Incorporating epigenetic mechanisms to advance fetal programming theories

Development and Psychopathology

Volumn 30, Issue 3, 2018, Pages 807-824

  Conradt, Elisabeth ^a   Adkins, Daniel E ^a   Crowell, Sheila E ^a   Raby, K Lee ^a   Diamond, Lisa M ^a   Ellis, Bruce ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CHILD; FEMALE; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; GENETIC EPIGENESIS; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; HUMAN; INFANT; MALE; NEWBORN; PHENOTYPE; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; PRESCHOOL CHILD;

CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; EPIGENESIS, GENETIC; FEMALE; FETAL DEVELOPMENT; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; MODELS, GENETIC; PHENOTYPE; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL EXPOSURE DELAYED EFFECTS;

EID: 85051030076     PISSN: 09545794     EISSN: 14692198     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0954579418000469     Document Type: Article

References (147)

1. Adkins, D. E., Khachane, A. N., McClay, J. L., Åberg, K., Bukszár, J., Sullivan, P. F., & van den Oord, E. J. C. G. (2012). SNP-based analysis of neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathways implicates PGE2 as a novel mediator of antipsychotic treatment response: Data from the CATIE study. Schizophrenia Research, 135, 200-201. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.11.002
2. Ahnert, L., Gunnar, M. R., Lamb, M. E., & Barthel, M. (2004). Transition to child care: Associations with infant-mother attachment, infant negative emotion, and cortisol elevations. Child Development, 75, 639-650. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00698.x
3. Aiken, C. E., & Ozanne, S. E. (2014). Transgenerational developmental programming. Human Reproduction Update, 20, 63-75. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmt043
4. Aiken, C. E., Tarry-Adkins, J. L., & Ozanne, S. E. (2016). Transgenerational effects of maternal diet on metabolic and reproductive ageing. Mammalian Genome, 27, 430-439. doi:10.1007/s00335-016-9631-1
5. Bagot, R. C., van Hasselt, F. N., Champagne, D. L., Meaney, M. J., Krugers, H. J., & Joëls, M. (2009). Maternal care determines rapid effects of stress mediators on synaptic plasticity in adult rat hippocampal dentate gyrus. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 92, 292-300. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2009.03.004
6. Barker, D. (2002). Fetal programming of coronary heart disease. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 13, 364-368. doi:10.1016/S1043-2760(02)00689-6
7. Bateson, P., Gluckman, P., & Hanson, M. (2014). The biology of developmental plasticity and the Predictive Adaptive Response hypothesis: Developmental plasticity and the PAR response. Journal of Physiology, 592, 2357-2368. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2014.271460
8. Beauchaine, T. P., Neuhaus, E., Zalewski, M., Crowell, S. E., & Potapova, N. (2011). The effects of allostatic load on neural systems subserving motivation, mood regulation, and social affiliation. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 975-999. doi:10.1017/S0954579411000459
9. Beery, A. K., & Francis, D. D. (2011). Adaptive significance of natural variations in maternal care in rats: A translational perspective. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 1552-1561. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.012
10. Beijers, R., Buitelaar, J. K., & de Weerth, C. (2014). Mechanisms underlying the effects of prenatal psychosocial stress on child outcomes: Beyond the HPA axis. European Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 23, 943-956. doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0566-3
11. Belsky, J., & Pluess, M. (2009). Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 885-908. doi:10.1037/a0017376
12. Belsky, J., Schlomer, G. L., & Ellis, B. J. (2012). Beyond cumulative risk: Distinguishing harshness and unpredictability as determinants of parenting and early life history strategy. Developmental Psychology, 48, 662-673. doi:10.1037/a0024454
13. Belsky, J., Steinberg, L., & Draper, P. (1991). Childhood experience, interpersonal development, and reproductive strategy: An evolutionary theory of socialization. Child Development, 62, 647-670. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01558.x
14. Berghanel, A., Heistermann, M., Schulke, O., & Ostner, O. (2016). Prenatal stress effects in a wild, long-lived primate: predictive adaptive responses in an unpredictable environment. Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Sciences B, 283, 1-9. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.1304
15. Bergman, K., Sarkar, P., Glover, V., & O'Connor, T. G. (2010). Maternal prenatal cortisol and infant cognitive development: Moderation by infant-mother attachment. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 1026-1032. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.01.002
16. Berry, D., Blair, C., Willoughby, M., Granger, D. A., Mills-Koonce, W. R., & Family Life Project Key Investigators. (2017). Maternal sensitivity and adrenocortical functioning across infancy and toddlerhood: Physiological adaptation to context? Development and Psychopathology, 29, 303-317. doi:10.1017/S0954579416000158
17. Bird, A. (2007). Perceptions of epigenetics. Nature, 447, 396-398. doi:10.1038/nature05913
18. Boyce, W. T., & Ellis, B. J. (2005). Biological sensitivity to context: I. An evolutionary-developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 271-301. doi:10.1017/S0954579405050145
19. Boyce, W. T., Chesney, M., Alkon, A., Tschann, J. M., Adams, S., & Chesterman, B. (1995). Psychobiologic reactivity to stress and childhood respiratory illnesses: Results of two prospective studies. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57, 411-422.
20. Bush, N. R., & Boyce, W. T. (2014). The contributions of early experience to biological development and sensitivity to context. In M. Lewis & K. D. Rudolph (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychopathology (pp. 287-309). Boston: Springer.
21. Cameron, N.M., Champagne, F. A., Parent, C., Fish, E.W., Ozaki-Kuroda, K., & Meaney, M. J. (2005). The programming of individual differences in defensive responses and reproductive strategies in the rat through variations in maternal care. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 29, 843-865.
22. Cameron, N., Del Corpo, A., Diorio, J., McAllister, K., Sharma, S., & Meaney, M. J. (2008). Maternal programming of sexual behavior and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function in the female rat. PLOS ONE, 3, e2210. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002210
23. Cameron, N. M., Shahrokh, D., Del Corpo, A., Dhir, S. K., Szyf, M., Champagne, F. A., & Meaney, M. J. (2008). Epigenetic programming of phenotypic variations in reproductive strategies in the rat through maternal care. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 20, 795-801. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01725.x
24. Cao-Lei, L., de Rooij, S. R., King, S., Matthews, S. G., Metz, G. A. S., Roseboom, T. J., & Szyf, M. (2017). Prenatal stress and epigenetics. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. Advance online publication. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.016
25. Cao-Lei, L., Elgbeili, G., Massart, R., Laplante, D. P., Szyf, M., & King, S. (2015). Pregnant women's cognitive appraisal of a natural disaster affects DNA methylation in their children 13 years later: Project Ice Storm. Translational Psychiatry, 5, e515. doi:10.1038/tp.2015.13
26. Cao-Lei, L., Massart, R., Suderman, M. J., Machnes, Z., Elgbeili, G., Laplante, D. P., ⋯ King, S. (2014). DNA methylation signatures triggered by prenatal maternal stress exposure to a natural disaster: Project Ice Storm. PLOS ONE, 9, e107653. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107653
27. Champagne, D. L., Bagot, R. C., van Hasselt, F., Ramakers, G., Meaney, M. J., De Kloet, E. R., ⋯ Krugers, H. (2008). Maternal care and hippocampal plasticity: Evidence for experience-dependent structural plasticity, altered synaptic functioning, and differential responsiveness to glucocorticoids and stress. Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 6037-6045.
28. Champagne, F. A. (2008). Epigenetic mechanisms and the transgenerational effects of maternal care. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 29, 386-397.
29. Champagne, F. A. (2009). Nurturing nature: Social experiences and the brain. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 21, 867-868. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2009.01901.x
30. Chisholm, J. S. (1999). Death, hope and sex: Steps to an evolutionary ecology of mind and morality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
31. Conradt, E., Fei, M., LaGasse, L., Tronick, E., Guerin, D., Gorman, D., ⋯ Lester, B. M. (2015). Prenatal predictors of infant self-regulation: The contributions of placental DNA methylation of NR3C1 and neuroendocrine activity. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 9. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00130
32. Conradt, E., Hawes, K., Guerin, D., Armstrong, D. A., Marsit, C. J., Tronick, E., & Lester, B. M. (2016). The contributions of maternal sensitivity and maternal depressive symptoms to epigenetic processes and neuroendocrine functioning. Child Development, 87, 73-85. doi:10.1111/cdev.12483
33. Conradt, E., Measelle, J., & Ablow, J. C. (2013). Poverty, problem behavior, and promise: Differential susceptibility among infants reared in poverty. Psychological Science, 24, 235-242. doi:10.1177/0956797612457381
34. Crawford, C. B., & Anderson, J. L. (1989). Sociobiology: An environmentalist discipline? American Psychologist, 44, 1449-1459. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.44.12.1449
35. Davis, E. P., Glynn, L. M., Schetter, C. D., Hobel, C., Chicz-Demet, A., & Sandman, C. A. (2007). Prenatal exposure to maternal depression and cortisol influences infant temperament. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 737-746. doi:10.1097/chi. 0b013e318047b775
36. Del Giudice, M., Ellis, B. J., & Shirtcliff, E. A. (2011). The adaptive calibration model of stress responsivity. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 1562-1592. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.11.007
37. de Moor, M. H. M., van den Berg, S. M., Verweij, K. J. H., Krueger, R. F., Luciano, M., Arias Vasquez, A., ⋯ Boomsma, D. I. (2015). Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for neuroticism, and the polygenic association with major depressive disorder. JAMA Psychiatry, 72, 642. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0554
38. DeWitt, T. J., & Scheiner, S. M. (2004). Phenotypic plasticity: Functional and conceptual approaches. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
39. Ding, X.-X., Wu, Y.-L., Xu, S.-J., Zhu, R.-P., Jia, X.-M., Zhang, S.-F., ⋯ Tao, F.-B. (2014). Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 159, 103-110. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.027
40. DiPietro, J. A., Ghera, M. M., & Costigan, K. A. (2008). Prenatal origins of temperamental reactivity in early infancy. Early Human Development, 84, 569-575. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2008.01.004
41. DiPietro, J. A., Novak, M. F. S. X., Costigan, K. A., Atella, L. D., & Reusing, S. P. (2006). Maternal psychological distress during pregnancy in relation to child development at age two. Child Development, 77, 573-587. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00891.x
42. Doyle, C., & Cicchetti, D. (2017). From the cradle to the grave: The effect of adverse caregiving environments on attachment and relationships throughout the lifespan. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 24, 203-217. doi:10.1111/cpsp.12192
43. Ellis, B. J., Bianchi, J., Griskevicius, V., & Frankenhuis, W. E. (2017). Beyond risk and protective factors: An adaptation-based approach to resilience. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12, 561-587. doi:10.1177/1745691617693054
44. Ellis, B. J., Boyce, W. T., Belsky, J., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2011). Differential susceptibility to the environment: An evolutionary-neurodevelopmental theory. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 7-28. doi:10.1017/S0954579410000611
45. Ellis, B. J., & Del Giudice, M. (2014). Beyond allostatic load: Rethinking the role of stress in regulating human development. Development and Psychopathology, 26, 1-20. doi:10.1017/S0954579413000849
46. Ellis, B. J., Del Giudice, M., Dishion, T. J., Figueredo, A. J., Gray, P., Griskevicius, V., ⋯ Wilson, D. S. (2012). The evolutionary basis of risky adolescent behavior: Implications for science, policy, and practice. Developmental Psychology, 48, 598-623. doi:10.1037/a0026220
47. Ellis, B. J., Del Giudice, M., & Shirtcliff, E. A. (2017). The adaptive calibration model of stress responsivity: Concepts, findings, and implications for developmental psychopathology. In T. P. Beauchaine & S. P. Hinshaw (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychopathology (3rd ed., pp. 237-276). New York: Wiley.
48. Ellis, B. J., Essex, M. J., & Boyce, W. T. (2005). Biological sensitivity to context: II. Empirical explorations of an evolutionary-developmental theory. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 303-328. doi:10.1017/S0954579405050157
49. Ellis, B. J., Figueredo, A. J., Brumbach, B. H., & Schlomer, G. L. (2009). Fundamental dimensions of environmental risk. Human Nature, 20, 204-268. doi:10.1007/s12110-009-9063-7
50. Ellis, B. J., Jackson, J. J., & Boyce, W. T. (2006). The stress response systems: Universality and adaptive individual differences. Developmental Review, 26, 175-212.
51. Evans, G.W., Li, D., & Whipple, S. S. (2013). Cumulative risk and child development. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 1342-1396. doi:10.1037/a0031808
52. Figueredo, A. J., Wolf, P. S. A., Olderbak, S. G., Gladden, P. R., Fernandes, H. B. F., Wenner, C., ⋯ Rushton, J. P. (2014). The psychometric assessment of human life history strategy: A meta-analytic construct validation. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 8, 148-185. doi:10.1037/h0099837
53. Figueredo, A. J., Vasquez, G., Brumbach, B., Schneider, S., Sefcek, J., Tal, I., ⋯ Jacobs, W. (2006). Consilience and life history theory: From genes to brain to reproductive strategy. Developmental Review, 26, 243-275. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2006.02.002
54. Filiberto, A. C., Maccani, M. A., Koestler, D. C., Wilhelm-Benartzi, C., Avissar-Whiting, M., Banister, C. E., ⋯ Marsit, C. J. (2011). Birthweight is associated with DNA promoter methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human placenta. Epigenetics, 6, 566-572. doi:10.4161/epi.6.5.15236
55. Fisher, P.A., Gunnar, M.R., Dozier, M., Bruce, J., & Pears, K.C. (2006). Effects of therapeutic interventions for foster children on behavioral problems, caregiver attachment, and stress regulatory neural systems. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 215-225. doi:10.1196/annals.1376.023
56. Frankenhuis, W. E., & Del Giudice, M. (2012). When do adaptive developmental mechanisms yield maladaptive outcomes? Developmental Psychology, 48, 628-642. doi:10.1037/a0025629
57. Frankenhuis, W. E., & de Weerth, C. (2013). Does early-life exposure to stress shape or impair cognition? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22, 407-412. doi:10.1177/0963721413484324
58. Glover, V. (2011). Annual Research Review: Prenatal stress and the origins of psychopathology: An evolutionary perspective: Prenatal stress and the origins of psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 356-367. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02371.x
59. Glover, V. (2015). Prenatal stress and its effects on the fetus and the child: Possible underlying biologicalmechanisms. In M.C. Antonelli (Ed.), Perinatal programming of neurodevelopment (pp. 269-283). New York: Springer.
60. Glover, V., Bergman, K., Sarkar, P., & O'Connor, T. G. (2009). Association between maternal and amniotic fluid cortisol is moderated by maternal anxiety. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 430-435. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen. 2008.10.005
61. Gluckman, P. D., Buklijas, T., & Hanson, M. A. (2016). The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) concept. In C. S. Rosenfeld (Ed.), The epigenome and developmental origins of health and disease (pp. 1-15). London: Elsevier.
62. Gluckman, P. D., & Hanson, M. (2005). The fetal matrix: Evolution, development, and disease. New York: Cambridge University Press.
63. Gluckman, P. D., Hanson, M. A., & Spencer, H. G. (2005). Predictive adaptive responses and human evolution. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 20, 527-533. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2005.08.001
64. Glynn, L. M., Davis, E. P., & Sandman, C. A. (2013). New insights into the role of perinatal HPA-axis dysregulation in postpartum depression. Neuropeptides, 47, 363-370. doi:10.1016/j.npep.2013.10.007
65. Gratten, J., Wray, N. R., Keller, M. C., & Visscher, P.M. (2014). Large-scale genomics unveils the genetic architecture of psychiatric disorders. Nature Neuroscience, 17, 782-790. doi:10.1038/nn.3708
66. Grote, N. K., Bridge, J. A., Gavin, A. R., Melville, J. L., Iyengar, S., & Katon, W. J. (2010). A meta-analysis of depression during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and intrauterine growth restriction. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 1012. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry. 2010.111
67. Gutteling, B. M., de Weerth, C., Willemsen-Swinkels, S.H. N., Huizink, A. C., Mulder, E. J. H., Visser, G. H. A., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2005). The effects of prenatal stress on temperament and problem behavior of 27-month-old toddlers. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 14, 41-51. doi: 10.1007/s00787-005-0435-1
68. Hales, C. N., & Barker, D. J. P. (1992). Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: The thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Diabetologia, 35, 595-601. doi:10.1007/BF00400248
69. Hales, C. N., & Barker, D. J. (2001). The thrifty phenotype hypothesis. British Medical Bulletin, 60, 5-20.
70. Heijmans, B. T., Tobi, E.W., Stein, A. D., Putter, H., Blauw, G. J., Susser, E. S., ⋯ Lumey, L. H. (2008). Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 17046-17049. doi:10.1073/pnas.0806560105
71. Kaplan, H. S., & Lancaster, J. B. (2003). An evolutionary and ecological analysis of human fertility, mating patterns, and parental investment. In K.W. Wachter & R. A. Bulatao (Eds.), Offspring: Human fertility behavior in biodemographic perspective (pp. 170-223). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
72. Hostinar, C. E., Sullivan, R. M., & Gunnar, M. R. (2014). Psychobiological mechanisms underlying the social buffering of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis: A review of animal models and human studies across development. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 256-282. doi:10.1037/a0032671
73. Howell, B. R., Neigh, G. N., & Sanchez, M. (2016). Animal models of developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 2. Developmental neuroscience (3rd ed., pp. 166-201). New York: Wiley.
74. Huizink, A. C., Robles De Medina, P. G., Mulder, E. J. H., Visser, G. H. A., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2002). Psychological measures of prenatal stress as predictors of infant temperament. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 1078-1085. doi:10.1097/00004583-200209000-00008
75. International Schizophrenia Consortium, Purcell, S. M., Wray, N. R., Stone, J. L., Visscher, P. M., O'Donovan, M. C., ⋯ Sklar, P. (2009). Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature, 460, 748-752. doi:10.1038/nature08185
76. Jensen Peña, C., Monk, C., & Champagne, F. A. (2012). Epigenetic effects of prenatal stress on 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 in the placenta and fetal brain. PLOS ONE, 7, e39791. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039791
77. Juster, R.-P., Russell, J. J., Almeida, D., & Picard, M. (2016). Allostatic load and comorbidities: A mitochondrial, epigenetic, and evolutionary perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 28(4, Pt. 1), 1117-1146. doi:10.1017/S0954579416000730
78. Kaplan, H. S., & Gangestad, S.W. (2005). Life history theory and evolutionary psychology. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), The handbook of evolutionary psychology (pp. 68-95). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
79. Kaplan, H. S., & Lancaster, J. B. (2003). An evolutionary and ecological analysis of human fertility, mating patterns, and parental investment. In K.W. Wachter & R. A. Bulatao (Eds.), Offspring: Human fertility behavior in biodemographic perspective (pp. 170-223). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
80. King, S., Dancause, K., Turcotte-Tremblay, A.-M., Veru, F., & Laplante, D. P. (2012). Using natural disasters to study the effects of prenatal maternal stress on child health and development: Natural disasters and prenatal maternal stress. Birth Defects Research Part C: Embryo Today: Reviews, 96, 273-288. doi:10.1002/bdrc.21026
81. Knopik, V. S., Maccani, M. A., Francazio, S., & McGeary, J. E. (2012). The epigenetics of maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and effects on child development. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 1377-1390. doi:10.1017/S0954579412000776
82. Kuzawa, C. W. (2005). Fetal origins of developmental plasticity: Are fetal cues reliable predictors of future nutritional environments? American Journal of Human Biology, 17, 5-21. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20091
83. Kuzawa, C. W. (2008). The developmental origins of adult health: Intergenerational inertia in adaptation and disease. InW. Trevathan, E. O. Smith, & J. J. McKenna (Eds.), Evolutionary medicine and health: New perspectives (pp. 325-349). New York: Oxford University Press.
84. Kuzawa, C.W., & Quinn, E. A. (2009). Developmental origins of adult function and health: Evolutionary hypotheses. Annual Review of Anthropology, 38, 131-147. doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-091908-164350
85. Laurent, H. K., Leve, L. D., Neiderhiser, J. M., Natsuaki, M. N., Shaw, D. S., Harold, G. T., & Reiss, D. (2013). Effects of prenatal and postnatal parent depressive symptoms on adopted child HPA regulation: Independent and moderated influences. Developmental Psychology, 49, 876-886. doi:10.1037/a0028800
86. Lester, B. M., Conradt, E., & Marsit, C. J. (2013). Epigenetic basis for the development of depression in children. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 56, 556-565. doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e318299d2a8
87. Lester, B. M., Conradt, E., & Marsit, C. J. (2014). Are epigenetic changes in the intrauterine environment related to newborn neurobehavior? Epigenomics, 6, 175-178. doi:10.2217/epi.14.9
88. Leve, L. D., Neiderhiser, J. M., Ge, X., Scaramella, L. V., Conger, R. D., Reid, J. B., ⋯ Reiss, D. (2007). The Early Growth and Development Study: A prospective adoption design. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 10, 84-95. doi:10.1375/twin.10.1.84
89. Lumey, L., Stein, A. D., Kahn, H. S., & Romijn, J. (2009). Lipid profiles in middle-aged men and women after famine exposure during gestation: The Dutch Hunger Winter Families Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89, 1737-1743. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27038
90. McCrory, E., De Brito, S. A., & Viding, E. (2010). Research Review: The neurobiology and genetics of maltreatment and adversity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 1079-1095. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02271.x
91. McDade, T. W., Ryan, C., Jones, M., MacIsaac, J., Morin, A., Meyer, J., ⋯ Kuzawa, C. (2017). Social and physical environments early in development predict DNA methylation of inflammatory genes in young adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114, 7611-7616.
92. McEwen, B. S. (1998). Stress, adaptation, and disease: Allostasis and allostatic load. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 840, 33-44. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09546.x
93. Meaney, M. J. (2010). Epigenetics and the biological definition of Gene-Environment interactions. Child Development, 81, 41-79.
94. Monk, C., Feng, T., Lee, S., Krupska, I., Champagne, F. A., & Tycko, B. (2016). Distress during pregnancy: Epigenetic regulation of placenta glucocorticoid-related genes and fetal neurobehavior. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 705-713. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15091171
95. Monk, C., Spicer, J., & Champagne, F. A. (2012). Linking prenatal maternal adversity to developmental outcomes in infants: The role of epigenetic pathways. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 1361-1376. doi:10.1017/S0954579412000764
96. Montirosso, R., Provenzi, L., Fumagalli, M., Sirgiovanni, I., Giorda, R., Pozzoli, U., ⋯ Borgatti, R. (2016). Serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) methylation associates with neonatal intensive care unit stay and 3-month-old temperament in preterm infants. Child Development, 87, 38-48. doi:10.1111/cdev.12492
97. Mueller, B. R., & Bale, T. L. (2008). Sex-specific programming of offspring emotionality after stress early in pregnancy. Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 9055-9065. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1424-08.2008
98. Mulvihill, D. (2005). The health impact of childhood trauma: An interdisciplinary review, 1997-2003. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 28, 115-136. doi:10.1080/01460860590950890
99. Murgatroyd, C., Quinn, J. P., Sharp, H. M., Pickles, A., & Hill, J. (2015). Effects of prenatal and postnatal depression, and maternal stroking, at the glucocorticoid receptor gene. Translational Psychiatry, 5, e560. doi:10.1038/tp.2014.140
100. Nederhof, E., & Schmidt, M. V. (2012). Mismatch or cumulative stress: Toward an integrated hypothesis of programming effects. Physiology & Behavior, 106, 691-700. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.12.008
101. Nettle, D., Coall, D. A., & Dickins, T. E. (2011). Early-life conditions and age at first pregnancy in British women. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 278, 1721-1727. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1726
102. Nettle, D., Frankenhuis, W. E., & Rickard, I. J. (2013). The evolution of predictive adaptive responses in human life history. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 280, 20131343-20131343. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.1343
103. Obel, C., Hedegaard, M., Henriksen, T. B., Secher, N. J., Olsen, J., & Levine, S. (2005). Stress and salivary cortisol during pregnancy. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 647-656. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.11.006
104. Oberlander, T. F., Weinberg, J., Papsdorf, M., Grunau, R., Misri, S., & Devlin, A. M. (2008). Prenatal exposure to maternal depression, neonatal methylation of human glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) and infant cortisol stress responses. Epigenetics, 3, 97-106. doi:10.4161/epi.3.2.6034
105. Obradović, J., Bush, N. R., Stamperdahl, J., Adler, N. E., & Boyce, W. T. (2010). Biological sensitivity to context: The interactive effects of stress reactivity and family adversity on socioemotional behavior and school readiness. Child Development, 81, 270-289. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01394.x
106. O'Connor, T. G., Heron, J., Golding, J., Glover, V., & ALSPAC Study Team. (2003). Maternal antenatal anxiety and behavioural/emotional problems in children: A test of a programming hypothesis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 44, 1025-1036.
107. O'Connor, T. G., Monk, C., & Fitelson, E. M. (2014). Practitioner review: Maternal mood in pregnancy implications for child psychology and psychiatry. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55, 99-111. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12153
108. Ostlund, B. D., Conradt, E., Crowell, S. E., Tyrka, A. R., Marsit, C. J., & Lester, B. M. (2016). Prenatal stress, fearfulness, and the epigenome: Exploratory analysis of sex differences in DNA methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 10. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00147
109. Painter, R. C., Westendorp, R. G. J., de Rooij, S. R., Osmond, C., Barker, D. J. P., & Roseboom, T. J. (2008). Increased reproductive success of women after prenatal undernutrition. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 23, 2591-2595. doi:10.1093/humrep/den274
110. Parade, S. H., Ridout, K. K., Seifer, R., Armstrong, D. A., Marsit, C. J., McWilliams, M. A., & Tyrka, A. R. (2016). Methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene promoter in preschoolers: Links with internalizing behavior problems. Child Development, 87, 86-97. doi:10.1111/cdev.12484
111. Parent, J., Parade, S., Laumann, L., Ridout, K. K., Yang, B., Marsit, C. J., ⋯ Tyrka, A. R. (2017). Dynamic stress-related epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene promoter during early development: The role of child maltreatment. Development and Psychopathology. Advance online publication.
112. Perry, B. D. (2008). Child maltreatment: A neurodevelopmental perspective on the role of truama nad neglect in psychopathology. In T. Beauchaine & S. P. Hinshaw (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychopathology (pp. 93-128). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
113. Pigliucci, M. (2001). Phenotypic plasticity: Beyond nature and nurture. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
114. Pluess, M., & Belsky, J. (2009). Differential susceptibility to rearing experience: The case of childcare. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 396-404. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01992.x
115. Rabinowitz, J. A., & Drabick, D. A. G. (2017). Do children fare for better and for worse? Associations among child features and parenting with child competence and symptoms. Developmental Review. Advance online publication. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2017.03.001
116. Raver, C. C., Blair, C., Garrett-Peters, P., & Family Life Project Key Investigators. (2015). Poverty, household chaos, and interparental aggression predict children's ability to recognize and modulate negative emotions. Development and Psychopathology, 27, 695-708. doi:10.1017/S0954579414000935
117. Rickard, I. J., Frankenhuis, W. E., & Nettle, D. (2014). Why are childhood family factors associated with timing of maturation? A role for internal prediction. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9, 3-15. doi:10.1177/1745691613513467
118. Roseboom, T. J., van der Meulen, J. H. P., Osmond, C., Barker, D. J. P., Ravelli, A. C. J., Schroeder-Tanka, J. M., ⋯ Bleker, O. P. (2000). Coronary heart disease after prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine, 1944-45. Heart, 84, 595. doi:10.1136/heart.84.6.595
119. Rutter, M. (2007). Proceeding from observed correlation to causal inference: The use of natural experiments. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2, 377-395. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00050.x
120. Sakhai, S. A., Kriegsfeld, L. J., & Francis, D. D. (2011). Maternal programming of sexual attractivity in female Long Evans rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36, 1217-1225. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.02.016
121. Sandman, C. A., & Davis, E. P. (2012). Neurobehavioral risk is associated with gestational exposure to stress hormones. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism, 7, 445-459. doi:10.1586/eem.12.33
122. Sandman, C. A., Davis, E. P., Buss, C., & Glynn, L. M. (2012). Exposure to prenatal psychobiological stress exerts programming influences on the mother and her fetus. Neuroendocrinology, 95, 8-21. doi:10.1159/000327017
123. Sandman, C. A., Davis, E. P., & Glynn, L. M. (2012). Prescient human fetuses thrive. Psychological Science, 23, 93-100. doi:10.1177/0956797611422073
124. Sandman, C. A., Glynn, L. M., & Davis, E. P. (2016). Neurobehavioral consequences of fetal exposure to gestational stress. In N. Reissland & B. S. Kisilevsky (Eds.), Fetal development (pp. 229-265). Berlin: Springer.
125. Sandman, C. A., Wadhwa, P., Glynn, L., Chicz-Demet, A., Porto, M., & Garite, T. J. (1999). Corticotrophin-releasing hormone and fetal responses in human pregnancy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 897, 66-75. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07879.x
126. Scheper-Hughes, N. (1985). Culture, scarcity, and maternal thinking: Maternal detachment and infant survival in a Brazilian shantytown. Ethos, 13, 291-317. doi:10.1525/eth.1985.13.4.02a00010
127. Seifer, R., Sameroff, A. J., Dickstein, S., Gitner, G., Miller, I., Rasmussen, S., & Hayden, L. C. (1996). Parental psychopathology, multiple contextual risks, and one-year outcomes in children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 423-435. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2504-7
128. Sharma, A. (2017). Transgenerational epigenetics: Integrating soma to germline communication with gametic inheritance. Mechanisms of Aging and Development, 163, 15-22. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2016.12.015
129. Sheriff, M. J., & Love, O. P. (2013). Determining the adaptive potential of maternal stress. Ecology Letters, 16, 271-280. doi:10.1111/ele.12042
130. Shonkoff, J. P., Boyce, W. T., & McEwen, B. S. (2009). Neuroscience, molecular biology, and the childhood roots of health disparities: Building a new framework for health promotion and disease prevention. Journal of the American Medical Association, 301, 2252. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.754
131. Shonkoff, J. P., & Garner, A. S., The Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health, Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care, and Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics
132. Siegel B. S., Dobbins M. I., Earls M. F., ⋯ Wood D. L. (2012). The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics, 129, e232-e246. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2663
133. Slagt, M., Dubas, J. S., Deković, M., & van Aken, M. A. G. (2016). Differences in sensitivity to parenting depending on child temperament: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 142, 1068-1110. doi:10.1037/bul0000061
134. Smith, C. A. (1947). Effects of maternal undernutrition upon the newborn infant in Holland (1944-1945). Journal of Pediatrics, 30, 229-243. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(47)80158-1
135. Smith, J. W., Seckl, J. R., Evans, A. T., Costall, B., & Smythe, J. W. (2004). Gestational stress induces post-partum depression-like behaviour and alters maternal care in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 227-244.
136. Stein, A. D. (2004). Intrauterine famine exposure and body proportions at birth: The Dutch Hunger Winter. International Journal of Epidemiology, 33, 831-836. doi:10.1093/ije/dyh083
137. Stein, A. D., Zybert, P. A., van de Bor, M., & Lumey, L. H. (2004). Intrauterine famine exposure and body proportions at birth: The Dutch Hunger Winter. International Journal of Epidemiology, 33, 831-836. doi:10.1093/ije/dyh083
138. Tobi, E.W., Lumey, L. H., Talens, R. P., Kremer, D., Putter, H., Stein, A. D., ⋯ Heijmans, B. T. (2009). DNA methylation differences after exposure to prenatal famine are common and timing- and sex-specific. Human Molecular Genetics, 18, 4046-4053. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddp353
139. Turecki, G., & Meaney, M. J. (2016). Effects of the social environment and stress on glucocorticoid receptor gene methylation: A systematic review. Biological Psychiatry, 79, 87-96. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.11.022
140. Volk, A. A., & Atkinson, J. A. (2013). Infant and child death in the human environment of evolutionary adaptation. Evolution and Human Behavior, 34, 182-192. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.11.007
141. Wadhwa, P. D., Glynn, L., Hobel, C. J., Garite, T. J., Porto, M., Chicz-De-Met, A., ⋯ Sandman, C. A. (2002). Behavioral perinatology: Biobehavioral processes in human fetal development. Regulatory Peptides, 108, 149-157.
142. Weaver, I. C. G., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F. A., D'Alessio, A. C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J. R., ⋯ Meaney, M. J. (2004). Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 847-854. doi:10.1038/nn1276
143. Wells, J. C. K. (2003). The thrifty phenotype hypothesis: Thrifty offspring or thrifty mother? Journal of Theoretical Biology, 221, 143-161. doi:10.1006/jtbi.2003.3183
144. Wells, J. C. K., & Johnstone, R. A. (2017). Modeling developmental plasticity in human growth: Buffering the past or predicting the future? In G. Jasienska, D. S. Sherry, & D. J. Holmes (Eds.), The arc of life (pp. 21-39). New York: Springer.
145. West, E. H., Hark, L., & Catalano, P. M. (2017). Nutrition during pregnancy. In S. G. Gabbe (Ed.), Obstetrics: Normal and problem pregnancies (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
146. West-Eberhard, M. J. (2003). Developmental plasticity and evolution. New York: Oxford University Press.
147. Wray, N. R., Lee, S. H., Mehta, D., Vinkhuyzen, A. A. E., Dudbridge, F., & Middeldorp, C. M. (2014). Research Review: Polygenic methods and their application to psychiatric traits. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55, 1068-1087. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12295