메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 69, Issue 3, 2018, Pages 718-735

Burden of liver disease in Europe: Epidemiology and analysis of risk factors to identify prevention policies

Author keywords

Alcohol; Epidemiology; Hepatitis; Liver disease; Obesity; Policy; Viral

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; DISEASE BURDEN; EPIDEMIC; EUROPE; FEMALE; HARM REDUCTION; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; INTERVENTION STUDY; LIVER CANCER; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER DISEASE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; PEER REVIEW; PREVALENCE; PREVENTION STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TREATMENT PLANNING; TREND STUDY; VACCINATION; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION; CLASSIFICATION; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICE; PROCEDURES;

EID: 85049030723     PISSN: 01688278     EISSN: 16000641     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.05.011     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (491)

References (155)
  • 1
    • 85050705249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global burden of disease project, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Global Health Data Exchange. Available from
    • Global burden of disease project, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Global Health Data Exchange. Available from: http://ghdx.healthdata.org/.
  • 2
    • 85050704614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European association for the study of the liver. Prospects for liver disease in the EU. Available from
    • European association for the study of the liver. Prospects for liver disease in the EU. Available from: http://www.easl.eu/medias/EASLimg/News/EASL_HEPAMAP_Full_Report.pdf.
  • 3
    • 84905061754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The future burden of obesity-related diseases in the 53 WHO European-Region countries and the impact of effective interventions: a modelling study
    • Webber, L., Divajeva, D., Marsh, T., McPherson, K., Brown, M., Galea, G., et al. The future burden of obesity-related diseases in the 53 WHO European-Region countries and the impact of effective interventions: a modelling study. BMJ Open, 4, 2014, e004787.
    • (2014) BMJ Open , vol.4
    • Webber, L.1    Divajeva, D.2    Marsh, T.3    McPherson, K.4    Brown, M.5    Galea, G.6
  • 4
    • 84906882822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
    • Ng, M., Fleming, T., Robinson, M., Thomson, B., Graetz, N., Margono, C., et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 384 (2014), 766–781.
    • (2014) Lancet , vol.384 , pp. 766-781
    • Ng, M.1    Fleming, T.2    Robinson, M.3    Thomson, B.4    Graetz, N.5    Margono, C.6
  • 5
    • 85050702876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. European Detailed Mortality Database. 23 August
    • World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. European Detailed Mortality Database. 23 August 2016.
    • (2016)
  • 6
    • 85050703698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Health for All Database (HFA-DB). 23 August
    • World Health Organization. European Health for All Database (HFA-DB). 23 August 2017.
    • (2017)
  • 7
    • 85050706761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Liver Transplant Registry 2017. Available from
    • European Liver and Intestine Transplant Association. European Liver Transplant Registry 2017. Available from: www.eltr.eu.
  • 8
    • 85050703798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Viral Hepatitis August 2017. Available from
    • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Viral Hepatitis August 2017. Available from: https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/viral-hepatitis.
  • 9
    • 85012877259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015: a modelling study
    • The Polaris Observatory HCV Collaborators. Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2 (2017), 161–176.
    • (2017) Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.2 , pp. 161-176
  • 10
    • 85050702903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Polaris Observatory Collaborators. The Global Prevalence, Cascade of Care, and Prophylaxes Coverage of Hepatitis B in 2016. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol (submitted).
    • The Polaris Observatory Collaborators. The Global Prevalence, Cascade of Care, and Prophylaxes Coverage of Hepatitis B in 2016. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol (submitted).
  • 11
    • 85050705122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addition. Statistical Bulletin 2017. Available from
    • European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addition. Statistical Bulletin 2017. Available from: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/emcdda-home-page_en.
  • 12
    • 85050706304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feasibility of achieving the 2025 WHO global targets for body mass index: predicting obesity trends in 53 countries in the WHO European Region. Submitted to Obesity Facts.
    • Pineda E, Sanchez-Romero L, Brown M, Jaccard A, Jewell J, Galea G, et al. Feasibility of achieving the 2025 WHO global targets for body mass index: predicting obesity trends in 53 countries in the WHO European Region. Submitted to Obesity Facts, 2017.
    • (2017)
    • Pineda, E.1    Sanchez-Romero, L.2    Brown, M.3    Jaccard, A.4    Jewell, J.5    Galea, G.6
  • 13
    • 85050705715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IDF Diabetes Atlas.
    • International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas.
  • 14
    • 85050703426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WHO factsheet 2015 [20/12/2017]. Available from
    • World Health Organisation. WHO factsheet 2015 [20/12/2017]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs349/en/.
  • 15
    • 85007473611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A rapid evidence review of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of alcohol control policies: an English perspective
    • Burton, R., Henn, C., Lavoie, D., O'Connor, R., Perkins, C., Sweeney, K., et al. A rapid evidence review of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of alcohol control policies: an English perspective. Lancet 389 (2017), 1558–1580.
    • (2017) Lancet , vol.389 , pp. 1558-1580
    • Burton, R.1    Henn, C.2    Lavoie, D.3    O'Connor, R.4    Perkins, C.5    Sweeney, K.6
  • 16
    • 84905094091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of minimum price per unit of alcohol on patients with liver disease in the UK
    • Sheron, N., Chilcott, F., Matthews, L., Challoner, B., Thomas, M., Impact of minimum price per unit of alcohol on patients with liver disease in the UK. Clin Med 14 (2014), 396–403.
    • (2014) Clin Med , vol.14 , pp. 396-403
    • Sheron, N.1    Chilcott, F.2    Matthews, L.3    Challoner, B.4    Thomas, M.5
  • 17
    • 77949751643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of body mass index and alcohol consumption on liver disease: analysis of data from two prospective cohort studies
    • Hart, C.L., Morrison, D.S., Batty, G.D., Mitchell, R.J., Davey, S.G., Effect of body mass index and alcohol consumption on liver disease: analysis of data from two prospective cohort studies. BMJ, 340, 2010, c1240.
    • (2010) BMJ , vol.340 , pp. c1240
    • Hart, C.L.1    Morrison, D.S.2    Batty, G.D.3    Mitchell, R.J.4    Davey, S.G.5
  • 18
    • 84922855628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review: patient-reported outcomes in chronic hepatitis C–the impact of liver disease and new treatment regimens
    • Younossi, Z., Henry, L., Systematic review: patient-reported outcomes in chronic hepatitis C–the impact of liver disease and new treatment regimens. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 41 (2015), 497–520.
    • (2015) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.41 , pp. 497-520
    • Younossi, Z.1    Henry, L.2
  • 19
    • 85035059744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liver-related morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic hepatitis C and cirrhosis with and without sustained virologic response
    • Hallager, S., Ladelund, S., Christensen, P.B., Kjaer, M., Thorup Roege, B., Gronbaek, K.E., et al. Liver-related morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic hepatitis C and cirrhosis with and without sustained virologic response. Clin Epidemiol 9 (2017), 501–516.
    • (2017) Clin Epidemiol , vol.9 , pp. 501-516
    • Hallager, S.1    Ladelund, S.2    Christensen, P.B.3    Kjaer, M.4    Thorup Roege, B.5    Gronbaek, K.E.6
  • 20
    • 84936758248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tackling harmful alcohol use: economics and public health policy
    • OECD Publishing
    • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Tackling harmful alcohol use: economics and public health policy. 2015, OECD Publishing.
    • (2015)
  • 21
    • 84927787213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of drinking and liver cirrhosis–what do we know and where do we go?
    • Rehm, J., Roerecke, M., Patterns of drinking and liver cirrhosis–what do we know and where do we go?. J Hepatol 62 (2015), 1000–1001.
    • (2015) J Hepatol , vol.62 , pp. 1000-1001
    • Rehm, J.1    Roerecke, M.2
  • 22
    • 0014189508 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of cirrhosis of the liver: national mortality data
    • Terris, M., Epidemiology of cirrhosis of the liver: national mortality data. Am J Publ Health Nations Health 57 (1967), 2076–2088.
    • (1967) Am J Publ Health Nations Health , vol.57 , pp. 2076-2088
    • Terris, M.1
  • 23
    • 34547802334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overlooking Terris: a speculative reconsideration of a curious spot-blindness in the history of alcohol-control science
    • Roizen, R.M.F., Fillmore, M., Kerr, W., Overlooking Terris: a speculative reconsideration of a curious spot-blindness in the history of alcohol-control science. Contemp Drug Probl 26 (1999), 577–606.
    • (1999) Contemp Drug Probl , vol.26 , pp. 577-606
    • Roizen, R.M.F.1    Fillmore, M.2    Kerr, W.3
  • 24
    • 0033175291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cirrhosis mortality and per capita consumption of distilled spirits, United States, 1949–1994: trend analysis
    • Roizen, R., Kerr, W.C., Fillmore, K.M., Cirrhosis mortality and per capita consumption of distilled spirits, United States, 1949–1994: trend analysis. West J Med 171 (1999), 83–87.
    • (1999) West J Med , vol.171 , pp. 83-87
    • Roizen, R.1    Kerr, W.C.2    Fillmore, K.M.3
  • 25
    • 84963739660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of policy, economics, and the changing alcohol marketplace on alcohol related deaths in England and Wales
    • Sheron, N., Gilmore, I., Effect of policy, economics, and the changing alcohol marketplace on alcohol related deaths in England and Wales. BMJ, 353, 2016, i1860.
    • (2016) BMJ , vol.353
    • Sheron, N.1    Gilmore, I.2
  • 26
    • 84899635586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in alcohol policies and public opinions in Finland 2003–2013
    • Österberg, E., Lindeman, M., Karlsson, T., Changes in alcohol policies and public opinions in Finland 2003–2013. Drug Alcohol Rev 33 (2014), 242–248.
    • (2014) Drug Alcohol Rev , vol.33 , pp. 242-248
    • Österberg, E.1    Lindeman, M.2    Karlsson, T.3
  • 27
    • 85050706900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nordic alcohol policy – in what form does it exist?
    • National Institute for Health and Welfare Available from
    • Karlsson, T., Nordic alcohol policy – in what form does it exist?. 2011, National Institute for Health and Welfare Available from: https://www.a-klinikka.fi/sites/default/files/quickuploads/file/PTS11/Karlsson_Nordic_alcohol_policy.pdf.
    • (2011)
    • Karlsson, T.1
  • 28
    • 85050705734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol Policy Timeline Database
    • World Health Organization. Alcohol Policy Timeline Database. 2016.
    • (2016)
  • 29
    • 85050706656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From burden to best buys”: reducing the economic impact of non-communicable disease in low-and middle-income countries
    • Bloom D, Chisholm D, Llopis E, Prettner K, Stein A, Feigl A. From burden to best buys”: reducing the economic impact of non-communicable disease in low-and middle-income countries. 2011.
    • (2011)
    • Bloom, D.1    Chisholm, D.2    Llopis, E.3    Prettner, K.4    Stein, A.5    Feigl, A.6
  • 30
    • 85050705683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calling time – the nation's drinking as a major health issue
    • Academy of Medical Sciences London
    • Academy of Medical Sciences. Calling time – the nation's drinking as a major health issue. 2004, Academy of Medical Sciences, London.
    • (2004)
  • 31
    • 85050705387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eurocare European Alcohol Policy Alliance. Taxation 2017. Available from
    • Eurocare European Alcohol Policy Alliance. Taxation 2017. Available from: www.eurocare.org/resources/policy_issues/taxation.
  • 32
    • 79954588598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Projections of alcohol deaths—a wake-up call
    • Sheron, N., Hawkey, C., Gilmore, I., Projections of alcohol deaths—a wake-up call. Lancet 377 (2011), 1297–1299.
    • (2011) Lancet , vol.377 , pp. 1297-1299
    • Sheron, N.1    Hawkey, C.2    Gilmore, I.3
  • 33
    • 84960427037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol prices, taxes, and alcohol-related harms: a critical review of natural experiments in alcohol policy for nine countries
    • Nelson, J.P., McNall, A.D., Alcohol prices, taxes, and alcohol-related harms: a critical review of natural experiments in alcohol policy for nine countries. Health Policy 120 (2016), 264–272.
    • (2016) Health Policy , vol.120 , pp. 264-272
    • Nelson, J.P.1    McNall, A.D.2
  • 34
    • 84887224534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liver disease in the UK: a Lancet Commission
    • Williams, R., Horton, R., Liver disease in the UK: a Lancet Commission. Lancet, 382, 2013, 1537.
    • (2013) Lancet , vol.382 , pp. 1537
    • Williams, R.1    Horton, R.2
  • 36
    • 85018417763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lessons from epidemiology: the burden of liver disease
    • Rowe, I.A., Lessons from epidemiology: the burden of liver disease. Dig Dis 35 (2017), 304–309.
    • (2017) Dig Dis , vol.35 , pp. 304-309
    • Rowe, I.A.1
  • 37
    • 84956927445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol and liver disease in Europe – Simple measures have the potential to prevent tens of thousands of premature deaths
    • Sheron, N., Alcohol and liver disease in Europe – Simple measures have the potential to prevent tens of thousands of premature deaths. J Hepatol 64 (2016), 957–967.
    • (2016) J Hepatol , vol.64 , pp. 957-967
    • Sheron, N.1
  • 38
    • 33751529249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative cost-effectiveness of policy instruments for reducing the global burden of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use
    • Chisholm, D., Doran, C., Shibuya, K., Rehm, J., Comparative cost-effectiveness of policy instruments for reducing the global burden of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use. Drug Alcohol Rev 25 (2006), 553–565.
    • (2006) Drug Alcohol Rev , vol.25 , pp. 553-565
    • Chisholm, D.1    Doran, C.2    Shibuya, K.3    Rehm, J.4
  • 39
    • 58349117713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of beverage alcohol price and tax levels on drinking: a meta-analysis of 1003 estimates from 112 studies
    • Wagenaar, A.C., Salois, M.J., Komro, K.A., Effects of beverage alcohol price and tax levels on drinking: a meta-analysis of 1003 estimates from 112 studies. Addiction 104 (2009), 179–190.
    • (2009) Addiction , vol.104 , pp. 179-190
    • Wagenaar, A.C.1    Salois, M.J.2    Komro, K.A.3
  • 40
    • 84900799011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The origins, development, effects, and future of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: a personal perspective
    • Yach, D., The origins, development, effects, and future of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: a personal perspective. Lancet 383 (2014), 1771–1779.
    • (2014) Lancet , vol.383 , pp. 1771-1779
    • Yach, D.1
  • 41
    • 84877667166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between minimum alcohol prices, outlet densities and alcohol-attributable deaths in British Columbia, 2002–09
    • Zhao, J., Stockwell, T., Martin, G., Macdonald, S., Vallance, K., Treno, A., et al. The relationship between minimum alcohol prices, outlet densities and alcohol-attributable deaths in British Columbia, 2002–09. Addiction 108 (2013), 1059–1069.
    • (2013) Addiction , vol.108 , pp. 1059-1069
    • Zhao, J.1    Stockwell, T.2    Martin, G.3    Macdonald, S.4    Vallance, K.5    Treno, A.6
  • 42
    • 85050703445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lord Sumption, Lord Reed, Lord Hodge. Scotch Whisky Association and others (Appellants) v The Lord Advocate and another (Respondents) (Scotland). In: Court US, (Ed.)
    • Lord Neuberger LH, Lord Mance, Lord Kerr, Lord Sumption, Lord Reed, Lord Hodge. Scotch Whisky Association and others (Appellants) v The Lord Advocate and another (Respondents) (Scotland). In: Court US, (Ed.) https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/uksc-2017-0025.html2017.
    • Lord Neuberger, L.H.1    Mance, L.2    Kerr, L.3
  • 43
    • 85050705304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Justice ECo. Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 23 December 2015, Scotch Whisky Association and Others v The Lord Advocate and The Advocate General for Scotland
    • Justice ECo. Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 23 December 2015, Scotch Whisky Association and Others v The Lord Advocate and The Advocate General for Scotland. 2015.
    • (2015)
  • 44
    • 85008946814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol marketing regulation: from research to public policy
    • Monteiro, M.G., Babor, T.F., Jernigan, D., Brookes, C., Alcohol marketing regulation: from research to public policy. Addiction 112 (2017), 3–6.
    • (2017) Addiction , vol.112 , pp. 3-6
    • Monteiro, M.G.1    Babor, T.F.2    Jernigan, D.3    Brookes, C.4
  • 45
    • 84997794587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol marketing and youth alcohol consumption: a systematic review of longitudinal studies published since 2008
    • Jernigan, D., Noel, J., Landon, J., Thornton, N., Lobstein, T., Alcohol marketing and youth alcohol consumption: a systematic review of longitudinal studies published since 2008. Addiction 112 (2017), 7–20.
    • (2017) Addiction , vol.112 , pp. 7-20
    • Jernigan, D.1    Noel, J.2    Landon, J.3    Thornton, N.4    Lobstein, T.5
  • 46
    • 84995939753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The commercial use of digital media to market alcohol products: a narrative review
    • Lobstein, T., Landon, J., Thornton, N., Jernigan, D., The commercial use of digital media to market alcohol products: a narrative review. Addiction 112 (2017), 21–27.
    • (2017) Addiction , vol.112 , pp. 21-27
    • Lobstein, T.1    Landon, J.2    Thornton, N.3    Jernigan, D.4
  • 47
    • 84995873426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does industry self-regulation protect young people from exposure to alcohol marketing? A review of compliance and complaint studies
    • Noel, J.K., Babor, T.F., Does industry self-regulation protect young people from exposure to alcohol marketing? A review of compliance and complaint studies. Addiction 112 (2017), 51–56.
    • (2017) Addiction , vol.112 , pp. 51-56
    • Noel, J.K.1    Babor, T.F.2
  • 48
    • 84991082219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Industry self-regulation of alcohol marketing: a systematic review of content and exposure research
    • Noel, J.K., Babor, T.F., Robaina, K., Industry self-regulation of alcohol marketing: a systematic review of content and exposure research. Addiction 112 (2017), 28–50.
    • (2017) Addiction , vol.112 , pp. 28-50
    • Noel, J.K.1    Babor, T.F.2    Robaina, K.3
  • 49
    • 84894058189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of brief alcohol interventions in primary healthcare: a systematic review of reviews
    • O'donnell, A., Anderson, P., Newbury-Birch, D., Schulte, B., Schmidt, C., Reimer, J., et al. The impact of brief alcohol interventions in primary healthcare: a systematic review of reviews. Alcohol Alcohol 49:1 (2013), 66–78.
    • (2013) Alcohol Alcohol , vol.49 , Issue.1 , pp. 66-78
    • O'donnell, A.1    Anderson, P.2    Newbury-Birch, D.3    Schulte, B.4    Schmidt, C.5    Reimer, J.6
  • 50
    • 84931088300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the efficacy of brief interventions to reduce hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption between European and non-European countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    • Elzerbi, C., Donoghue, K., Drummond, C., A comparison of the efficacy of brief interventions to reduce hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption between European and non-European countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction 110 (2015), 1082–1091.
    • (2015) Addiction , vol.110 , pp. 1082-1091
    • Elzerbi, C.1    Donoghue, K.2    Drummond, C.3
  • 51
    • 85034409703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol abstinence in patients surviving an episode of alcoholic hepatitis: prediction and impact on long-term survival
    • Altamirano, J., Lopez-Pelayo, H., Michelena, J., Jones, P.D., Ortega, L., Gines, P., et al. Alcohol abstinence in patients surviving an episode of alcoholic hepatitis: prediction and impact on long-term survival. Hepatology 66 (2017), 1842–1853.
    • (2017) Hepatology , vol.66 , pp. 1842-1853
    • Altamirano, J.1    Lopez-Pelayo, H.2    Michelena, J.3    Jones, P.D.4    Ortega, L.5    Gines, P.6
  • 52
    • 64149084811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol-related cirrhosis–early abstinence is a key factor in prognosis, even in the most severe cases
    • Verrill, C., Markham, H., Templeton, A., Carr, N.J., Sheron, N., Alcohol-related cirrhosis–early abstinence is a key factor in prognosis, even in the most severe cases. Addiction 104 (2009), 768–774.
    • (2009) Addiction , vol.104 , pp. 768-774
    • Verrill, C.1    Markham, H.2    Templeton, A.3    Carr, N.J.4    Sheron, N.5
  • 53
    • 84884918751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feasibility of detection and intervention for alcohol-related liver disease in the community: the Alcohol and Liver Disease Detection study (ALDDeS)
    • Sheron, N., Moore, M., O'Brien, W., Harris, S., Roderick, P., Feasibility of detection and intervention for alcohol-related liver disease in the community: the Alcohol and Liver Disease Detection study (ALDDeS). Br J Gen Pract 63 (2013), e698–e705.
    • (2013) Br J Gen Pract , vol.63 , pp. e698-e705
    • Sheron, N.1    Moore, M.2    O'Brien, W.3    Harris, S.4    Roderick, P.5
  • 54
    • 85050706626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nice. Assessment and management of cirrhosis
    • Nice. Assessment and management of cirrhosis 2016.
    • (2016)
  • 55
    • 84928209634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fibrosis stage is the strongest predictor for disease-specific mortality in NAFLD after up to 33 years of follow-up
    • Ekstedt, M., Hagstrom, H., Nasr, P., Fredrikson, M., Stal, P., Kechagias, S., et al. Fibrosis stage is the strongest predictor for disease-specific mortality in NAFLD after up to 33 years of follow-up. Hepatology 61 (2015), 1547–1554.
    • (2015) Hepatology , vol.61 , pp. 1547-1554
    • Ekstedt, M.1    Hagstrom, H.2    Nasr, P.3    Fredrikson, M.4    Stal, P.5    Kechagias, S.6
  • 56
    • 84976479130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes
    • Younossi, Z.M., Koenig, A.B., Abdelatif, D., Fazel, Y., Henry, L., Wymer, M., Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology 64 (2016), 73–84.
    • (2016) Hepatology , vol.64 , pp. 73-84
    • Younossi, Z.M.1    Koenig, A.B.2    Abdelatif, D.3    Fazel, Y.4    Henry, L.5    Wymer, M.6
  • 57
    • 84922566887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease risk after adjusting for body mass index
    • Pang, Q., Zhang, J.-Y., Song, S.-D., Qu, K., Xu, X.-S., Liu, S.-S., et al. Central obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease risk after adjusting for body mass index. World J Gastroenterol, 21, 2015, 1650.
    • (2015) World J Gastroenterol , vol.21 , pp. 1650
    • Pang, Q.1    Zhang, J.-Y.2    Song, S.-D.3    Qu, K.4    Xu, X.-S.5    Liu, S.-S.6
  • 58
    • 79960742122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity is an independent risk factor for clinical decompensation in patients with cirrhosis
    • Berzigotti, A., Garcia-Tsao, G., Bosch, J., Grace, N.D., Burroughs, A.K., Morillas, R., et al. Obesity is an independent risk factor for clinical decompensation in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 54 (2011), 555–561.
    • (2011) Hepatology , vol.54 , pp. 555-561
    • Berzigotti, A.1    Garcia-Tsao, G.2    Bosch, J.3    Grace, N.D.4    Burroughs, A.K.5    Morillas, R.6
  • 59
    • 33846291740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Underreporting of BMI in adults and its effect on obesity prevalence estimations in the period 1998 to 2001
    • Visscher, T.L., Viet, A., Kroesbergen, H., Seidell, J.C., Underreporting of BMI in adults and its effect on obesity prevalence estimations in the period 1998 to 2001. Obesity 14 (2006), 2054–2063.
    • (2006) Obesity , vol.14 , pp. 2054-2063
    • Visscher, T.L.1    Viet, A.2    Kroesbergen, H.3    Seidell, J.C.4
  • 60
    • 84894040966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How accurate is self-reported BMI?
    • Gosse, M., How accurate is self-reported BMI?. Nutr Bull 39 (2014), 105–114.
    • (2014) Nutr Bull , vol.39 , pp. 105-114
    • Gosse, M.1
  • 61
    • 70149102110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systems-oriented multilevel framework for addressing obesity in the 21st century
    • Huang, T.T., Drewnowski, A., Kumanyika, S.K., Glass, T.A., A systems-oriented multilevel framework for addressing obesity in the 21st century. Prev Chronic Dis, 6(3), 2009.
    • (2009) Prev Chronic Dis , vol.6 , Issue.3
    • Huang, T.T.1    Drewnowski, A.2    Kumanyika, S.K.3    Glass, T.A.4
  • 62
    • 85050705957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Government Office for Science. Tackling obesities: future choices – obesity system atlas
    • Government Office for Science. Tackling obesities: future choices – obesity system atlas. 2007.
    • (2007)
  • 63
    • 85050705797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population-based approaches to childhood obesity prevention
    • World Health Organization. Population-based approaches to childhood obesity prevention. 2012.
    • (2012)
  • 64
    • 85050705889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chan School of Public Health. Childhood obesity intervention cost effectiveness study (CHOICES). Available from
    • Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Childhood obesity intervention cost effectiveness study (CHOICES). Available from: www.choicesproject.org/.
    • Harvard, T.H.1
  • 65
    • 85050706657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Heart Foundation of Australia Effectiveness of food reformulation as a strategy to improve population health. Rapid Review of the Evidence
    • National Heart Foundation of Australia Effectiveness of food reformulation as a strategy to improve population health. Rapid Review of the Evidence. 2012.
    • (2012)
  • 66
    • 85050706705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICE guidance diet, nutrition and obesity. Available from
    • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICE guidance diet, nutrition and obesity. Available from: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/lifestyle-and-wellbeing/diet-nutrition-and-obesity.
  • 67
    • 84872650587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic reviews of the evidence on the nature, extent and effects of food marketing to children. A retrospective summary
    • Cairns, G., Angus, K., Hastings, G., Caraher, M., Systematic reviews of the evidence on the nature, extent and effects of food marketing to children. A retrospective summary. Appetite 62 (2013), 209–215.
    • (2013) Appetite , vol.62 , pp. 209-215
    • Cairns, G.1    Angus, K.2    Hastings, G.3    Caraher, M.4
  • 68
    • 84864473544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manufacturing epidemics: the role of global producers in increased consumption of unhealthy commodities including processed foods, alcohol, and tobacco
    • Stuckler, D., McKee, M., Ebrahim, S., Basu, S., Manufacturing epidemics: the role of global producers in increased consumption of unhealthy commodities including processed foods, alcohol, and tobacco. PLoS Med, 9, 2012, e1001235.
    • (2012) PLoS Med , vol.9
    • Stuckler, D.1    McKee, M.2    Ebrahim, S.3    Basu, S.4
  • 69
    • 84985913253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Policy statement – children, adolescents, and the media
    • Council on Communications and Media. Policy statement – children, adolescents, and the media. Pediatrics, 132, 2013, 958.
    • (2013) Pediatrics , vol.132 , pp. 958
  • 70
    • 33749126981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new approach to assessing the health benefit from obesity interventions in children and adolescents: the assessing cost-effectiveness in obesity project
    • Haby, M., Vos, T., Carter, R., Moodie, M., Markwick, A., Magnus, A., et al. A new approach to assessing the health benefit from obesity interventions in children and adolescents: the assessing cost-effectiveness in obesity project. Int J Obes 30 (2006), 1463–1475.
    • (2006) Int J Obes , vol.30 , pp. 1463-1475
    • Haby, M.1    Vos, T.2    Carter, R.3    Moodie, M.4    Markwick, A.5    Magnus, A.6
  • 71
    • 85050706487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scaling up action against NCDs: How much will it cost? Geneva;
    • World Health Organization. Scaling up action against NCDs: How much will it cost? Geneva; 2011.
    • (2011)
  • 72
    • 85050705161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A framework for implementing the set of recommendations on the marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children
    • World Health Organization. A framework for implementing the set of recommendations on the marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children. 2012.
    • (2012)
  • 73
    • 85050703984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010. Geneva;
    • World Health Organization. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010. Geneva; 2011.
    • (2011)
  • 74
    • 58149149888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity Policy Action framework and analysis grids for a comprehensive policy approach to reducing obesity
    • Sacks, G., Swinburn, B., Lawrence, M., Obesity Policy Action framework and analysis grids for a comprehensive policy approach to reducing obesity. Obes Rev 10 (2009), 76–86.
    • (2009) Obes Rev , vol.10 , pp. 76-86
    • Sacks, G.1    Swinburn, B.2    Lawrence, M.3
  • 75
    • 77951281075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of taxes and subsidies on energy purchased in an experimental purchasing study
    • Epstein, L.H., Dearing, K.K., Roba, L.G., Finkelstein, E., The influence of taxes and subsidies on energy purchased in an experimental purchasing study. Psychol Sci 21 (2010), 406–414.
    • (2010) Psychol Sci , vol.21 , pp. 406-414
    • Epstein, L.H.1    Dearing, K.K.2    Roba, L.G.3    Finkelstein, E.4
  • 77
    • 85050707140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fiscal policies for diet and prevention of noncommunicable diseases: technical meeting report, 5–6 May 2015, Geneva, Switzerland
    • World Health Organization. Fiscal policies for diet and prevention of noncommunicable diseases: technical meeting report, 5–6 May 2015, Geneva, Switzerland. 2016.
    • (2016)
  • 78
    • 85050706118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UK Health Forum. Short and sweet: why the government should introduce a sugary drinks tax
    • Cancer Research UK, UK Health Forum. Short and sweet: why the government should introduce a sugary drinks tax. 2016.
    • (2016)
    • Cancer Research, U.K.1
  • 79
    • 84862532839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reformulating food products for health: context and key issues for moving forward in Europe
    • The George Institute for International Health Sydney
    • Webster, J., Reformulating food products for health: context and key issues for moving forward in Europe. 2009, The George Institute for International Health, Sydney.
    • (2009)
    • Webster, J.1
  • 81
    • 34250640717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimate of the benefits of a population-based reduction in dietary sodium additives on hypertension and its related health care costs in Canada
    • Joffres, M.R., Campbell, N.R., Manns, B., Tu, K., Estimate of the benefits of a population-based reduction in dietary sodium additives on hypertension and its related health care costs in Canada. Can J Cardiol 23 (2007), 437–443.
    • (2007) Can J Cardiol , vol.23 , pp. 437-443
    • Joffres, M.R.1    Campbell, N.R.2    Manns, B.3    Tu, K.4
  • 82
    • 78649907460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce dietary salt intake
    • Cobiac, L.J., Vos, T., Veerman, J.L., Cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce dietary salt intake. Heart, 2010, 10.1136/hrt.2010.199240.
    • (2010) Heart
    • Cobiac, L.J.1    Vos, T.2    Veerman, J.L.3
  • 83
  • 84
    • 85050704792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Weight management: lifestyle services for overweight or obese adults – Public Health Guideline 2014. Available from
    • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Weight management: lifestyle services for overweight or obese adults – Public Health Guideline 2014. Available from: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph53.
  • 85
    • 85050702989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interventions on diet and physical activity: what works: summary report. Geneva;
    • World Health Organization. Interventions on diet and physical activity: what works: summary report. Geneva; 2009.
    • (2009)
  • 86
    • 84908460283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diet or exercise interventions vs. combined behavioral weight management programs: a systematic review and meta-analysis of direct comparisons
    • Johns, D.J., Hartmann-Boyce, J., Jebb, S.A., Aveyard, P., Diet or exercise interventions vs. combined behavioral weight management programs: a systematic review and meta-analysis of direct comparisons. J Acad Nutr Diet 114 (2014), 1557–1568.
    • (2014) J Acad Nutr Diet , vol.114 , pp. 1557-1568
    • Johns, D.J.1    Hartmann-Boyce, J.2    Jebb, S.A.3    Aveyard, P.4
  • 87
    • 85050705870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Weight management: lifestyle services for overweight or obese children and young people. Public health guideline [PH47]. 2013. Available from
    • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Weight management: lifestyle services for overweight or obese children and young people. Public health guideline [PH47]. 2013. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph47/chapter/9-The-evidence.
  • 88
    • 85050706953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Type 2. Available from
    • American Diabetes Association. Type 2. Available from: www.diabetes.org.
  • 89
    • 0035799806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance
    • Tuomilehto, J., Lindström, J., Eriksson, J.G., Valle, T.T., Hämäläinen, H., Ilanne-Parikka, P., et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 344 (2001), 1343–1350.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.344 , pp. 1343-1350
    • Tuomilehto, J.1    Lindström, J.2    Eriksson, J.G.3    Valle, T.T.4    Hämäläinen, H.5    Ilanne-Parikka, P.6
  • 90
    • 84867206056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can needle and syringe programmes and opiate substitution therapy achieve substantial reductions in hepatitis C virus prevalence? Model projections for different epidemic settings
    • Vickerman, P., Martin, N., Turner, K., Hickman, M., Can needle and syringe programmes and opiate substitution therapy achieve substantial reductions in hepatitis C virus prevalence? Model projections for different epidemic settings. Addiction 107 (2012), 1984–1995.
    • (2012) Addiction , vol.107 , pp. 1984-1995
    • Vickerman, P.1    Martin, N.2    Turner, K.3    Hickman, M.4
  • 91
    • 0037034257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin
    • Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002 (2002), 393–403.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.2002 , pp. 393-403
  • 92
    • 77951006620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of diabetes duration and diabetes treatment with the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma
    • Hassan, M.M., Curley, S.A., Li, D., Kaseb, A., Davila, M., Abdalla, E.K., et al. Association of diabetes duration and diabetes treatment with the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 116 (2010), 1938–1946.
    • (2010) Cancer , vol.116 , pp. 1938-1946
    • Hassan, M.M.1    Curley, S.A.2    Li, D.3    Kaseb, A.4    Davila, M.5    Abdalla, E.K.6
  • 94
    • 77954365681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metformin and reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in diabetic patients with chronic liver disease
    • Donadon, V., Balbi, M., Mas, M.D., Casarin, P., Zanette, G., Metformin and reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in diabetic patients with chronic liver disease. Liver Int 30 (2010), 750–758.
    • (2010) Liver Int , vol.30 , pp. 750-758
    • Donadon, V.1    Balbi, M.2    Mas, M.D.3    Casarin, P.4    Zanette, G.5
  • 95
    • 78651451726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Type 2 diabetes increases and metformin reduces total, colorectal, liver and pancreatic cancer incidences in Taiwanese: a representative population prospective cohort study of 800,000 individuals
    • Lee, M.-S., Hsu, C.-C., Wahlqvist, M.L., Tsai, H.-N., Chang, Y.-H., Huang, Y.-C., Type 2 diabetes increases and metformin reduces total, colorectal, liver and pancreatic cancer incidences in Taiwanese: a representative population prospective cohort study of 800,000 individuals. BMC Cancer, 11, 2011, 20.
    • (2011) BMC Cancer , vol.11 , pp. 20
    • Lee, M.-S.1    Hsu, C.-C.2    Wahlqvist, M.L.3    Tsai, H.-N.4    Chang, Y.-H.5    Huang, Y.-C.6
  • 97
    • 84907296915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metformin and cancer risk and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis taking into account biases and confounders
    • Gandini, S., Puntoni, M., Heckman-Stoddard, B.M., Dunn, B.K., Ford, L., DeCensi, A., et al. Metformin and cancer risk and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis taking into account biases and confounders. Cancer Prev Res 9 (2014), 867–885.
    • (2014) Cancer Prev Res , vol.9 , pp. 867-885
    • Gandini, S.1    Puntoni, M.2    Heckman-Stoddard, B.M.3    Dunn, B.K.4    Ford, L.5    DeCensi, A.6
  • 98
    • 84866138849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer outcomes and all-cause mortality in adults allocated to metformin: systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials
    • Stevens, R., Ali, R., Bankhead, C., Bethel, M., Cairns, B., Camisasca, R., et al. Cancer outcomes and all-cause mortality in adults allocated to metformin: systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Diabetologia 55 (2012), 2593–2603.
    • (2012) Diabetologia , vol.55 , pp. 2593-2603
    • Stevens, R.1    Ali, R.2    Bankhead, C.3    Bethel, M.4    Cairns, B.5    Camisasca, R.6
  • 99
    • 84906691535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metformin does not affect cancer risk: a cohort study in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink analyzed like an intention-to-treat trial
    • Tsilidis, K.K., Capothanassi, D., Allen, N.E., Rizos, E.C., Lopez, D.S., van Veldhoven, K., et al. Metformin does not affect cancer risk: a cohort study in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink analyzed like an intention-to-treat trial. Diabetes Care 37 (2014), 2522–2532.
    • (2014) Diabetes Care , vol.37 , pp. 2522-2532
    • Tsilidis, K.K.1    Capothanassi, D.2    Allen, N.E.3    Rizos, E.C.4    Lopez, D.S.5    van Veldhoven, K.6
  • 101
    • 84871384034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metformin and reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in diabetic patients: a meta-analysis
    • Zhang, H., Gao, C., Fang, L., Zhao, H.-C., Yao, S.-K., Metformin and reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in diabetic patients: a meta-analysis. Scand J Gastroenterol 48 (2013), 78–87.
    • (2013) Scand J Gastroenterol , vol.48 , pp. 78-87
    • Zhang, H.1    Gao, C.2    Fang, L.3    Zhao, H.-C.4    Yao, S.-K.5
  • 102
    • 85027020770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health and economic benefits of reducing sugar intake in the USA, including effects via non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a microsimulation model
    • Vreman, R.A., Goodell, A.J., Rodriguez, L.A., Porco, T.C., Lustig, R.H., Kahn, J.G., Health and economic benefits of reducing sugar intake in the USA, including effects via non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a microsimulation model. BMJ Open, 7, 2017, e013543.
    • (2017) BMJ Open , vol.7
    • Vreman, R.A.1    Goodell, A.J.2    Rodriguez, L.A.3    Porco, T.C.4    Lustig, R.H.5    Kahn, J.G.6
  • 103
    • 85050707074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Systematic review on hepatitis B and C prevalence in the EU/EEA. Stockholm;
    • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Systematic review on hepatitis B and C prevalence in the EU/EEA. Stockholm; 2016.
    • (2016)
  • 104
    • 84947346338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013
    • Schweitzer, A., Horn, J., Mikolajczyk, R.T., Krause, G., Ott, J.J., Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013. Lancet 386 (2015), 1546–1555.
    • (2015) Lancet , vol.386 , pp. 1546-1555
    • Schweitzer, A.1    Horn, J.2    Mikolajczyk, R.T.3    Krause, G.4    Ott, J.J.5
  • 105
    • 85050704859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2017 2017. Available from
    • World Health Organization. Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2017 2017. Available from: http://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/hepatitisB/HBsAg_estimates_and_methods_final_V3.pdf?ua=1.
  • 106
    • 85044540918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global prevalence, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in 2016: a modelling study
    • Polaris Observatory Collaborators. Global prevalence, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in 2016: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 3 (2018), 383–403.
    • (2018) Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.3 , pp. 383-403
  • 107
    • 85001032981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time trends of chronic HBV infection over prior decades–a global analysis
    • Ott, J.J., Horn, J., Krause, G., Mikolajczyk, R.T., Time trends of chronic HBV infection over prior decades–a global analysis. J Hepatol 66 (2017), 48–54.
    • (2017) J Hepatol , vol.66 , pp. 48-54
    • Ott, J.J.1    Horn, J.2    Krause, G.3    Mikolajczyk, R.T.4
  • 108
    • 84988579096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: an up-date of the distribution and circulation of hepatitis C virus genotypes
    • Petruzziello, A., Marigliano, S., Loquercio, G., Cozzolino, A., Cacciapuoti, C., Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: an up-date of the distribution and circulation of hepatitis C virus genotypes. World J Gastroenterol, 22, 2016, 7824.
    • (2016) World J Gastroenterol , vol.22 , pp. 7824
    • Petruzziello, A.1    Marigliano, S.2    Loquercio, G.3    Cozzolino, A.4    Cacciapuoti, C.5
  • 109
    • 85017271819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C virus prevalence and level of intervention required to achieve the WHO targets for elimination in the European Union by 2030: a modelling study
    • The European Union HCV Collaborators. Hepatitis C virus prevalence and level of intervention required to achieve the WHO targets for elimination in the European Union by 2030: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2 (2017), 325–336.
    • (2017) Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.2 , pp. 325-336
  • 110
    • 85050706136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global Hepatitis Report 2017. Geneva;
    • World Health Organization. Global Hepatitis Report 2017. Geneva; 2017.
    • (2017)
  • 112
    • 84897465495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality among persons in care with hepatitis C virus infection: the Chronic Hepatitis Cohort Study (CHeCS), 2006–2010
    • Mahajan, R., Xing, J., Liu, S.J., Ly, K.N., Moorman, A.C., Rupp, L., et al. Mortality among persons in care with hepatitis C virus infection: the Chronic Hepatitis Cohort Study (CHeCS), 2006–2010. Clin Infect Dis 58 (2014), 1055–1061.
    • (2014) Clin Infect Dis , vol.58 , pp. 1055-1061
    • Mahajan, R.1    Xing, J.2    Liu, S.J.3    Ly, K.N.4    Moorman, A.C.5    Rupp, L.6
  • 114
    • 85050704827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the Prevention Care and Treatment of Persons with Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: World Health Organization;
    • World Health Organization. Guidelines for the Prevention Care and Treatment of Persons with Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: World Health Organization; 2015.
    • (2015)
  • 115
    • 85050702780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Draft global health sector strategies. Viral hepatitis–2021. Report by the Secretariat. Geneva; 2016
    • World Health Organization. Draft global health sector strategies. Viral hepatitis, 2016–2021. Report by the Secretariat. Geneva; 2016.
    • (2016)
  • 117
    • 71149083898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term protection provided by hepatitis B vaccine and need for booster dose: a meta-analysis
    • Poorolajal, J., Mahmoodi, M., Majdzadeh, R., Nasseri-Moghaddam, S., Haghdoost, A., Fotouhi, A., Long-term protection provided by hepatitis B vaccine and need for booster dose: a meta-analysis. Vaccine 28 (2010), 623–631.
    • (2010) Vaccine , vol.28 , pp. 623-631
    • Poorolajal, J.1    Mahmoodi, M.2    Majdzadeh, R.3    Nasseri-Moghaddam, S.4    Haghdoost, A.5    Fotouhi, A.6
  • 118
    • 85050703446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis B vaccination: an updated systematic review of economic evaluations in low and middle income countries
    • Chaiyakunapruk N et al. Hepatitis B vaccination: an updated systematic review of economic evaluations in low and middle income countries. 2017.
    • (2017)
    • Chaiyakunapruk, N.1
  • 119
    • 84987849568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic evaluation of HBV vaccination: a systematic review of recent publications (2000–2013)
    • La Torre, G., Mannocci, A., Saulle, R., Colamesta, V., Meggiolaro, A., Mipatrini, D., et al. Economic evaluation of HBV vaccination: a systematic review of recent publications (2000–2013). Hum Vaccine Immunother 12 (2016), 2299–2311.
    • (2016) Hum Vaccine Immunother , vol.12 , pp. 2299-2311
    • La Torre, G.1    Mannocci, A.2    Saulle, R.3    Colamesta, V.4    Meggiolaro, A.5    Mipatrini, D.6
  • 120
    • 84905367910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Challenges to the development of vaccines to hepatitis C virus that elicit neutralizing antibodies
    • Drummer, H.E., Challenges to the development of vaccines to hepatitis C virus that elicit neutralizing antibodies. Front Microbiol, 5, 2014.
    • (2014) Front Microbiol , vol.5
    • Drummer, H.E.1
  • 121
    • 84906675957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C: the next 25 years
    • Houghton, M., Hepatitis C: the next 25 years. Antivir Res 110 (2014), 77–78.
    • (2014) Antivir Res , vol.110 , pp. 77-78
    • Houghton, M.1
  • 122
    • 84908876253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A human vaccine strategy based on chimpanzee adenoviral and MVA vectors that primes, boosts, and sustains functional HCV-specific T cell memory
    • 261ra153–261ra153
    • Swadling, L., Capone, S., Antrobus, R.D., Brown, A., Richardson, R., Newell, E.W., et al. A human vaccine strategy based on chimpanzee adenoviral and MVA vectors that primes, boosts, and sustains functional HCV-specific T cell memory. Sci Transl Med, 6(261), 2014 261ra153–261ra153.
    • (2014) Sci Transl Med , vol.6 , Issue.261
    • Swadling, L.1    Capone, S.2    Antrobus, R.D.3    Brown, A.4    Richardson, R.5    Newell, E.W.6
  • 123
    • 84971441377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The potential impact of a hepatitis c vaccine for people who inject drugs: is a vaccine needed in the age of direct-acting antivirals?
    • Stone, J., Martin, N.K., Hickman, M., Hellard, M., Scott, N., McBryde, E., et al. The potential impact of a hepatitis c vaccine for people who inject drugs: is a vaccine needed in the age of direct-acting antivirals?. PLoS One, 11, 2016, e0156213.
    • (2016) PLoS One , vol.11
    • Stone, J.1    Martin, N.K.2    Hickman, M.3    Hellard, M.4    Scott, N.5    McBryde, E.6
  • 124
    • 84876190039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infection with hepatitis B and C virus in Europe: a systematic review of prevalence and cost-effectiveness of screening
    • Hahné S.J., Veldhuijzen, I.K., Wiessing, L., Lim, T.-A., Salminen, M., van de Laar, M., Infection with hepatitis B and C virus in Europe: a systematic review of prevalence and cost-effectiveness of screening. BMC Infect Dis, 13, 2013, 181.
    • (2013) BMC Infect Dis , vol.13 , pp. 181
    • Hahné, S.J.1    Veldhuijzen, I.K.2    Wiessing, L.3    Lim, T.-A.4    Salminen, M.5    van de Laar, M.6
  • 125
    • 84930649681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The undiagnosed chronically-infected HCV population in France. Implications for expanded testing recommendations in 2014
    • Brouard, C., Le, Strat Y., Larsen, C., Jauffret-Roustide, M., Lot, F., Pillonel, J., The undiagnosed chronically-infected HCV population in France. Implications for expanded testing recommendations in 2014. PLoS One, 10, 2015, e0126920.
    • (2015) PLoS One , vol.10
    • Brouard, C.1    Le, S.Y.2    Larsen, C.3    Jauffret-Roustide, M.4    Lot, F.5    Pillonel, J.6
  • 126
    • 84982822186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Birth cohort distribution and screening for viraemic hepatitis C virus infections in Switzerland
    • Bruggmann, P., Negro, F., Bihl, F., Blach, S., Lavanchy, D., Müllhaupt, B., et al. Birth cohort distribution and screening for viraemic hepatitis C virus infections in Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly, 145, 2015, w14221.
    • (2015) Swiss Med Wkly , vol.145 , pp. w14221
    • Bruggmann, P.1    Negro, F.2    Bihl, F.3    Blach, S.4    Lavanchy, D.5    Müllhaupt, B.6
  • 128
    • 84863393363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cost-effectiveness of birth-cohort screening for hepatitis C antibody in US primary care settings
    • Rein, D.B., Smith, B.D., Wittenborn, J.S., Lesesne, S.B., Wagner, L.D., Roblin, D.W., et al. The cost-effectiveness of birth-cohort screening for hepatitis C antibody in US primary care settings. Ann Intern Med 156 (2012), 263–270.
    • (2012) Ann Intern Med , vol.156 , pp. 263-270
    • Rein, D.B.1    Smith, B.D.2    Wittenborn, J.S.3    Lesesne, S.B.4    Wagner, L.D.5    Roblin, D.W.6
  • 129
    • 84945209056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-effectiveness of strategies for testing current hepatitis C virus infection
    • Chapko, M.K., Dufour, D.R., Hatia, R.I., Drobeniuc, J., Ward, J.W., Teo, C.G., Cost-effectiveness of strategies for testing current hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 62 (2015), 1396–1404.
    • (2015) Hepatology , vol.62 , pp. 1396-1404
    • Chapko, M.K.1    Dufour, D.R.2    Hatia, R.I.3    Drobeniuc, J.4    Ward, J.W.5    Teo, C.G.6
  • 131
    • 84922451875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-effectiveness model for hepatitis C screening and treatment: implications for Egypt and other countries with high prevalence
    • Kim, D.D., Hutton, D.W., Raouf, A.A., Salama, M., Hablas, A., Seifeldin, I.A., et al. Cost-effectiveness model for hepatitis C screening and treatment: implications for Egypt and other countries with high prevalence. Glob Publ Health 10 (2015), 296–317.
    • (2015) Glob Publ Health , vol.10 , pp. 296-317
    • Kim, D.D.1    Hutton, D.W.2    Raouf, A.A.3    Salama, M.4    Hablas, A.5    Seifeldin, I.A.6
  • 132
    • 85050706661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ABPI Viral Hepatitis Initiative. Access and Uptake of Direct Acting Antiviral Medicines in the UK and selected European countries based on data from IMS Health report for ABPI VHI: Hepatitis C Treatment in Europe, AXDoF162070 2017. Available from
    • ABPI Viral Hepatitis Initiative. Access and Uptake of Direct Acting Antiviral Medicines in the UK and selected European countries based on data from IMS Health report for ABPI VHI: Hepatitis C Treatment in Europe, AXDoF162070 2017. Available from: http://www.abpi.org.uk/our-work/library/medical-disease/Documents/Access_and_Uptake_of_Direct_Acting_Antiviral_Medicines.pdf.
  • 133
    • 85050706882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Needle syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapy for preventing hepatitis C transmission in people who inject drugs
    • The Cochrane Library
    • Platt, L., Minozzi, S., Reed, J., Vickerman, P., Hagan, H., French, C., et al. Needle syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapy for preventing hepatitis C transmission in people who inject drugs. 2017, The Cochrane Library.
    • (2017)
    • Platt, L.1    Minozzi, S.2    Reed, J.3    Vickerman, P.4    Hagan, H.5    French, C.6
  • 134
    • 80053581086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of needle and syringe provision and opiate substitution therapy on the incidence of hepatitis C virus in injecting drug users: pooling of UK evidence
    • Turner, K.M., Hutchinson, S., Vickerman, P., Hope, V., Craine, N., Palmateer, N., et al. The impact of needle and syringe provision and opiate substitution therapy on the incidence of hepatitis C virus in injecting drug users: pooling of UK evidence. Addiction 106 (2011), 1978–1988.
    • (2011) Addiction , vol.106 , pp. 1978-1988
    • Turner, K.M.1    Hutchinson, S.2    Vickerman, P.3    Hope, V.4    Craine, N.5    Palmateer, N.6
  • 135
    • 85019602734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Needle exchange programs for the prevention of hepatitis C virus infection in people who inject drugs: a systematic review with meta-analysis
    • Davis, S.M., Daily, S., Kristjansson, A.L., Kelley, G.A., Zullig, K., Baus, A., et al. Needle exchange programs for the prevention of hepatitis C virus infection in people who inject drugs: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Harm Reduct J, 14, 2017, 25.
    • (2017) Harm Reduct J , vol.14 , pp. 25
    • Davis, S.M.1    Daily, S.2    Kristjansson, A.L.3    Kelley, G.A.4    Zullig, K.5    Baus, A.6
  • 136
    • 79251532744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mathematical modelling of hepatitis C treatment for injecting drug users
    • Martin, N.K., Vickerman, P., Hickman, M., Mathematical modelling of hepatitis C treatment for injecting drug users. J Theor Biol 274 (2011), 58–66.
    • (2011) J Theor Biol , vol.274 , pp. 58-66
    • Martin, N.K.1    Vickerman, P.2    Hickman, M.3
  • 137
    • 84861022057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating the force of infection for HCV in injecting drug users using interval-censored data
    • Castro-Sanchez, A., Shkedy, Z., Hens, N., Aerts, M., Geskus, R., Prins, M., et al. Estimating the force of infection for HCV in injecting drug users using interval-censored data. Epidemiol Infect 140 (2012), 1064–1074.
    • (2012) Epidemiol Infect , vol.140 , pp. 1064-1074
    • Castro-Sanchez, A.1    Shkedy, Z.2    Hens, N.3    Aerts, M.4    Geskus, R.5    Prins, M.6
  • 138
    • 84860598975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of hepatitis C seroconversion in relation to shared syringes and drug preparation equipment
    • Pouget, E.R., Hagan, H., Des Jarlais, D.C., Meta-analysis of hepatitis C seroconversion in relation to shared syringes and drug preparation equipment. Addiction 107 (2012), 1057–1065.
    • (2012) Addiction , vol.107 , pp. 1057-1065
    • Pouget, E.R.1    Hagan, H.2    Des Jarlais, D.C.3
  • 139
    • 84874502107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus among monogamous heterosexual couples: the HCV partners study
    • Terrault, N.A., Dodge, J.L., Murphy, E.L., Tavis, J.E., Kiss, A., Levin, T., et al. Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus among monogamous heterosexual couples: the HCV partners study. Hepatology 57 (2013), 881–889.
    • (2013) Hepatology , vol.57 , pp. 881-889
    • Terrault, N.A.1    Dodge, J.L.2    Murphy, E.L.3    Tavis, J.E.4    Kiss, A.5    Levin, T.6
  • 140
    • 84868032525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C virus infections in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study: a rapidly evolving epidemic
    • Wandeler, G., Gsponer, T., Bregenzer, A., Günthard, H.F., Clerc, O., Calmy, A., et al. Hepatitis C virus infections in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study: a rapidly evolving epidemic. Clin Infect Dis 55 (2012), 1408–1416.
    • (2012) Clin Infect Dis , vol.55 , pp. 1408-1416
    • Wandeler, G.1    Gsponer, T.2    Bregenzer, A.3    Günthard, H.F.4    Clerc, O.5    Calmy, A.6
  • 141
    • 85041024559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexualized drug use (‘chemsex’) and high-risk sexual behaviours in HIV-positive men who have sex with men
    • Pufall, E., Kall, M., Shahmanesh, M., Nardone, A., Gilson, R., Delpech, V., et al. Sexualized drug use (‘chemsex’) and high-risk sexual behaviours in HIV-positive men who have sex with men. HIV Med 19 (2018), 261–270.
    • (2018) HIV Med , vol.19 , pp. 261-270
    • Pufall, E.1    Kall, M.2    Shahmanesh, M.3    Nardone, A.4    Gilson, R.5    Delpech, V.6
  • 142
    • 85039954633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C virus spread from HIV-positive to HIV-negative men who have sex with men
    • Charre, C., Cotte, L., Kramer, R., Miailhes, P., Godinot, M., Koffi, J., et al. Hepatitis C virus spread from HIV-positive to HIV-negative men who have sex with men. PLoS One, 13, 2018, e0190340.
    • (2018) PLoS One , vol.13
    • Charre, C.1    Cotte, L.2    Kramer, R.3    Miailhes, P.4    Godinot, M.5    Koffi, J.6
  • 143
    • 85041371596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eliminating hepatitis C virus as a public health threat among HIV-positive men who have sex with men: a multi-modelling approach to understand differences in sexual risk behaviour
    • Scott, N., Stoové M., Wilson, D.P., Keiser, O., El-Hayek, C., Doyle, J., et al. Eliminating hepatitis C virus as a public health threat among HIV-positive men who have sex with men: a multi-modelling approach to understand differences in sexual risk behaviour. J Int AIDS Soc, 21(1), 2018.
    • (2018) J Int AIDS Soc , vol.21 , Issue.1
    • Scott, N.1    Stoové, M.2    Wilson, D.P.3    Keiser, O.4    El-Hayek, C.5    Doyle, J.6
  • 144
    • 85045090719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EASL Recommendations on Treatment of Hepatitis C 2018
    • European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Recommendations on Treatment of Hepatitis C 2018. J Hepatol 69 (2018), 461–511.
    • (2018) J Hepatol , vol.69 , pp. 461-511
  • 145
    • 0036845443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol-related human losses in Russia in the 1980s and 1990s
    • Nemtsov, A.V., Alcohol-related human losses in Russia in the 1980s and 1990s. Addiction 97 (2002), 1413–1425.
    • (2002) Addiction , vol.97 , pp. 1413-1425
    • Nemtsov, A.V.1
  • 146
    • 77949706662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body mass index and risk of liver cirrhosis in middle aged UK women: prospective study
    • Liu, B., Balkwill, A., Reeves, G., Beral, V., Body mass index and risk of liver cirrhosis in middle aged UK women: prospective study. BMJ, 340, 2010, c912.
    • (2010) BMJ , vol.340 , pp. c912
    • Liu, B.1    Balkwill, A.2    Reeves, G.3    Beral, V.4
  • 147
    • 84874667276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moderate, excessive or heavy alcohol consumption: each is significantly associated with increased mortality in patients with chronic hepatitis C
    • Younossi, Z., Zheng, L., Stepanova, M., Venkatesan, C., Mir, H., Moderate, excessive or heavy alcohol consumption: each is significantly associated with increased mortality in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 37 (2013), 703–709.
    • (2013) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.37 , pp. 703-709
    • Younossi, Z.1    Zheng, L.2    Stepanova, M.3    Venkatesan, C.4    Mir, H.5
  • 148
    • 84953792043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inequalities in alcohol-related mortality in 17 European countries: a retrospective analysis of mortality registers
    • Mackenbach, J.P., Kulhanova, I., Bopp, M., Borrell, C., Deboosere, P., Kovacs, K., et al. Inequalities in alcohol-related mortality in 17 European countries: a retrospective analysis of mortality registers. PLoS Med, 12, 2015, e1001909.
    • (2015) PLoS Med , vol.12
    • Mackenbach, J.P.1    Kulhanova, I.2    Bopp, M.3    Borrell, C.4    Deboosere, P.5    Kovacs, K.6
  • 149
    • 67649106322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of policies and programmes to reduce the harm caused by alcohol
    • Anderson, P., Chisholm, D., Fuhr, D.C., Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of policies and programmes to reduce the harm caused by alcohol. Lancet 373 (2009), 2234–2246.
    • (2009) Lancet , vol.373 , pp. 2234-2246
    • Anderson, P.1    Chisholm, D.2    Fuhr, D.C.3
  • 150
    • 85050706367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ‘Loi Evin’: a French exception. Available from
    • Regaud A, Craplet M. The ‘Loi Evin’: a French exception. Available from: http://www.ias.org.uk/What-we-do/Publication-archive/The-Globe/Issue-2-2004-amp-1-2004/The-Loi-Evin-a-French-exception.aspx.
    • Regaud, A.1    Craplet, M.2
  • 151
    • 84922259787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Danish tax on saturated fat: why it did not survive
    • Vallgårda, S., Holm, L., Jensen, J.D., The Danish tax on saturated fat: why it did not survive. Eur J Clin Nutr 69 (2015), 223–226.
    • (2015) Eur J Clin Nutr , vol.69 , pp. 223-226
    • Vallgårda, S.1    Holm, L.2    Jensen, J.D.3
  • 152
    • 85019864269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health impact assessment of the UK soft drinks industry levy: a comparative risk assessment modelling study
    • Briggs, A.D., Mytton, O.T., Kehlbacher, A., Tiffin, R., Elhussein, A., Rayner, M., et al. Health impact assessment of the UK soft drinks industry levy: a comparative risk assessment modelling study. Lancet Publ Health 2 (2017), e15–e22.
    • (2017) Lancet Publ Health , vol.2 , pp. e15-e22
    • Briggs, A.D.1    Mytton, O.T.2    Kehlbacher, A.3    Tiffin, R.4    Elhussein, A.5    Rayner, M.6
  • 153
    • 84936934352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Did the junk food tax make the Hungarians eat healthier?
    • Bíró A., Did the junk food tax make the Hungarians eat healthier?. Food Policy 54 (2015), 107–115.
    • (2015) Food Policy , vol.54 , pp. 107-115
    • Bíró, A.1
  • 154
    • 85014788402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards elimination of hepatitis B and C in European Union and European Economic Area countries: monitoring the World Health Organization's global health sector strategy core indicators and scaling up key interventions
    • Duffell, E.F., Hedrich, D., Mardh, O., Mozalevskis, A., Towards elimination of hepatitis B and C in European Union and European Economic Area countries: monitoring the World Health Organization's global health sector strategy core indicators and scaling up key interventions. Eurosurveillance, 22(9), 2017.
    • (2017) Eurosurveillance , vol.22 , Issue.9
    • Duffell, E.F.1    Hedrich, D.2    Mardh, O.3    Mozalevskis, A.4
  • 155
    • 84859773755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-effectiveness and population outcomes of general population screening for hepatitis C
    • Coffin, P.O., Scott, J.D., Golden, M.R., Sullivan, S.D., Cost-effectiveness and population outcomes of general population screening for hepatitis C. Clin Infect Dis 54 (2012), 1259–1271.
    • (2012) Clin Infect Dis , vol.54 , pp. 1259-1271
    • Coffin, P.O.1    Scott, J.D.2    Golden, M.R.3    Sullivan, S.D.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.