley, L.E.; Connor, J.H. Transcriptional Profiling of the Circulating Immune Response to Lassa Virus in an Aerosol Model of Exposure. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2013, 7. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22. Bell, T.M.; Shaia, C.I.; Bunton, T.E.; Robinson, C.G.; Wilkinson, E.R.; Hensley, L.E.; Cashman, K.A. Pathology of Experimental Machupo Virus Infection, Chicava Strain, in Cynomolgus Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) by Intramuscular and Aerosol Exposure. Vet. Pathol. 2014, 52, 26-37. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
23. Pedrosa, P.B.S.; Cardoso, T.a.O. Viral infections in workers in hospital and research laboratory settings: A comparative review of infection modes and respective biosafety aspects. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2011, 15, e366-e376. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24. Alimonti, J.; Leung, A.; Jones, S.; Gren, J.; Qiu, X.; Fernando, L.; Balcewich, B.; Wong, G.; Ströher, U.; Grolla, A.; et al. Evaluation of transmission risks associated with in vivo replication of several high containment pathogens in a biosafety level 4 laboratory. Sci. Rep. 2014, 4, 5824. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
25. Johnson, K.M.; McCormick, J.B.; Webb, P.; Smith, E.S.; Elliott, L.H.; King, I.J. Clinical virology of Lassa fever in hospitalized patients. J. Infect. Dis. 1987, 155, 456-464. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
26. Peters, C.J.; Kuehne, R.W.; Mercado, R.R.; Le Bow, R.H.; Spertzel, R.O. Hemorrhagic fever in cochabamba, bolivia, 1971. Am J Epidemiol. 1974, 99, 425-433. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
27. Weber, D.J.; Rutala,W. Risks and prevention of nosocomial transmission of rare zoonotic diseases. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2001, 32, 446-456.
28. Walker, D.H.; McCormick, J.B.; Johnson, K.M.; Webb, P.A.; Komba-Kono, G.; Elliott, L.H.; Gardner, J.J. Pathologic and virologic study of fatal Lassa fever in man. Am. J. Pathol. 1982, 107, 349-356.
29. Gaidamovich, S.Y.; Butenko, A.M.; Leschinskaya, H.V. Human Laboratory Acquired Arbo-, Arena-, and Hantavirus Infections. J. Am. Biol. Saf. Assocation 2000, 5, 5-11. [CrossRef]
30. Pettersson, L.; Klingström, J.; Hardestam, J.; Lundkvist, Å.; Ahlm, C.; Evander, M. Hantavirus RNA in saliva from patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2008, 14, 406-411. [CrossRef]
31. Martinez-valdebenito, C.; Calvo, M.; Vial, C.; Mansilla, R.; Marco, C.; Palma, R.E.; Vial, P.A.; Valdivieso, F.; Mertz, G.; Ferrés, M. Person-to-Person Household and Nosocomial Transmission of Andes. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2014, 20, 1629-1636. [PubMed]
32. Green, W.; Feddersen, R.; Yousef, O.; Behr, M.; Smith, K.; Nestler, J.; Jenison, S.; Yamada, T.; Hjelle, B. Tissue distribution of hantavirus antigen in naturally infected humans and deer mice. J. Infect. Dis. 1998, 177, 1696-1700. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
33. Drosten, C.; Gunther, S.; Preiser, W.; van der Werf, S.; Brodt, H.R.; Becker, S.; Rabenau, H.; Panning, M.; Kolesnikova, L.; Fouchier, R.A.; et al. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 348, 1967-1976. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
34. Zaki, A.M.; van Boheemen, S.; Bestebroer, T.M.; Osterhaus, A.D.M.E.; Fouchier, R. a. M. Isolation0of a Novel Coronavirus from a Man with Pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012, 121017140031005. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
35. Nakayama, E.; Saijo, M. Animal models for Ebola and Marburg virus infections. Front. Microbiol. 2013, 4, 1-20. [CrossRef]
36. Bausch, D.G.; Towner, J.S.; Dowell, S.F.; Kaducu, F.; Lukwiya, M.; Sanchez, A.; Nichol, S.T.; Ksiazek, T.G.; Rollin, P.E. Assessment of the risk of Ebola virus transmission from bodily fluids and fomites. J. Infect. Dis. 2007, 196, S142-S147. [CrossRef]
37. Simpson, D.I.H. Marburg Agent Disease: In Monkeys. Trans. R Soc. Trop Med. Hyg. 1969, 63, 303-309. [CrossRef]
38. Martines, R.B.; Ng, D.L.; Greer, P.W.; Rollin, P.E.; Zaki, S.R. Tissue and cellular tropism, pathology and pathogenesis of Ebola and Marburg viruses. J. Pathol. 2015, 235, 153-174. [CrossRef]
39. Beigel, J.H.; Farrar, J.; Han, A.M.; Hayden, F.G.; Hyer, R.; De Jong, M.D.; Lochindarat, S.; Tien, N.T.K.; Hien, N.T.; Hien, T.T.; et al. Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005, 353, 1374-1385.
40. Hammoud, D.A.; Lentz, M.R.; Lara, A.; Bohannon, J.K.; Feuerstein, I.; Huzella, L.; Jahrling, P.B.; Lackemeyer, M.; Laux, J.; Rojas, O.; et al. Aerosol exposure to intermediate size Nipah virus particles induces neurological disease in African green monkeys. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2018, 12, e0006978. [CrossRef]
41. Chua, K.B.; Lam, S.K.; Goh, K.J.; Hooi, P.S.; Ksiazek, T.G.; Kamarulzaman, A.; Olson, J.; Tan, C.T. The presence of nipah virus in respiratory secretions and urine of patients during an outbreak of nipah virus encephalitis in Malaysia. J. Infect. 2001, 42, 40-43. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
42. Sazzad, H.M.S.; Hossain, M.J.; Gurley, E.S.; Ameen, K.M.H.; Parveen, S.; Islam, M.S.; Faruque, L.I.; Podder, G.; Banu, S.S.; Lo, M.K.; et al. Nipah virus infection outbreak with nosocomial and corpse-to-human transmission, Bangladesh. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2013, 19, 210-217. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
43. Wong, K.T.; Robertson, T.; Ong, B.B.; Chong, J.W.; Yaiw, K.C.; Wang, L.F.; Ansford, J.; Tannenberg, A. Human Hendra virus infection causes acute and relapsing encephalitis. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 2009, 35, 296-305. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
44. Mekibib, B.; Ariën, K.K. Aerosol Transmission of Filoviruses. Viruses 2016, 8, 148. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
45. Richard, M.; Fouchier, R.A.M. Influenza A virus transmission via respiratory aerosols or droplets as it relates to pandemic potential. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2016, 40, 68-85. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
46. Chen, H.; Liu, S.; Liu, J.; Chai, C.; Mao, H.; Yu, Z.; Tang, Y.; Zhu, G.; Chen, H.X.; Zhu, C.; et al. Nosocomial Co-Transmission of Avian Influenza A(H7N9) and A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses between 2 Patients with Hematologic Disorders. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2016, 22, 598-607. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
47. Fang, C.-F.; Ma, M.-J.; Zhan, B.-D.; Lai, S.-M.; Hu, Y.; Yang, X.-X.; Li, J.; Cao, G.-P.; Zhou, J.-J.; Zhang, J.-M.; et al. Nosocomial transmission of avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in China: Epidemiological investigation. BMJ 2015, 351, h5765. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
48. Lietz, J.; Westermann, C.; Nienhaus, A.; Schablon, A. The Occupational Risk of Influenza A (H1N1) Infection among Healthcare Personnel during the 2009 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0162061. [CrossRef]
49. Schultsz, C.; Dong, V.C.; Chau, N.V.V.; Le, N.T.H.; Lim,W.; Thanh, T.T.; Dolecek, C.; de Jong, M.D.; Hien, T.T.; Farrar, J. Avian influenza H5N1 and healthcare workers. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2005, 11, 1158-1159. [CrossRef]
50. van Riel, D.; Munster, V.J.; de Wit, E.; Rimmelzwaan, G.F.; Fouchier, R.A.M.; Osterhaus, A.D.M.E.; Kuiken, T. H5N1 Virus Attachment to Lower Respiratory Tract. Science 2006, 312, 399. [CrossRef]
51. Munster, V.J.; de Wit, E.; van den Brand, J.M.A.; Herfst, S.; Schrauwen, E.J.A.; Bestebroer, T.M.; van de Vijver, D.; Boucher, C.A.; Koopmans, M.; Rimmelzwaan, G.F.; et al. Pathogenesis and Transmission of Swine-Origin 2009 A(H1N1) Influenza Virus in Ferrets. Science 2009, 325, 481-483. [CrossRef]
52. Verreault, D.; Moineau, S.; Duchaine, C. Methods for sampling of airborne viruses. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2008, 72, 413-444. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
53. Rule, A.M.; Apau, O.; Ahrenholz, S.H.; Brueck, S.E.; Lindsley,W.G.; de Perio, M.A.; Noti, J.D.; Shafier, R.E.; Rothman, R.; Grigorovitch, A.; et al. Healthcare personnel exposure in an emergency department during influenza season. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0203223. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
54. Thompson, K.-A.; Pappachan, J.V.; Bennett, A.M.; Mittal, H.; Macken, S.; Dove, B.K.; Nguyen-Van-Tam, J.S.; Copley, V.R.; O'Brien, S.; Hoffman, P.; et al. Influenza aerosols in UK hospitals during the H1N1 (2009) pandemic\-The risk of aerosol generation during medical procedures. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e56278. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
55. Blachere, F.M.; Lindsley, W.G.; McMillen, C.M.; Beezhold, D.H.; Fisher, E.M.; Shaffer, R.E.; Noti, J.D. Assessment of influenza virus exposure and recovery from contaminated surgical masks and N95 respirators. J. Virol. Methods 2018, 260, 98-106. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
56. Simonds, A.; Hanak, A.; Chatwin, M.; Morrell, M.; Hall, A.; Parker, K.; Siggers, J.; Dickinson, R. Evaluation of droplet dispersion during non-invasive ventilation, oxygen therapy, nebuliser treatment and chest physiotherapy in clinical practice: Implications for management of pandemic influenza and other airborne infections. Health Technol. Assess. 2010, 14. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
57. Fischer, R.J.; Bushmaker, T.; Judson, S.; Munster, V.J. Comparison of the Aerosol Stability of 2 Strains of Zaire ebolavirus From the 1976 and 2013 Outbreaks. J. Infect. Dis. 2016, 214, S290-S293. [CrossRef]
58. Piercy, T.J.; Smither, S.J.; Steward, J. a.; Eastaugh, L.; Lever, M.S. The survival of filoviruses in liquids, on solid substrates and in a dynamic aerosol. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2010, 109, 1531-1539. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
59. Garibaldi, B.T.; Chertow, D.S. High-Containment Pathogen Preparation in the Intensive Care Unit. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 2017, 31, 561-576. [CrossRef]
60. Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Hospitalized Patients Under Investigation (PUIs) for Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in U.S. Hospitals | Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC. Available online: http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/healthcare-us/hospitals/infection-control.html (accessed on 4 October 2019)
61. 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings. Available online: http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/isolation/Isolation2007.pdf (accessed on 4 October 2019).
62. MERS-CoV | Interim Guidance for Health Professionals | CDC. Available online: http://www.cdc.gov/ coronavirus/mers/interim-guidance.html (accessed on 4 October 2019).