Mechanics of limb bone loading during terrestrial locomotion in the green iguana (Iguana iguana) and American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

Journal of Experimental Biology

Volumn 204, Issue 6, 2001, Pages 1099-1122

  Blob, Richard W ^a   Biewener, Andrew A ^a  

^a FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomechanics; Bone stress; Crocodylia; Evolution; Force platform; Kinematics; Lepidosauria; Lizard; Locomotion; Posture; Safety factor; Sauria

Indexed keywords

ALLIGATOR; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; BONE; FEMUR; HINDLIMB; LIMB; LIZARD; LOCOMOTION; MECHANICAL STRESS; PHYSIOLOGY; SKELETAL MUSCLE; TIBIA;

ALLIGATORS AND CROCODILES; ANIMALS; BIOMECHANICS; BONE AND BONES; EXTREMITIES; FEMUR; HINDLIMB; IGUANAS; LOCOMOTION; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; STRESS, MECHANICAL; TIBIA;

ALLIGATOR MISSISSIPPIENSIS; ANIMALIA; AVES; CROCODYLIDAE (ALL CROCODILES); IGUANA; IGUANA IGUANA; LEPIDOSAURIA; MAMMALIA; SAURIA; SQUAMATA;

EID: 0035745013     PISSN: 00220949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. The mechanics of a dog jumping, Canis familiaris
2. Terrestrial locomotion
3. Factors of safety in the structure of animals
4. Bone strength in small mammals and bipedal birds: Do safety factors change with body size?
5. Locomotory stresses in the limb bones of two small mammals: The ground squirrel and chipmunk
6. Allometry of quadrupedal locomotion: The scaling of duty factor, bone curvature and limb orientation to body size
7. Scaling body support in mammals: Limb posture and muscle mechanics
8. Biomechanics of mammalian terrestrial locomotion
9. Safety factors in bone strength
10. Force platform and kinematic analysis
11. Bone strain: A determinant of gait and speed?
12. Bone stress in the horse forelimb during locomotion at different gaits: A comparison of two experimental methods
13. Mechanics of locomotion and jumping in the horse (Equus): In vivo stress in the tibia and metatarsus
14. Evolution of hindlimb posture in non-mammalian therapsids: Biomechanical tests of paleontological hypotheses
15. In vivo locomotor strain in the hindlimb bones of Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana: Implications for the evolution of limb bone safety factor and non-sprawling limb posture
16. Structural correlates of tarsal and metatarsal functioning in Iguana (Lacertilia; Iguanidae) and other lizards
17. The hind limb step cycle of Caiman sclerops and the mechanics of the crocodile tarsus and metatarsus
18. The hind limb step cycle of Iguana and primitive reptiles
19. Locomotion in non-avian dinosaurs: Integrating data from hindlimb kinematics, in vivo strains and bone morphology
20. Variable gearing during locomotion in the human musculoskeletal system
21. Effect of stretching on the elastic characteristics and the contractile component of frog striated muscle
22. Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: Two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure
23. Zur biomechanik der lokomotion vierfüßiger reptilien (besonders der Squamata)
24. Scientific results of an inquiry into the ecology and economic status of the Nile crocodile (Crocodilus niloticus) in Uganda and Northern Rhodesia
25. Evolution of the mechanical properties of amniote bone
26. The effect of porosity and mineral content on the Young's modulus of elasticity of compact bone
27. Physical characteristics affecting the tensile failure properties of compact bone
28. Cross-bridge detachment and sarcomere 'give' during stretch of active frog's muscle
29. Caudofemoral musculature and the evolution of theropod locomotion
30. Hind limb movements of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) and postural grades
31. An electromyographic analysis of hindlimb function in Alligator during terrestrial locomotion
32. Cross-bridge cycling theories cannot explain high-speed lengthening behavior in muscle
33. Analysis of tetrapod gaits: General considerations and symmetrical gaits
34. Systematics of the nonmammalian Synapsida and implications for patterns of evolution in Synapsids
35. Synapsid evolution and the radiation of non-eutherian mammals
36. Patterns of evolution in the manus and pes of non-mammalian therapsids
37. Comparative three-dimensional kinematics of the hindlimb for high-speed bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion of lizards
38. Size matters: Ontogenetic variation in the three-dimensional kinematics of steady speed locomotion in the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis
39. The gaits of chelonians: Walking techniques for very low speeds
40. Muscle recruitment during terrestrial locomotion: How speed and temperature affect fibre type use in a lizard
41. Effects of incline and speed on the three-dimensional hindlimb kinematics of a generalized iguanian lizard (Dipsosaurus dorsalis)
42. Limb posture and locomotion in the Virginia opossum (Didelphis marsupialis) and in other non-cursorial mammals
43. The postcranial skeleton of African cynodonts
44. The postcranial skeletons of the Triassic mammals Eozostrodon, Megazostrodon and Erythrotherium
45. Thermal adaptations in lizard muscle function
46. Regulation of bone stress and strain in the immature and mature rat femur
47. Aspects of the structure and functional anatomy of the Middle Triassic cynodont Luangwa
48. A functional interpretation of the transition from primitive tetrapod to mammalian locomotion
49. Analyzing body size as a factor in ecology and evolution
50. Functional morphology of the hindlimb in some Lacertilia
51. Functional adaptation in skeletal structures
52. Bone strain in the tibia during normal quadrupedal locomotion
53. Ontogenesis of contractile properties of skeletal muscle and sprint performance in the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis
54. The structural relationship: Regression in biology
55. The earliest iguanine lizard (Reptilia: Squamata) and its bearing on iguanine phylogeny
56. The origin of crocodilian locomotion
57. The geometric and mechanical properties of limb bones in the lizard, Dipsosaurus dorsalis
58. A phylogenetic analysis of body size evolution and biogeography in chuckwallas (Sauromalus) and other iguanines
59. Quantitative electromyography and muscle function of the hind limb during quadrupedal running in the lizard Sceloporus clarkii
60. Sprawling locomotion in the lizard Sceloporus clarkii: Speed modulation of motor patterns in a walking trot
61. Locomotion in Alligator mississippiensis: Kinematic effects of speed and posture and their relevance to the sprawling-to-erect paradigm
62. Form and function in the lacertilian knee and mesotarsal joints; a contribution to the analysis of sprawling locomotion
63. The locomotor apparatus of certain primitive and mammal-like reptiles
64. Crocodilian pelvic muscles and their avian and reptilian homologues
65. Limb mechanics as a function of speed and gait: A study of functional strains in the radius and tibia of horse and dog
66. Dynamic strain similarity in vertebrates: An alternative to allometric limb bone scaling
67. The morphological and functional evolution of the tarsus in amphibians and reptiles
68. The pes of Bauria cynops Broom
69. The anatomy and function of the pelvic girdle and hindlimb in lizard locomotion
70. Adaptations for bipedal locomotion of lizards