ECDC/EFSA/EMA second joint report on the integrated analysis of the consumption of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from humans and food-producing animals: Joint Interagency Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistance Analysis (JIACRA) Report

EFSA Journal

Volumn 15, Issue 7, 2017, Pages

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

antimicrobial consumption; antimicrobial resistance; ecological analysis; food producing animals; logistic regression; partial least square path modeling; public health

Indexed keywords

EID: 85066956382     PISSN: None     EISSN: 18314732     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4872     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Alsamarai AM, Abbas HM and Atia QM. 2015. Nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staph aureus in food provider in restaurant at Samara city. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 4, 50–58.
2. Aviv G, Tsyba K, Steck N, Salmon-Divon M, Cornelius A, Rahav G, Grassl GA and Gal-Mor O, 2014. A unique megaplasmid contributes to stress tolerance and pathogenicity of an emergent Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis strain. Environmental Microbiology 16, 977–994.
3. Blix HS, Engeland A, Litleskare I and Rønning M, 2007. Age-and gender-specific antibacterial prescribing in Norway. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 59, 971–976.
4. Brink AJ, Coetzee J, Corcoran C, Clay CG, Hari-Makkan D, Jacobson RK, Richards GA, Feldman C, Nutt L, van Greune J, Deetlefs JD, Swart K, Devenish L, Poirel L and Nordmann P, 2013. Emergence of OXA-48 and OXA-181 carbapenemases among Enterobacteriaceae in South Africa and evidence of in vivo selection of colistin resistance as a consequence of selective decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 51, 369–372.
5. Borowiak M, Szabo I, Baumann B, Junker E, Hammerl JA, Kaesbohrer A, Malorny B and Fischer J, 2017. VIM-1-producing Salmonella Infantis isolated from swine and minced pork meat in Germany. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 72, 2131–2133. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkx101
6. Broens E, Van Cleef B, Graat E and Kluytmans J, 2008. Transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from food production animals to humans: a review. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources 3, ISSN 1749-8848 - p. 095 - 095. https://doi.org/10.1079/pavsnnr20083095.
7. Catry B, Van Duijkeren E, Pomba MC, Greko C, Moreno MA, Pyorala S, Ruzauskas M, Sanders P, Threlfall EJ, Ungemach F, Torneke K, Munoz-Madero C and Torren-Edo J. 2010. Reflection paper on MRSA in food-producing and companion animals: epidemiology and control options for human and animal health. Epidemiology and Infection 138, 626–644.
8. Cohn LA and Middleton JR, 2010. A veterinary perspective on methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 20, 31–45.
9. Cole D, Todd L and Wing S, 2000. Concentrated swine feeding operations and public health: a review of occupational and community health effects. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108, 685.
10. Di Pilato V, Arena F, Tascini C, Cannatelli A, De Angelis LH, Fortunato S, Giani T, Menichetti F and Rossolini GM. 2016. mcr-1.2, a new mcr variant carried on a transferable plasmid from a colistin-resistant KPC carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strain of sequence type 512. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60, 5612–5615.
11. Durham L, Ge M, Cuccia A and Quinn J, 2010. Modeling antibiotic resistance to project future rates: quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 29, 353–356.
12. ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), 2014a. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2013. Annual Report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net). Available online: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/antimicrobial-resistance-surveillance-europe-2013.pdf
13. ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), 2014b. Surveillance of antimicrobial consumption in Europe 2012. Available online http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/antimicrobial-consumption-europe-esac-net-2012.pdf
14. ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), 2015. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2014. Annual Report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net). Available online: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/antimicrobial-resistance-europe-2014.pdf
15. ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), 2016a. EU protocol for harmonised monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in human Salmonella and Campylobacter isolates. Available online: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/antimicrobial-resistance-Salmonella-Campylobacter-harmonised-monitoring.pdf
16. ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), 2016b. Rapid Risk Assessment - plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae Available online: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/enterobacteriaceae-risk-assessment-diseases-caused-by-antimicrobial-resistant-microorganisms-europe-June-2016.pdf
17. ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), 2016c. Summary of the latest data on antibiotic consumption in the European Union. ESAC-Net data. Available online: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/eaad/antibiotics-get-informed/antibiotics-resistance-consumption/Documents/antibiotics-ESAC-Net%20Summary%202016.pdf
18. ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), 2017a. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2015. Annual Report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net). Available online: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/antimicrobial-resistance-europe-2015.pdf
19. ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), 2017b. Proposals for EU guidelines on the prudent use of antimicrobials in humans. Available online: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/EU-guidelines-prudent-use-antimicrobials.pdf
20. ECDC/EFSA/EMA (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, European Food Safety Authority and European Medicines Agency), 2015. First joint report on the integrated analysis of the consumption of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from humans and food-producing animals (JIACRA). EFSA Journal 2015;13(1):4006, 114 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4006
21. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2007. Report of the Task Force on Zoonoses Data Collection including a proposal for a harmonized monitoring scheme of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in fowl (Gallus gallus), turkeys and pigs and Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in broilers. EFSA Journal 2007;5(2):96r, 46 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2007.96r
22. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2008. Report from the Task Force on Zoonoses Data Collection including guidance for harmonized monitoring and reporting of antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. from food animals. EFSA Journal 2008;6(4):141r, 44 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2008.141r
23. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2012. Technical specifications on the harmonised monitoring and reporting of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella, Campylobacter and indicator Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. bacteria transmitted through food. EFSA Journal 2012;10(6):2742, 64 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2742.
24. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2014. Technical specifications on randomised sampling for harmonised monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and commensal bacteria. EFSA Journal 2014;12(5):3686, 33 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3686
25. EFSA BIOHAZ Panel (EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards), 2013. Scientific Opinion on Carbapenem resistance in food animal ecosystems. EFSA Journal 2013;11(12):3501, 70 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3501
26. EFSA/ECDC (European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), 2014. The European Union Summary Report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2012. EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3590, 336 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3590
27. EFSA/ECDC (European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), 2015. EU Summary Report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2013. EFSA Journal 2015;13(2):4036, 178 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4036
28. EFSA/ECDC (European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), 2016. The European Union summary report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2014. EFSA Journal 2016;14(2):4380, 207 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4380
29. EFSA/ECDC (European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), 2017. The European Union summary report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2015. EFSA Journal 2017;15(2):4694, 212 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4694
30. EMA (European Medicines Agency), 2013. Use of colistin products in animals within the European Union: development of resistance and possible impact on human and animal health (EMA/755938/2012). Available online: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Report/2013/07/WC500146813.pdf
31. EMA/AMEG (European Medicines Agency - Antimicrobial Advice Ad Hoc Expert Group), 2014. Answers to the requests for scientific advice on the impact on public health and animal health of the use of antibiotics in animals - Answer to the second request from the EC (ranking of antibiotics); Answer to the third request from the EC (new antibiotics); Answer to the fourth request from the EC (risk mitigation options) (EMA/381884/2014). European Medicines Agency. Available online: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Other/2014/07/WC500170253.pdf
32. EMA/AMEG (European Medicines Agency - Antimicrobial Advice Ad Hoc Expert Group), 2016. Updated advice on the use of colistin products in animals within the European Union: development of resistance and possible impact on human and animal health (EMA/CVMP/CHMP/231573/2016). Available online: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2016/07/WC500211080.pdf
33. EMA/CVMP (European Medicines Agency - Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use), 2012. Opinion following an Article 35 referral for all veterinary medicinal products containing systemically administered (parenteral and oral) 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins intended for use in food producing species. Available online: http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/veterinary/referrals/Cephalosporins/vet_referral_000056.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac05805c5170
34. EMA/CVMP (European Medicines Agency and European Food Safety Authority), 2016. CVMP strategy on antimicrobials 2016-2020 (EMA/CVMP/209189/2015). Available online: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2016/10/WC500214901.pdf
35. EMA/EFSA, 2017. Joint Scientific Opinion on measures to reduce the need to use antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry in the European Union, and the resulting impacts on food safety (RONAFA). [EMA/CVMP/570771/2015]. EFSA Journal 2017;15(1):4666, 245 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4666
36. EMA/ESVAC (European Medicines Agency - European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption), 2011. European Medicines Agency. Trends in the sales of veterinary antimicrobial agents in nine European countries. Reporting period: 2005−2009 (EMA/238630/2011). Available online: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Report/2011/09/WC500112309.pdf
37. EMA/ESVAC (European Medicines Agency - European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption), 2015. Principles on assignment of defined daily dose for animals (DDDA) and defined course dose for animals (DCDA) (EMA/710019/2014). Available online: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2015/03/WC500184369.pdf
38. EMA/ESVAC (European Medicines Agency - European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption), 2016a. European Medicines Agency, European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption. Sales of veterinary antimicrobial agents in 29 EU/EEA countries in 2014 (EMA/61769/2016). Trends from 2011 to 2014. Sixth ESVAC report. Available online: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Report/2016/10/WC500214217.pdf
39. EMA/ESVAC (European Medicines Agency - European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption), 2016b. European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption - Web Based Sales Data and Animal Population Data Collection Protocol (version 2). Available online: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Other/2015/06/WC500188365.pdf
40. EMEA/CVMP (European Medicines Agency - Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use), 2009. Revised reflection paper on the use of 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins in food producing animals in the European Union: development of resistance and impact on human and animal health (EMEA/CVMP/SAGAM/81730/2006-Rev.1). Available online: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2009/10/WC500004307.pdf
41. EUCAST, 2014. Screening for fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella spp. with pefloxacin 5 μg. Tentative quality control criteria for users and disk manufacturers. Available online: http://www.eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUCAST_files/QC/Tentative_QC_criteria_for_pefloxacin_5__g.pdf
42. European Commission, 2011. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: Action plan against the rising threats from antimicrobial resistance (2011). Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/health_consumer/docs/communication_amr_2011_748_en.pdf
43. European Commission, 2016. Request for a joint ECDC, EFSA and EMA scientific opinion on a list of outcome indicators. Ref. Ares(2016)5834652 - 10/10/2016 Available online: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Other/2016/12/WC500217472.pdf
44. Feasey NA, Hadfield J, Keddy KH, Dallman TJ, Jacobs J, Deng X, Wigley P, Barquist LB, Langridge GC, Feltwell T, Harris SR, Mather AE, Fookes M, Aslett M, Msefula C, Kariuki S, Maclennan CA, Onsare RS, Weill FX, Le Hello S, Smith AM, McClelland M, Desai P, Parry CM, Cheesbrough J, French N, Campos J, Chabalgoity JA, Betancor L, Hopkins KL, Nair S, Humphrey TJ, Lunguya O, Cogan TA, Tapia MD, Sow SO, Tennant SM, Bornstein K, Levine MM, Lacharme-Lora L, Everett D, Kingsley RA, Parkhill J, Heyderman RS, Dougan G, Gordon MA and Thomson NR, 2016. Enteritidis Distinct Salmonella lineages associated with enterocolitis in high-income settings and invasive disease in low-income settings. Nature Genetics, 48, 1211–1217.
45. Feltrin F, Alba P, Kraushaar B, Ianzano A, Argudín MA, Di Matteo P, Porrero MC, Aarestrup FM, Butaye P and Franco A, 2016. A livestock-associated, multidrug-resistant, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex 97 lineage spreading in dairy cattle and pigs in Italy. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, 816–821.
46. Florez-Cuadrado D, Ugarte-Ruiz M, Quesada A, Palomo G, Domínguez L and Porrero MC, 2016. Description of an erm (Campylobacter B)-carrying coli isolate in Europe. Journal of Chemotherapy Antimicrobial 71, 841–843.
47. Gallini A, Degris E, Desplas M, Bourrel R, Archambaud M, Montastruc J-L, Lapeyre-Mestre M and Sommet A, 2010. Influence of fluoroquinolone consumption in inpatients and outpatients on ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli in a university hospital. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 65, 2650−2657.
48. Gibreel A and Teylor DE, 2006. Macrolide resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 58, 243–255.
49. Halaby T, Al Naiemi N, Kluytmans J, van der Palen J and Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, 2013. Emergence of colistin resistance in enterobacteriaceae after the introduction of selective digestive tract decontamination in an intensive care unit. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 57, 3224–3229.
50. Heuer OE, Diaz Högberg L and Suetens C, and EARS-Net. 2014. Proportions of community-associated and healthcare-associated isolates in the EARS-Net data vary depending on pathogen and antimicrobial combination – analysis of EARS-Net data 2011-2012 (poster). In ECCMID 2014.
51. Hopkins K, Kirchner M, Guerra B, Granier S, Lucarelli C, Porrero M, Jakubczak A, Threlfall E and Mevius D, 2010. Multiresistant Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5], 12: i:-in Europe: a new pandemic strain? Euro Surveillance 15, 19580.
52. Huang E, Gurzau AE, Hanson BM, Kates AE, Smith TC, Pettigrew MM, Spinu M and Rabinowitz PM, 2014. Detection of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among swine workers in Romania. Journal of Infection and Public Health 7, 323–332.
53. Institute SAS, 1999. SAS/STAT User's Guide, Version 9.2. In SAS Cary, NC.
54. Irrgang A, Roschanski N, Tenhagen B-A, Grobbel M, Skladnikiewicz-Ziemer T, Thomas K, Roesler U and Käsbohrer A, 2016. Prevalence of mcr-1 in E. Coli from livestock and food in Germany, 2010–2015. PLoS One 11, e0159863.
55. Jensen US, Muller A, Brandt CT, Frimodt-Møller N, Hammerum AM, Monnet DL and Group DS. 2010. Effect of generics on price and consumption of ciprofloxacin in primary healthcare: the relationship to increasing resistance. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 65, 1286−1291.
56. Kahlmeter G, Brown DF, Goldstein FW, MacGowan AP, Mouton JW, Osterlund A, Rodloff A, Steinbakk M, Urbaskova P and Vatopoulos A, 2003. European harmonization of MIC breakpoints for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacteria. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 52, 145–148.
57. Lazarus B, Paterson DL, Mollinger JL and Rogers BA, 2014. Do human extraintestinal Escherichia coli infections resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins originate from food-producing animals? A systematic review. Clinical Infectious Diseases 60, 430−452.
58. Liakopoulos A, Geurts Y, Dierikx CM, Brouwer MS, Kant A, Wit B, Heymans R, Van Pelt W and Mevius DJ, 2016. Extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg strains, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases 22, 1257.
59. Liebana E, Carattoli A, Coque TM, Hasman H, Magiorakos AP, Mevius D, Peixe L, Poirel L, Schuepbach-Regula G, Torneke K, Torren-Edo J, Torres C and Threlfall J, 2013. Public health risks of enterobacterial isolates producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases or AmpC beta-lactamases in food and food-producing animals: an EU perspective of epidemiology, analytical methods, risk factors, and control options. Clinical Infectious Diseases 56, 1030–1037.
60. Liu Y-Y, Wang Y, Walsh TR, Yi LX, Zhang R, Spencer J, Doi Y, Tian G, Dong B and Huang X, 2015. Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 16, 161–168.
61. Lucarelli C, Dionisi AM, Torpdahl M, Villa L, Graziani C, Hopkins K, Threlfall J, Caprioli A and Luzzi I. 2010. Evidence for a second genomic island conferring multidrug resistance in a clonal group of strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and its monophasic variant circulating in Italy, Denmark, and the United Kingdom. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 48, 2103–2109.
62. Manges AR and Johnson JR, 2012. Food-borne origins of Escherichia coli causing extraintestinal infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases 55, 712–719.
63. Monnet D, López-Lozano JM, Campillos P, Burgos A, Yagüe A and Gonzalo N, 2001. Making sense of antimicrobial use and resistance surveillance data: application of ARIMA and transfer function models. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 7, 29–36.
64. Official Journal of the European Communities, 1998. Decision No 2119/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 September 1998 setting up a network for the epidemiological surveillance and control of communicable diseases in the Community. Available online: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1416419000009&uri=CELEX:31998D2119
65. Official Journal of the European Communities, 2002. Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety. Available online: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1418924147681&uri=CELEX:32002R0178
66. Official Journal of the European Union, 2003. Directive 2003/99/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 November 2003 on the monitoring of zoonoses and zoonotic agents, amending Council Decision 90/424/EEC and repealing Council Directive 92/117/EEC. Available online: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:325:0031:0040:EN:PDF
67. Official Journal of the European Union, 2004. Regulation (EC) No 851/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 establishing a European Centre for disease prevention and control. Available online: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1416419193386&uri=CELEX:32004R0851
68. Official Journal of the European Union, 2013. Commission Implementing Decision of 12 November 2013 on the monitoring and reporting of antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and commensal bacteria (2013/652/EU). Available online: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1416491686645&uri=CELEX:32013D0652
69. Official Journal of the European Union, 2015. Commission notice - Guidelines for the prudent use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine (2015/C 299/04). Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/health/antimicrobial_resistance/docs/2015_prudent_use_guidelines_en.pdf
70. Ovejero C, Delgado-Blas J, Calero-Caceres W, Muniesa M and Gonzalez-Zorn B, 2017. Spread of mcr-1-carrying Enterobacteriaceae in sewage water from Spain. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 72, 1050−1053
71. Poirel L, Jayol A and Nordmann P, 2017. Polymyxins: antibacterial activity, susceptibility testing, and resistance mechanisms encoded by plasmids or chromosomes. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 30, 557–596.
72. Pyorala S, Baptiste KE, Catry B, van Duijkeren E, Greko C, Moreno MA, Pomba MC, Rantala M, Ruzauskas M, Sanders P, Threlfall EJ, Torren-Edo J and Torneke K, 2014. Macrolides and lincosamides in cattle and pigs: use and development of antimicrobial resistance. Vet Journal 200, 230–239.
73. Qin S, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Zhang M, Deng F, Shen Z, Wu C, Wang S, Chang Z and Shen J, 2014. Report of ribosomal RNA methylase gene erm(B) in multidrug-resistant Campylobacter coli. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 69, 964–968.
74. Rolain J-M, Kempf M, Leangapichart T, Chabou S, Olaitan AO, Le Page S, Morand S and Raoult D, 2016. Plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene in colistin-resistant clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae in France and Laos. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy AAC, 60, 6994–6995.
75. Sanchez G, 2013. PLS path modeling with R. Trowchez Editions, Berkeley. Available online: http://www.gastonsanchez.com/PLS_Path_Modeling_with_R.pdf
76. Skov RL and Monnet DL, 2016. Plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (mcr-1 gene): three months later, the story unfolds. Euro Surveillance 21, 30155.
77. Skov R, Matuschek E, Sjölund-Karlsson M, Åhman J, Petersen A, Stegger M, Torpdahl M and Kahlmeter G, 2015. Development of a pefloxacin disk diffusion method for detection of fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 53, 3411–3417.
78. Søgaard P, 1989. The epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in three species of the Enterobacteriaceae and the relation to consumption of antimicrobial agents in Odense University Hospital. Danish Medical Bulletin, 36, 65.
79. Theuretzbacher U. 2014. Product information for parenteral colistin varies substantially across Europe. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 69, 1987–1992.
80. Van Der Mee-Marquet NL, Corvaglia A, Haenni M, Bertrand X, Franck J-B, Kluytmans J, Girard M, Quentin R and François P. 2014. Emergence of a novel subpopulation of CC398 Staphylococcus aureus infecting animals is a serious hazard for humans. Frontiers in Microbiology 5, 652.
81. Voss A, Loeffen F, Bakker J, Klaassen C and Wulf M. 2005. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pig farming. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11, 1965–1966.
82. Wang Y, Zhang M, Deng F, Shen Z, Wu C, Zhang J, Zhang Q and Shen J, 2014. Emergence of multidrug-resistant Campylobacter species isolates with a horizontally acquired rRNA methylase. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 58, 5405–5412.
83. Wasyl D, Kern-Zdanowicz I, Domańska-Blicharz K, Zając M and Hoszowski A. 2015. High-level fluoroquinolone resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky ST198 epidemic clone with IncA/C conjugative plasmid carrying bla CTX-M-25 gene. Veterinary Microbiology 175, 85–91.
84. WHO (World Health Organization), 2016. WHO methodology for a global programme on surveillance of antimicrobial consumption, Version 1.0. Available online: http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/rational_use/WHO_AMCsurveillance_1.0.pdf?ua=1
85. WHO (World Health Organization), 2017. Critically Important Antimicrobials for Human Medicine (5th revison) 2016. Available online: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255027/1/9789241512220-eng.pdf?ua=1
86. Williams DA, 1982. Extra-binomial variation in logistic linear models. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C (Applied Statistics), 31, 144–148.
87. Xavier B, Lammens C, Ruhal R, Kumar-Singh S, Butaye P, Goossens H and Malhotra-Kumar S, 2016. Identification of mcr-2 in colistin-resistant E. coli isolates not harbouring mcr-1. Euro Surveillance 21, pii=30280. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.27.30280