Dynamics of muscle function during locomotion: Accommodating variable conditions

Journal of Experimental Biology

Volumn 202, Issue 23, 1999, Pages 3387-3396

  Biewener, Andrew A ^a   Gillis, Gary B ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Dynamics; Locomotion; Muscle function; Variability

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; ENVIRONMENT; GAIT; LOCOMOTION; PHYSIOLOGY; SKELETAL MUSCLE;

ANIMALS; BIOMECHANICS; ENVIRONMENT; GAIT; LOCOMOTION; MUSCLE, SKELETAL;

ANAS; ANGUILLIFORMES; ANIMALIA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 0033402879     PISSN: 00220949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Alexander, R. McN. (1969). The orientation of muscle fibres in the myomeres of fishes. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 49, 263-290.
2. Alexander, R. McN. (1984). The gaits of bipedal and quadrupedal animals. J. Robotics Res. 3, 49-59.
3. Bennett, M. B., Ker, R. F., Dimery, N. J. and Alexander, R. McN. (1986). Mechanical properties of various mammalian tendons. J. Zool., Lond. 209, 537-548.
4. Bertram, J. E. A. and Marsh, R. L. (1998). Muscle properties and organismal function: shifting paradigms. Am. Zool. 38, 697-702.
5. Biewener, A. A. (1989). Scaling body support in mammals: limb posture and muscle mechanics. Science 245, 45-48.
6. Biewener, A. A. (1998). Muscle-tendon stresses and elastic energy storage during locomotion in the horse. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 120, 73-87.
7. Biewener, A. A. and Baudinette, R. V. (1995). In vivo muscle force and elastic energy storage during steady-speed hopping of tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii). J. Exp. Biol. 198, 1829-1841.
8. Biewener, A. A., Konieczynski, D. D. and Baudinette, R. V. (1998). In vivo muscle force-length behavior during steady-speed hopping in tammar wallabies. J. Exp. Biol. 201, 1681-1694.
9. Blickhan, R. (1989). The spring-mass model for running and hopping. J. Biomech. 22, 1217-1227.
10. Cavagna, G. A., Heglund, N. C. and Taylor, C. R. (1977). Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditures. Am. J. Physiol. 233, R243-R261.
11. Clarac, F., Libersat, F., Pflüger, H. J. and Rathmayer, W. (1987). Motor pattern analysis in the shore crab (Carcinus maenas) walking freely in water and on land. J. Exp. Biol. 133, 395-414.
12. Dial, K. P. (1992). Activity patterns of the wing muscles of the pigeon (Columba livia) during different modes of flight. J. Exp. Zool. 262, 357-373.
13. Dimery, N. J., Alexander, R. McN. and Ker, R. F. (1986). Elastic extension of leg tendons in the locomotion of horses (Equus caballus). J. Zool., Lond. 210, 415-425.
14. Farley, C. T., Glasheen, J. and McMahon, T. A. (1993). Running springs: speed and animal size. J. Exp. Biol. 185, 71-86.
15. Frolich, L. M. and Biewener, A. A. (1992). Kinematic and electromyographic analysis of the functional role of the body axis during terrestrial and aquatic locomotion in the salamander Ambystoma tigrinum. J. Exp. Biol. 162, 107-130.
16. Gillis, G. B. (1997). Anguilliform locomotion in an elongate salamander (Siren intermedia): effects of speed on axial undulatory movements. J. Exp. Biol. 200, 767-784.
17. Gillis, G. B. (1998a). Environmental effects on undulatory locomotion in the American eel (Anguilla rostrata): kinematics in water and on land. J. Exp. Biol. 201, 949-961.
18. Gillis, G. B. (1998b). Neuromuscular control of anguilliform locomotion: patterns of red and white muscle activity during swimming in the American eel (Anguilla rostrata). J. Exp. Biol. 201, 3245-3256.
19. Gordon, A. M., Huxley, A. F. and Julian, F. J. (1966). The variation in isometric tension with sarcomere length in vertebrate muscle fibers. J. Physiol., Lond. 184, 170-192.
20. Goslow, G. E. J., Reinking, R. M. and Stuart, D. G. (1973). The cat step cycle: hind limb joint angles and muscle lengths during unrestrained locomotion. J. Morph. 141, 1-42.
21. Gray, J. (1968). Animal Locomotion. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. Inc.
22. Griffiths, R. I. (1991). Shortening of muscle fibers during stretch of the active cat medial gastrocnemius muscle: the role of tendon compliance. J. Physiol., Lond. 436, 219-236.
23. Grote, J. R. (1981). The effect of load on locomotion in crayfish. J. Exp. Biol. 92, 277-288.
24. Heglund, N. C., Fedak, M. A., Taylor, C. R. and Cavagna, G. A. (1982). Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. IV. Total mechanical energy changes as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals. J. Exp. Biol. 97, 57-66.
25. Hill, A. V. (1938). The heat of shortening and the dynamic constants of muscle. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 126, 136-195.
26. Houk, J. C. (1979). Regulation of stiffness by skeletomotor reflexes. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 41, 99-114.
27. Jayne, B. C. and Lauder, G. V. (1993). Red and white muscle activity and kinematics of the escape response of the bluegill sunfish during swimming. J. Comp. Physiol. A 173, 495-508.
28. Josephson, R. K. (1993). Contraction dynamics and power output of skeletal muscle. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 55, 527-546.
29. Ker, R. F., Alexander, R. McN. and Bennett, M. B. (1988). Why are mammalian tendons so thick? J. Zool., Lond. 216, 309-324.
30. Kram, R. and Taylor, C. R. (1990). Energetics of running: a new perspective. Nature 346, 265-267.
31. Lindsey, C. C. (1978). Form, function and the locomotory habits in fish. In Fish Physiology, vol. VII (ed. W. S. Hoar and D. J. Randall), pp. 1-100. New York: Academic Press.
32. McMahon, T. A. (1984). Muscles, Reflexes and Locomotion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
33. McMahon, T. A. and Cheng, G. C. (1990). The mechanics of running: how does stiffness couple with speed? J. Biomech. 23, 65-78.
34. Philippson, M. (1905). L'autonomie et la centralisation dans le système nerveux des animaux. Trav. Lab. Physiol. Inst. Solvay (Bruxelles) 7, 1-208.
35. Prochazka, A. (1986). Proprioception during voluntary movement. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmac. 64, 499-504.
36. Rack, P. M. H. and Ross, H. F. (1984). The tendon of flexor pollicis longus; its effects on the muscular control of force and position in the human thumb. J. Physiol., Lond. 351, 99-110.
37. Roberts, T. J., Marsh, R. L., Weyand, P. G. and Taylor, C. R. (1997). Muscular force in running turkeys: the economy of minimizing work. Science 275, 1113-1115.
38. Shadwick, R. E. (1990). Elastic energy storage in tendons: mechanical differences related to function and age. J. Appl. Physiol. 68, 1033-1040.
39. Taylor, C. R. (1994). Relating mechanics and energetics during exercise. Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med. 38A, 181-215.
40. Tesch, F. W. (1977). The Eel: Biology and Management of Anguillid Eels. London: Chapman & Hall.
41. Walmsley, B., Hodgson, J. A. and Burke, R. E. (1978). Forces produced by medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles during locomotion in freely moving cats. J. Neurophysiol. 41, 1203-1216.
42. Wardle, C. S., Videler, J. J. and Altringham, J. D. (1995). Tuning in to fish swimming waves: body form, swimming mode and muscle function. J. Exp. Biol. 198, 1629-1636.