메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 139-162

Hindlimb function in turtle locomotion: Limb movements and muscular activation across taxa, environment, and ontogeny

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 85055956620     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9781420004977     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (28)

References (85)
  • 1
    • 0001548362 scopus 로고
    • Terrestrial activity in aquatic turtles
    • Bennett, D.H., Gibbons, J.W., and Franson, J.C., Terrestrial activity in aquatic turtles, Ecology, 51, 738-740, 1970.
    • (1970) Ecology , vol.51 , pp. 738-740
    • Bennett, D.H.1    Gibbons, J.W.2    Franson, J.C.3
  • 2
    • 0020730233 scopus 로고
    • Locomotory stresses in the limb bones of two small mammals: The ground squirrel and chipmunk
    • Biewener, A.A., Locomotory stresses in the limb bones of two small mammals: The ground squirrel and chipmunk, J. Exp. Biol., 103, 131-154, 1983.
    • (1983) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.103 , pp. 131-154
    • Biewener, A.A.1
  • 3
    • 0033402879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of muscle function during locomotion: Accommodating variable conditions
    • Biewener, A.A., and Gillis, G.B., Dynamics of muscle function during locomotion: Accommodating variable conditions, J. Exp. Biol., 202, 3387-3396, 1999.
    • (1999) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.202 , pp. 3387-3396
    • Biewener, A.A.1    Gillis, G.B.2
  • 4
    • 0035745013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanics of limb bone loading during terrestrial locomotion in the green iguana (Iguana iguana) and American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)
    • Blob, R.W., and Biewener, A.A., Mechanics of limb bone loading during terrestrial locomotion in the green iguana (Iguana iguana) and American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), J. Exp. Biol., 204, 1099-1122, 2001.
    • (2001) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.204 , pp. 1099-1122
    • Blob, R.W.1    Biewener, A.A.2
  • 5
    • 33845254759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Swimming in painted turtles: Particle image velocimetry reveals different propulsive roles for the forelimb and hindlimb
    • Blob, R.W., Willey, J.S., and Lauder, G.V., Swimming in painted turtles: Particle image velocimetry reveals different propulsive roles for the forelimb and hindlimb, Integr. Comp. Biol., 43, 985, 2003.
    • (2003) Integr. Comp. Biol. , vol.43 , pp. 985
    • Blob, R.W.1    Willey, J.S.2    Lauder, G.V.3
  • 6
    • 85055927843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limb muscle activation patterns during locomotion in loggerhead sea turtles
    • Blob, R.W., Willey, J.S., and Wyneken, J., Limb muscle activation patterns during locomotion in loggerhead sea turtles, J. Morphol., 260, 279, 2004.
    • (2004) J. Morphol. , vol.260 , pp. 279
    • Blob, R.W.1    Willey, J.S.2    Wyneken, J.3
  • 7
    • 0033969358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal use of floodplain habitats by lentic and lotic species of aquatic turtles
    • Bodie, J.R., and Semlitsch, R.D., Spatial and temporal use of floodplain habitats by lentic and lotic species of aquatic turtles, Oecologia, 122, 138-146, 2000.
    • (2000) Oecologia , vol.122 , pp. 138-146
    • Bodie, J.R.1    Semlitsch, R.D.2
  • 8
    • 0022968616 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of synergic relations during isometric contractions of human elbow muscles
    • Buchanan, T.S., Almdale, D.P.J., Lewis, J.L., and Rymer, W.Z., Characteristics of synergic relations during isometric contractions of human elbow muscles, J. Neurophysiol., 56, 1225-1241, 1986.
    • (1986) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.56 , pp. 1225-1241
    • Buchanan, T.S.1    Almdale, D.P.J.2    Lewis, J.L.3    Rymer, W.Z.4
  • 9
    • 0025004326 scopus 로고
    • Adaptive control for backward quadrupedal walking II. Hindlimb muscle synergies
    • Buford, J.A., and Smith, J.L., Adaptive control for backward quadrupedal walking II. Hindlimb muscle synergies, J. Neurophysiol., 64, 756-766, 1990.
    • (1990) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.64 , pp. 756-766
    • Buford, J.A.1    Smith, J.L.2
  • 10
    • 0000004727 scopus 로고
    • Development of the turtle carapace: Implications for the evolution of a novel bauplan
    • Burke, A.C., Development of the turtle carapace: Implications for the evolution of a novel bauplan, J. Morphol., 199, 363-378, 1989.
    • (1989) J. Morphol. , vol.199 , pp. 363-378
    • Burke, A.C.1
  • 11
    • 11944264347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic comparative analysis: A modeling approach for adaptive evolution
    • Butler, M., and King, A., Phylogenetic comparative analysis: A modeling approach for adaptive evolution, Am. Nat., 164, 683-695, 2004.
    • (2004) Am. Nat. , vol.164 , pp. 683-695
    • Butler, M.1    King, A.2
  • 12
    • 0002997232 scopus 로고
    • Home range, homing behavior, and migration in turtles
    • Cagle, F.R., Home range, homing behavior, and migration in turtles, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 61, 1-34, 1944.
    • (1944) Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. , vol.61 , pp. 1-34
    • Cagle, F.R.1
  • 13
    • 0002256650 scopus 로고
    • Life history of the slider turtle, Pseudemys scripta troosti (Holbrook)
    • Cagle, F.R., Life history of the slider turtle, Pseudemys scripta troosti (Holbrook), Ecol. Monogr., 20, 33-54, 1950.
    • (1950) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.20 , pp. 33-54
    • Cagle, F.R.1
  • 14
    • 0003051888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ontogenetic limits on locomotor performance
    • Carrier, D.R., Ontogenetic limits on locomotor performance, Physiol. Zool., 69, 467-488, 1996.
    • (1996) Physiol. Zool. , vol.69 , pp. 467-488
    • Carrier, D.R.1
  • 15
    • 0025011747 scopus 로고
    • Variability as a characteristic of immature motor systems: An electromyographic study of swimming in the newborn rat
    • Cazalets, J.R., Menard, I., Crémieux, J., and Clarac, F., Variability as a characteristic of immature motor systems: An electromyographic study of swimming in the newborn rat, Behav. Brain Res., 40, 215-225, 1990.
    • (1990) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.40 , pp. 215-225
    • Cazalets, J.R.1    Menard, I.2    Crémieux, J.3    Clarac, F.4
  • 16
    • 0036105372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of slope, substrate, and temperature on the locomotion of the ornate box turtle, Terrapene ornata
    • Claussen, D.L., Lim, R., Kurz, M., and Wren, K., Effects of slope, substrate, and temperature on the locomotion of the ornate box turtle, Terrapene ornata, Copeia, 2002, 411-418, 2002.
    • (2002) Copeia , vol.2002 , pp. 411-418
    • Claussen, D.L.1    Lim, R.2    Kurz, M.3    Wren, K.4
  • 17
    • 4143050221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of slope, substrate and temperature on forces associated with locomotion of the ornate box turtle, Terrapene ornata
    • Claussen, D.L., Snashall, J., and Barden, C., Effects of slope, substrate and temperature on forces associated with locomotion of the ornate box turtle, Terrapene ornata, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 138, 269-276, 2004.
    • (2004) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A , vol.138 , pp. 269-276
    • Claussen, D.L.1    Snashall, J.2    Barden, C.3
  • 18
    • 0000140675 scopus 로고
    • Intraspecific variation in the cranial feeding mechanism of turtles of the genus Trionyx (Reptilia, Testudines, Trionychidae)
    • Dalrymple, G.H., Intraspecific variation in the cranial feeding mechanism of turtles of the genus Trionyx (Reptilia, Testudines, Trionychidae), J. Herpetol., 11, 255-285, 1977.
    • (1977) J. Herpetol. , vol.11 , pp. 255-285
    • Dalrymple, G.H.1
  • 19
    • 0021550479 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the swimming of marine and freshwater turtles
    • Davenport, J.S., Munks, A., and Oxford, P.J., A comparison of the swimming of marine and freshwater turtles, Proc. R.S. Lond. B, 220, 447-475, 1984.
    • (1984) Proc. R.S. Lond. B , vol.220 , pp. 447-475
    • Davenport, J.S.1    Munks, A.2    Oxford, P.J.3
  • 20
    • 0004226594 scopus 로고
    • Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    • Denny, M.W., Air and Water, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.
    • (1993) Air and Water
    • Denny, M.W.1
  • 21
    • 0032852151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locomotor forces on a swimming fish: Three-dimensional vortex wake dynamics quantified using digital particle image velocimetry
    • Drucker, E.G., and Lauder, G.V., Locomotor forces on a swimming fish: Three-dimensional vortex wake dynamics quantified using digital particle image velocimetry, J. Exp. Biol., 202, 2393-2412, 1999.
    • (1999) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.202 , pp. 2393-2412
    • Drucker, E.G.1    Lauder, G.V.2
  • 22
    • 0033730393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Step, swim, and scratch motor patterns in the turtle
    • Earhart, G.M., and Stein, P.S.G., Step, swim, and scratch motor patterns in the turtle, J. Neurophysiol., 84, 2181-2190, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.84 , pp. 2181-2190
    • Earhart, G.M.1    Stein, P.S.G.2
  • 23
    • 9644265549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple data sets, high homoplasy, and the phylogeny of softshell turtles (Testudines: Trionychidae)
    • Engstrom, T.N., Shaffer, H.B., and McCord, W.P., Multiple data sets, high homoplasy, and the phylogeny of softshell turtles (Testudines: Trionychidae), Syst. Biol., 53, 693-710, 2004.
    • (2004) Syst. Biol. , vol.53 , pp. 693-710
    • Engstrom, T.N.1    Shaffer, H.B.2    McCord, W.P.3
  • 26
    • 0038787881 scopus 로고
    • Kinematics of undulatory swimming in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)
    • Fish, F., Kinematics of undulatory swimming in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), Copeia, 1984, 839-843, 1984.
    • (1984) Copeia , vol.1984 , pp. 839-843
    • Fish, F.1
  • 27
    • 24644494898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic approaches in comparative physiology
    • Garland, T. Jr., Bennett, A.F., and Rezende, E.L., Phylogenetic approaches in comparative physiology, J. Exp. Biol., 208, 3015-3035, 2005.
    • (2005) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.208 , pp. 3015-3035
    • Garland, T.1    Bennett, A.F.2    Rezende, E.L.3
  • 28
    • 0025591944 scopus 로고
    • Caudofemoral musculature and the evolution of theropod locomotion
    • Gatesy, S.M., Caudofemoral musculature and the evolution of theropod locomotion, Paleobiology, 16, 170-186, 1990.
    • (1990) Paleobiology , vol.16 , pp. 170-186
    • Gatesy, S.M.1
  • 29
    • 0030779644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An electromyographic analysis of hindlimb function in Alligator during terrestrial locomotion
    • Gatesy, S.M., An electromyographic analysis of hindlimb function in Alligator during terrestrial locomotion, J. Morph., 234, 197-212, 1997.
    • (1997) J. Morph. , vol.234 , pp. 197-212
    • Gatesy, S.M.1
  • 30
    • 0000374466 scopus 로고
    • Terrestrial activity and the population dynamics of aquatic turtles
    • Gibbons, J.W., Terrestrial activity and the population dynamics of aquatic turtles, Am. Midl. Nat., 83, 404-414, 1970.
    • (1970) Am. Midl. Nat. , vol.83 , pp. 404-414
    • Gibbons, J.W.1
  • 32
    • 0028978464 scopus 로고
    • Specialists and generalists in changing environments. I. Fitness landscapes of thermal sensitivity
    • Gilchrist, G.W., Specialists and generalists in changing environments. I. Fitness landscapes of thermal sensitivity, Am. Nat., 146, 252-270, 1995.
    • (1995) Am. Nat. , vol.146 , pp. 252-270
    • Gilchrist, G.W.1
  • 33
    • 0034488008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hindlimb extensor muscle function during jumping and swimming in the toad (Bufo marinus)
    • Gillis, G.B., and Biewener, A.A., Hindlimb extensor muscle function during jumping and swimming in the toad (Bufo marinus), J. Exp. Biol., 203, 3547-3563, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.203 , pp. 3547-3563
    • Gillis, G.B.1    Biewener, A.A.2
  • 34
    • 0035686361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How muscles accommodate movement in different physical environments: Aquatic vs. terrestrial locomotion in vertebrates
    • Gillis, G.B., and Blob, R.W., How muscles accommodate movement in different physical environments: Aquatic vs. terrestrial locomotion in vertebrates, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 131, 61-75, 2001.
    • (2001) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A , vol.131 , pp. 61-75
    • Gillis, G.B.1    Blob, R.W.2
  • 35
    • 0019195406 scopus 로고
    • Swimming in the rat: Analysis of locomotor performance in comparison to stepping
    • Gruner, J.A., and Altman, J., Swimming in the rat: analysis of locomotor performance in comparison to stepping, Exp. Brain Res., 40, 374-382, 1980.
    • (1980) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.40 , pp. 374-382
    • Gruner, J.A.1    Altman, J.2
  • 36
    • 0020859578 scopus 로고
    • Dietary and habitat shift with size of red-eared turtles (Pseudemys scripta) in a southern Louisiana population
    • Hart, D.B., Dietary and habitat shift with size of red-eared turtles (Pseudemys scripta) in a southern Louisiana population, Herpetologica, 39, 285-290, 1983.
    • (1983) Herpetologica , vol.39 , pp. 285-290
    • Hart, D.B.1
  • 37
    • 0024081198 scopus 로고
    • Speed, stride frequency, and energy cost per stride. How do they change with body size and gait?
    • Heglund, N.C., and Taylor, C.R., Speed, stride frequency, and energy cost per stride. How do they change with body size and gait?, J. Exp. Biol., 138, 301-318, 1988.
    • (1988) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.138 , pp. 301-318
    • Heglund, N.C.1    Taylor, C.R.2
  • 38
    • 0034050234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Living without oxygen: Lessons from the freshwater turtle
    • Jackson, D.C., Living without oxygen: Lessons from the freshwater turtle, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 125, 299-315, 2000.
    • (2000) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A , vol.125 , pp. 299-315
    • Jackson, D.C.1
  • 39
    • 0037106313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hibernating without oxygen: The painted turtle
    • Jackson, D.C., Hibernating without oxygen: The painted turtle, J. Physiol. Lond., 543, 731-737, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Physiol. Lond. , vol.543 , pp. 731-737
    • Jackson, D.C.1
  • 40
    • 8844276132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surviving extreme lactic acidosis: The role of calcium lactate formation in the anoxic turtle
    • Jackson, D.C., Surviving extreme lactic acidosis: The role of calcium lactate formation in the anoxic turtle, Resp. Physiol. Neurobiol., 144, 173-178, 2004.
    • (2004) Resp. Physiol. Neurobiol. , vol.144 , pp. 173-178
    • Jackson, D.C.1
  • 41
    • 84985325765 scopus 로고
    • The gaits of chelonians: Walking techniques for very slow speeds
    • Jayes, A.S., and Alexander, R.M., The gaits of chelonians: Walking techniques for very slow speeds, J. Zool., 191, 353-378, 1980.
    • (1980) J. Zool. , vol.191 , pp. 353-378
    • Jayes, A.S.1    Alexander, R.M.2
  • 42
    • 0030219260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of muscle activity during different behaviors in chicks: Implications for neural control
    • Johnston, R.M., and Bekoff, A., Patterns of muscle activity during different behaviors in chicks: Implications for neural control, J. Comp. Physiol. A., 179, 169-184, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Comp. Physiol. A. , vol.179 , pp. 169-184
    • Johnston, R.M.1    Bekoff, A.2
  • 43
    • 0030273129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hopping and swimming in the leopard frog, Rana pipiens: II. A comparison of muscle activities
    • Kamel, L.T., Peters, S.E., and Bashor, D.P., Hopping and swimming in the leopard frog, Rana pipiens: II. A comparison of muscle activities, J. Morph., 230, 17-31, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Morph. , vol.230 , pp. 17-31
    • Kamel, L.T.1    Peters, S.E.2    Bashor, D.P.3
  • 44
    • 0036023234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional morphology of proximal hindlimb muscles in the frog Rana pipiens
    • Kargo, W.J., and Rome, L.C., Functional morphology of proximal hindlimb muscles in the frog Rana pipiens, J. Exp. Biol., 205, 1987-2004, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.205 , pp. 1987-2004
    • Kargo, W.J.1    Rome, L.C.2
  • 46
    • 0029353528 scopus 로고
    • Fiber-type composition of hind limb muscles in the turtle, Pseudemys (Trachemys) scripta elegans
    • Laidlaw, D.H., Callister, R.J., and Stuart, D.G., Fiber-type composition of hind limb muscles in the turtle, Pseudemys (Trachemys) scripta elegans, J. Morphol., 225, 193-211, 1995.
    • (1995) J. Morphol. , vol.225 , pp. 193-211
    • Laidlaw, D.H.1    Callister, R.J.2    Stuart, D.G.3
  • 47
    • 23044519920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Function of the caudal fin during locomotion in fishes: Kinematics, flow visualization, and evolutionary patterns
    • Lauder, G.V., Function of the caudal fin during locomotion in fishes: Kinematics, flow visualization, and evolutionary patterns, Am. Zool., 40, 101-122, 2000.
    • (2000) Am. Zool. , vol.40 , pp. 101-122
    • Lauder, G.V.1
  • 49
    • 0002433645 scopus 로고
    • How flexible are muscle synergies?
    • D.R. Humphrey and H.J. Freund (eds.), Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons
    • Macpherson, J.M., How flexible are muscle synergies?, in Motor Control: Concepts and Issues, D.R. Humphrey and H.J. Freund (eds.), Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 1991, 33-47.
    • (1991) Motor Control: Concepts and Issues , pp. 33-47
    • Macpherson, J.M.1
  • 50
    • 0000108023 scopus 로고
    • Hydric conditions during incubation influence locomotor performance of hatchling snapping turtles
    • Miller, K., Packard, G.C., and Packard, M.J., Hydric conditions during incubation influence locomotor performance of hatchling snapping turtles, J. Exp. Biol., 127, 401-412, 1987.
    • (1987) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.127 , pp. 401-412
    • Miller, K.1    Packard, G.C.2    Packard, M.J.3
  • 51
    • 0002336971 scopus 로고
    • Effects of slope on voluntary locomotor performance in the turtle, Terrapene carolina carolina
    • Muegel, L.A., and Claussen, D.L., Effects of slope on voluntary locomotor performance in the turtle, Terrapene carolina carolina, J. Herpetol., 28, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Herpetol. , pp. 28
    • Muegel, L.A.1    Claussen, D.L.2
  • 52
    • 0032191610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation patterns and length changes in hindlimb muscles of the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana during jumping
    • Olson, J.M., and Marsh, R.L., Activation patterns and length changes in hindlimb muscles of the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana during jumping, J. Exp. Biol., 201, 2763-2777, 1998.
    • (1998) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.201 , pp. 2763-2777
    • Olson, J.M.1    Marsh, R.L.2
  • 53
    • 0035746256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative kinematics of the forelimb during swimming in red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta) and spiny softshell (Apalone spinifera) turtles
    • Pace, C.M., Blob, R.W., and Westneat, M.W., Comparative kinematics of the forelimb during swimming in red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta) and spiny softshell (Apalone spinifera) turtles, J. Exp. Biol., 204, 3261-3271, 2001.
    • (2001) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.204 , pp. 3261-3271
    • Pace, C.M.1    Blob, R.W.2    Westneat, M.W.3
  • 54
    • 0001011265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activity, habitat and movement patterns of softshell turtles (Trionyx spiniferus) in a small stream
    • Plummer, M.V., Mills, N.E., and Allen, S.L., Activity, habitat and movement patterns of softshell turtles (Trionyx spiniferus) in a small stream, Chel. Cons. Biol., 2, 514-520, 1997.
    • (1997) Chel. Cons. Biol. , vol.2 , pp. 514-520
    • Plummer, M.V.1    Mills, N.E.2    Allen, S.L.3
  • 55
    • 0029963276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive control for backward quadrupedal walking: V. Mutable activation of bifunctional thigh muscles
    • Pratt, C.A., Buford, J.A., and Smith, J.L., Adaptive control for backward quadrupedal walking: V. Mutable activation of bifunctional thigh muscles, J. Neurophysiol., 75, 832-842, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.75 , pp. 832-842
    • Pratt, C.A.1    Buford, J.A.2    Smith, J.L.3
  • 56
    • 0346432362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motor control of locomotor hindlimb posture in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)
    • Reilly, S.M., and Blob, R.W., Motor control of locomotor hindlimb posture in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), J. Exp. Biol., 206, 4341-4351, 2003.
    • (2003) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.206 , pp. 4341-4351
    • Reilly, S.M.1    Blob, R.W.2
  • 57
    • 0027806616 scopus 로고
    • Comparison between aquatic and terrestrial locomotions of the leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)
    • Renous, S., and Bels, V., Comparison between aquatic and terrestrial locomotions of the leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), J. Zool. Lond., 230, 357-378, 1993.
    • (1993) J. Zool. Lond. , vol.230 , pp. 357-378
    • Renous, S.1    Bels, V.2
  • 58
    • 21344455556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Swimming behaviour during first immersion in hatchling leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea)
    • Renous, S., and Bels, V.L., Swimming behaviour during first immersion in hatchling leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea), Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. Paris, 17, 25-38, 1996.
    • (1996) Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. Paris , vol.17 , pp. 25-38
    • Renous, S.1    Bels, V.L.2
  • 59
    • 33845267962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aquatic turning performance of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) and functional consequences of a rigid body design
    • Rivera, G., Rivera, A.R.V., Dougherty, E.E., and Blob, R.W., Aquatic turning performance of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) and functional consequences of a rigid body design, J. Exp. Biol., 209, 4203-4213, 2006.
    • (2006) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.209 , pp. 4203-4213
    • Rivera, G.1    Rivera, A.R.V.2    Dougherty, E.E.3    Blob, R.W.4
  • 60
    • 0021867548 scopus 로고
    • Recruitment patterns in the rat hindlimb muscle during swimming
    • Roy, R.R., Hirota, W.K., Kuehl, M., and Edgerton, V.R., Recruitment patterns in the rat hindlimb muscle during swimming, Brain Res., 337, 175-178, 1985.
    • (1985) Brain Res. , vol.337 , pp. 175-178
    • Roy, R.R.1    Hirota, W.K.2    Kuehl, M.3    Edgerton, V.R.4
  • 61
    • 0025760055 scopus 로고
    • EMG patterns of rat ankle extensors and flexors during treadmill locomotion and swimming
    • Roy, R.R., Hutchinson, D.L., Pierotti, D.J., Hodgson, J.A., and Edgerton, V.R., EMG patterns of rat ankle extensors and flexors during treadmill locomotion and swimming, J. Appl. Physiol., 70, 2522-2529, 1991.
    • (1991) J. Appl. Physiol. , vol.70 , pp. 2522-2529
    • Roy, R.R.1    Hutchinson, D.L.2    Pierotti, D.J.3    Hodgson, J.A.4    Edgerton, V.R.5
  • 63
    • 0031152764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tests of turtle phylogeny: Molecular, morphological, and paleontological approaches
    • Shaffer, H.B., Meylan, P., and McKnight, M.L., Tests of turtle phylogeny: Molecular, morphological, and paleontological approaches, Sys. Bio., 46, 235-268, 1997.
    • (1997) Sys. Bio. , vol.46 , pp. 235-268
    • Shaffer, H.B.1    Meylan, P.2    McKnight, M.L.3
  • 64
    • 77957216136 scopus 로고
    • Adaptations for bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion in lizards
    • Snyder, R.C., Adaptations for bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion in lizards, Am. Zool., 2, 191-203, 1962.
    • (1962) Am. Zool. , vol.2 , pp. 191-203
    • Snyder, R.C.1
  • 65
    • 16444382764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuronal control of turtle hindlimb motor rhythms
    • Stein, P.S.G., Neuronal control of turtle hindlimb motor rhythms, J. Comp. Physiol. A, 191, 213-229, 2003.
    • (2003) J. Comp. Physiol. A , vol.191 , pp. 213-229
    • Stein, P.S.G.1
  • 66
    • 0043023695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological diversification and phylogeny of emydid turtles
    • Stephens, P.R., and Wiens, J.J., Ecological diversification and phylogeny of emydid turtles, Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 79, 577-610, 2003.
    • (2003) Biol. J. Linn. Soc. , vol.79 , pp. 577-610
    • Stephens, P.R.1    Wiens, J.J.2
  • 67
    • 33746216346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ecology of overwintering among turtles: Where turtles overwinter and its consequences
    • Ultsch, G.R., The ecology of overwintering among turtles: Where turtles overwinter and its consequences, Biol. Rev., 81, 339-367, 2006.
    • (2006) Biol. Rev. , vol.81 , pp. 339-367
    • Ultsch, G.R.1
  • 68
    • 0036368756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic relationships among the species of the genus Testudo (Testudines: Testudinidae) inferred from mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene sequences
    • Van der Kuyl, A.C., Ballasina, D.L.P., Dekker, J.T., Maas, J., Willemsen, R.E., and Goudsmit, J., Phylogenetic relationships among the species of the genus Testudo (Testudines: Testudinidae) inferred from mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene sequences, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 22, 174-183, 2002.
    • (2002) Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. , vol.22 , pp. 174-183
    • van der Kuyl, A.C.1    Ballasina, D.L.P.2    Dekker, J.T.3    Maas, J.4    Willemsen, R.E.5    Goudsmit, J.6
  • 69
    • 0003799829 scopus 로고
    • Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    • Vogel, S., Life in Moving Fluids, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994.
    • (1994) Life in Moving Fluids
    • Vogel, S.1
  • 70
    • 0031898935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating velocities and accelerations of animal locomotion: A simulation experiment comparing numerically different algorithms
    • Walker, J.A., Estimating velocities and accelerations of animal locomotion: A simulation experiment comparing numerically different algorithms, J. Exp. Biol., 201, 981-995, 1998.
    • (1998) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.201 , pp. 981-995
    • Walker, J.A.1
  • 71
    • 0034703496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanical performance of aquatic rowing and flying
    • Walker, J.A., and Westneat, M.W., Mechanical performance of aquatic rowing and flying, Proc. R.S. Lond. B, 267, 1875-1881, 2000.
    • (2000) Proc. R.S. Lond. B , vol.267 , pp. 1875-1881
    • Walker, J.A.1    Westneat, M.W.2
  • 72
    • 0015070486 scopus 로고
    • A structural and functional analysis of walking in the turtle, Chrysemys picta marginata
    • Walker, W.F. Jr., A structural and functional analysis of walking in the turtle, Chrysemys picta marginata, J. Morphol., 134, 195-214, 1971.
    • (1971) J. Morphol. , vol.134 , pp. 195-214
    • Walker, W.F.1
  • 73
    • 0003361679 scopus 로고
    • The locomotor apparatus of Testudines
    • Morphology D, C. Gans and T.S. Parsons (eds.), London: Academic Press
    • Walker, W.F. Jr., The locomotor apparatus of Testudines, in Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 4: Morphology D, C. Gans and T.S. Parsons (eds.), London: Academic Press, 1973, 1-100.
    • (1973) Biology of the Reptilia , vol.4 , pp. 1-100
    • Walker, W.F.1
  • 74
    • 0001376429 scopus 로고
    • North American recent soft-shelled turtles (Family Trionychidae)
    • Webb, R.G., North American recent soft-shelled turtles (Family Trionychidae), Univ. Ks. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 13, 431-611, 1962.
    • (1962) Univ. Ks. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. , vol.13 , pp. 431-611
    • Webb, R.G.1
  • 75
    • 0027082892 scopus 로고
    • Changes in the electromyogram of two major hindlimb muscles during locomotor development in the rat
    • Westerga, J., and Gramsbergen, A., Changes in the electromyogram of two major hindlimb muscles during locomotor development in the rat, Exp. Brain Res., 92, 479-488, 1993.
    • (1993) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.92 , pp. 479-488
    • Westerga, J.1    Gramsbergen, A.2
  • 76
    • 0028855238 scopus 로고
    • Feeding, function, and phylogeny: Analysis of historical biomechanics in labrid fishes using comparative methods
    • Westneat, M.W., Feeding, function, and phylogeny: analysis of historical biomechanics in labrid fishes using comparative methods, Syst. Biol., 44, 361-383, 1995.
    • (1995) Syst. Biol. , vol.44 , pp. 361-383
    • Westneat, M.W.1
  • 77
    • 0030872819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motor patterns of labriform locomotion: Kinematic and electromyographic analysis of pectoral fin swimming in the labrid fish Gomphosus varius
    • Westneat, M.W., and Walker, J.A., Motor patterns of labriform locomotion: Kinematic and electromyographic analysis of pectoral fin swimming in the labrid fish Gomphosus varius, J. Exp. Biol., 200, 1881-1893, 1997.
    • (1997) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.200 , pp. 1881-1893
    • Westneat, M.W.1    Walker, J.A.2
  • 78
    • 7044235934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tail kinematics of juvenile common snapping turtles during aquatic walking
    • Willey, J.S., and Blob, R.W., Tail kinematics of juvenile common snapping turtles during aquatic walking, J. Herpetol., 38, 360-369, 2004.
    • (2004) J. Herpetol. , vol.38 , pp. 360-369
    • Willey, J.S.1    Blob, R.W.2
  • 79
    • 0031779181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of body size and extrinsic mass on the locomotion of the ornate box turtle, Terrapene ornata
    • Wren, K., Claussen, D.L., and Kurz, M., The effects of body size and extrinsic mass on the locomotion of the ornate box turtle, Terrapene ornata, J. Herpetol., 32, 144-150, 1998.
    • (1998) J. Herpetol. , vol.32 , pp. 144-150
    • Wren, K.1    Claussen, D.L.2    Kurz, M.3
  • 80
    • 85051609956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sea turtle locomotion: Mechanisms, behavior, and energetics
    • P.L. Lutz and J.A. Musick (eds.), Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
    • Wyneken, J., Sea turtle locomotion: Mechanisms, behavior, and energetics, in The Biology of Sea Turtles, P.L. Lutz and J.A. Musick (eds.), Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1997, 165-198.
    • (1997) The Biology of Sea Turtles , pp. 165-198
    • Wyneken, J.1
  • 81
    • 0001194592 scopus 로고
    • The turtle shell
    • Morphology A C. Gans, A.d’A. Bellairs, and T.S. Parsons, (eds.), London: Academic Press
    • Zangerl, R., The turtle shell, in Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 1, Morphology A, C. Gans, A.d’A. Bellairs, and T.S. Parsons, (eds.), London: Academic Press, 1969, 311-339.
    • (1969) Biology of the Reptilia , vol.1 , pp. 311-339
    • Zangerl, R.1
  • 82
    • 0028155146 scopus 로고
    • Voluntary and forced locomotion in juvenile and adult painted turtles, Chrysemys picta
    • Zani, P.A., and Claussen, D.L., Voluntary and forced locomotion in juvenile and adult painted turtles, Chrysemys picta, Copeia, 1994, 466-471, 1994.
    • (1994) Copeia , vol.1994 , pp. 466-471
    • Zani, P.A.1    Claussen, D.L.2
  • 83
    • 18944378256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Giant Galapagos tortoises walk without inverted pendulum mechanical-energy exchange
    • Zani, P.A., Gottschall, J.S., and Kram, R., Giant Galapagos tortoises walk without inverted pendulum mechanical-energy exchange, J. Exp. Biol., 208, 1489-1494, 2005.
    • (2005) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.208 , pp. 1489-1494
    • Zani, P.A.1    Gottschall, J.S.2    Kram, R.3
  • 85
    • 0003052941 scopus 로고
    • Buoyancy, locomotion, morphology of the pelvic girdle and hind limb, and systematics of cryptodiran turtles
    • Zug, G.R., Buoyancy, locomotion, morphology of the pelvic girdle and hind limb, and systematics of cryptodiran turtles, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 142, 1-98, 1971.
    • (1971) Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. , vol.142 , pp. 1-98
    • Zug, G.R.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.