The impact of confounding on the associations of different adiposity measures with the incidence of cardiovascular disease: A cohort study of 296 535 adults of white European descent

European Heart Journal

Volumn 39, Issue 17, 2018, Pages 1514-1520a

  Iliodromiti, Stamatina ^a   Celis Morales, Carlos A ^a   Lyall, Donald M ^a   Anderson, Jana ^a   Gray, Stuart R ^a   Mackay, Daniel F ^a   Nelson, Scott M ^a   Welsh, Paul ^a   Pell, Jill P ^a   Gill, Jason M R ^a   Sattar, Naveed ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Adiposity; Bias; BMI; Cardiovascular disease; Incidence; Percentage body fat mass

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS; ARTICLE; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; COHORT ANALYSIS; COMORBIDITY; CONFOUNDING VARIABLE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EUROPEAN; FAT MASS; FEMALE; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OBESITY; PERCENTAGE BODY FAT MASS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; SMOKING; UNITED KINGDOM; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE; WAIST HIP RATIO; WAIST TO HEIGHT RATIO; AGED; BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION; BODY SIZE; CAUCASIAN; ETHNOLOGY;

ADIPOSITY; ADULT; AGED; BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION; BODY MASS INDEX; BODY SIZE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CONFOUNDING FACTORS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; UNITED KINGDOM; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE; WAIST-HEIGHT RATIO; WAIST-HIP RATIO;

EID: 85046413872     PISSN: 0195668X     EISSN: 15229645     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy057     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. De Schutter A, Lavie CJ, Milani RV. The impact of obesity on risk factors and prevalence and prognosis of coronary heart disease—the obesity paradox. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2014;56:401–408.
2. World Health Organisation. Obesity and overweight. Fact Sheet N311. Geneva: WHO; 2014. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ (10 June 2017).
3. Finkelstein EA, Khavjou OA, Thompson H, Trogdon JG, Pan L, Sherry B, Dietz W. Obesity and severe obesity forecasts through 2030. Am J Prev Med 2012;42: 563–570.
4. Wormser D, Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E, Wood AM, Pennells L, Thompson A, Sarwar N, Kizer JR, Lawlor DA, Nordestgaard BG, Ridker P, Salomaa V, Stevens J, Woodward M, Sattar N, Collins R, Thompson SG, Whitlock G, Danesh J. Separate and combined associations of body-mass index and abdominal adiposity with cardiovascular disease: collaborative analysis of 58 prospective studies. Lancet 2011;377:1085–1095.
5. Global BMI Mortality Collaboration. Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents. Lancet 2016;388:776–786.
6. Aune D, Sen A, Prasad M, Norat T, Janszky I, Tonstad S, Romundstad P, Vatten LJ. BMI and all cause mortality: systematic review and non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of 230 cohort studies with 3.74 million deaths among 30.3 million participants. BMJ 2016;353:i2156.
7. Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, Grosse Y, Bianchini F, Straif K. Body fatness and cancer—viewpoint of the IARC Working Group. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:794–798.
8. Wang J, Yang DL, Chen ZZ, Gou BF. Associations of body mass index with cancer incidence among populations, genders, and menopausal status: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol 2016;42:1–8.
9. Renehan AG, Tyson M, Egger M, Heller RF, Zwahlen M. Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet 2008;371:569–578.
10. Flegal KM, Kit BK, Orpana H, Graubard BI. Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2013;309:71.
11. Doehner W, Clark A, Anker SD. The obesity paradox: weighing the benefit. Eur Heart J 2010;31:146–148.
12. Hara M, Saikawa T, Kurokawa M, Sakata T, Yoshimatsu H. Leg fat percentage correlates negatively with coronary atherosclerosis. Circ J 2004;68:1173–1178.
13. Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, Albus C, Brotons C, Catapano AL, Cooney MT, Corra U, Cosyns B, Deaton C, Graham I, Hall MS, Hobbs FD, Lochen ML, Lollgen H, Marques-Vidal P, Perk J, Prescott E, Redon J, Richter DJ, Sattar N, Smulders Y, Tiberi M, Bart van der Worp H, van Dis I, Verschuren WM. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: the Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts) Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Atherosclerosis 2016;252:207–274.
14. Afzal S, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Jensen GB, Nordestgaard BG. Change in body mass index associated with lowest mortality in Denmark, 1976-2013. JAMA 2016;315: 1989–1996.
15. Flegal KM, Graubard BI, Williamson DF, Cooper RS. Reverse causation and illness-related weight loss in observational studies of body weight and mortality. Am J Epidemiol 2011;173:1–9.
16. Stevens J, Juhaeri, Cai J. Changes in body mass index prior to baseline among participants who are ill or who die during the early years of follow-up. Am J Epidemiol 2001;153:946–953.
17. Rothman KJ. BMI-related errors in the measurement of obesity. Int J Obes 2008; 32:S56–S59.
18. Camhi SM, Bray GA, Bouchard C, Greenway FL, Johnson WD, Newton RL, Ravussin E, Ryan DH, Smith SR, Katzmarzyk PT. The relationship of waist circumference and BMI to visceral, subcutaneous, and total body fat: sex and race differences. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011;19:402–408.
19. Palmer LJ. UK Biobank: bank on it. Lancet 2007;369:1980–1982.
20. Sudlow C, Gallacher J, Allen N, Beral V, Burton P, Danesh J, Downey P, Elliott P, Green J, Landray M, Liu B, Matthews P, Ong G, Pell J, Silman A, Young A, Sprosen T, Peakman T, Collins R. UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age. PLoS Med 2015;12:e1001779.
21. Warburton DE, Charlesworth S, Ivey A, Nettlefold L, Bredin SS. A systematic review of the evidence for Canada’s Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2010;7:39.
22. Orsini N, Greenland S. A procedure to tabulate and plot results after flexible modeling of a quantitative covariate. Stata J 2011;11:1–29.
23. Kerr KF, Wang Z, Janes H, McClelland RL, Psaty BM, Pepe MS. Net reclassification indices for evaluating risk prediction instruments: a critical review. Epidemiology 2014;25:114–121.
24. Sattar N, Preiss D. Reverse causality in cardiovascular epidemiological research: more common than imagined? Circulation 2017;135:2369–2372.
25. Lawlor DA, Hart CL, Hole DJ, Davey Smith G. Reverse causality and confounding and the associations of overweight and obesity with mortality. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14:2294–2304.
26. Stokes A, Preston SH. Smoking and reverse causation create an obesity paradox in cardiovascular disease. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015;23:2485–2490.
27. Munro R, Capell H. Prevalence of low body mass in rheumatoid arthritis: association with the acute phase response. Ann Rheum Dis 1997;56:326–329.
28. Solomon DH, Goodson NJ, Katz JN, Weinblatt ME, Avorn J, Setoguchi S, Canning C, Schneeweiss S. Patterns of cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:1608–1612.
29. Holmes MV, Lange LA, Palmer T, Lanktree MB, North KE, Almoguera B, Buxbaum S, Chandrupatla HR, Elbers CC, Guo Y, Hoogeveen RC, Li J, Li YR, Swerdlow DI, Cushman M, Price TS, Curtis SP, Fornage M, Hakonarson H, Patel SR, Redline S, Siscovick DS, Tsai MY, Wilson JG, van der Schouw YT, FitzGerald GA, Hingorani AD, Casas JP, de Bakker PI, Rich SS, Schadt EE, Asselbergs FW, Reiner AP, Keating BJ. Causal effects of body mass index on cardiometabolic traits and events: a mendelian randomization analysis. Am J Hum Genet 2014;94: 198–208.
30. Emdin CA, Khera AV, Natarajan P, Klarin D, Zekavat SM, Hsiao AJ, Kathiresan S. Genetic association of waist-to-hip ratio with cardiometabolic traits, type 2 diabetes, and coronary heart disease. JAMA 2017;317:626–634.
31. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Bautista L, Franzosi MG, Commerford P, Lang CC, Rumboldt Z, Onen CL, Lisheng L, Tanomsup S, Wangai P Jr, Razak F, Sharma AM, Anand SS. Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27,000 participants from 52 countries: a case-control study. Lancet 2005;366:1640–1649.
32. Coutinho T, Goel K, Correa de Sa D, Kragelund C, Kanaya AM, Zeller M, Park JS, Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, Cottin Y, Lorgis L, Lee SH, Kim YJ, Thomas R, Roger VL, Somers VK, Lopez-Jimenez F. Central obesity and survival in subjects with coronary artery disease: a systematic review of the literature and collaborative analysis with individual subject data. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57: 1877–1886.
33. Britton KA, Massaro JM, Murabito JM, Kreger BE, Hoffmann U, Fox CS. Body fat distribution, incident cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:921–925.
34. De Schutter A, Lavie CJ, Patel DA, Artham SM, Milani RV. Relation of body fat categories by Gallagher classification and by continuous variables to mortality in patients with coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2013;111:657–660.
35. Myint PK, Kwok CS, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. Body fat percentage, body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio as predictors of mortality and cardiovascular disease. Heart 2014;100:1613–1619.
36. Pajunen P, Jousilahti P, Borodulin K, Harald K, Tuomilehto J, Salomaa V. Body fat measured by a near-infrared interactance device as a predictor of cardiovascular events: the FINRISK’92 cohort. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011;19: 848–852.
37. Collins R. What makes UK Biobank special? Lancet 2012;379:1173–1174.
38. Manolio TA, Collins R. Enhancing the feasibility of large cohort studies. JAMA 2010;304:2290–2291.
39. Lu Y, Hajifathalian K, Ezzati M, Woodward M, Rimm EB, Danaei G. Metabolic mediators of the effects of body-mass index, overweight, and obesity on coronary heart disease and stroke: a pooled analysis of 97 prospective cohorts with 1.8 million participants. Lancet 2014;383:970–983.
40. Ritchie JD, Miller CK, Smiciklas-Wright H. Tanita foot-to-foot bioelectrical impedance analysis system validated in older adults. J Am Diet Assoc 2005;105: 1617–1619.