메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue 9789400729285, 2012, Pages 19-34

A Northeast Saharan Perspective on Environmental Variability in North Africa and its Implications for Modern Human Origins

Author keywords

Dust record; Eastern Mediterranean; Environmental magnetism; Green Sahara; Modern human dispersals; North Africa; Ocean Drilling Program; Pleistocene

Indexed keywords


EID: 85045674696     PISSN: 18779077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2929-2_2     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (20)

References (84)
  • 1
    • 33749431526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Between the Mediterranean and the Sahara: Geoarchaeological reconnaissance in the Jebel Gharbi, Libya
    • Barich, B. A., Garcea, E. A. A., & Giraudi, C. (2006). Between the Mediterranean and the Sahara: Geoarchaeological reconnaissance in the Jebel Gharbi, Libya. Antiquity, 80, 567–582.
    • (2006) Antiquity , vol.80 , pp. 567-582
    • Barich, B.A.1    Garcea, E.A.A.2    Giraudi, C.3
  • 2
    • 0001584174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the nature of transitions: The Middle to Upper Palaeolithic and the Neolithic revolution
    • Bar-Yosef, O. (1998). On the nature of transitions: The Middle to Upper Palaeolithic and the Neolithic revolution. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 8, 141–163.
    • (1998) Cambridge Archaeological Journal , vol.8 , pp. 141-163
    • Bar-Yosef, O.1
  • 3
    • 56949101124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Middle Stone Age (MSA) distributions in eastern Africa and their relationship to Quaternary environmental change, refugia and the evolution of Homo sapiens
    • Basell, L. S. (2008). Middle Stone Age (MSA) distributions in eastern Africa and their relationship to Quaternary environmental change, refugia and the evolution of Homo sapiens. Quaternary Science Reviews, 27, 2484–2498.
    • (2008) Quaternary Science Reviews , vol.27 , pp. 2484-2498
    • Basell, L.S.1
  • 4
    • 0037099963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Storminess control over African dust input to the Moroccan Atlantic margin (NW Africa) at the time of maximal boreal summer insolation: A record of the last 220 kyr
    • Bozzano, G., Kuhlmann, H., & Alonso, B. (2002). Storminess control over African dust input to the Moroccan Atlantic margin (NW Africa) at the time of maximal boreal summer insolation: A record of the last 220 kyr. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 183, 155–168.
    • (2002) Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , vol.183 , pp. 155-168
    • Bozzano, G.1    Kuhlmann, H.2    Alonso, B.3
  • 6
    • 0001817514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the stability of the atmosphere-vegetation system in the Sahara/Sahel region
    • Brovkin, V., Claussen, M., Petoukhov, V., & Ganopolski, A. (1998). On the stability of the atmosphere-vegetation system in the Sahara/Sahel region. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 31613–31624.
    • (1998) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.103 , pp. 31613-31624
    • Brovkin, V.1    Claussen, M.2    Petoukhov, V.3    Ganopolski, A.4
  • 7
    • 0035060580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the late Pleistocene-Holocene sapropel record of climatic and oceanographic variability in the eastern Mediterranean
    • Calvert, S. E., & Fontugne, M. R. (2001). On the late Pleistocene-Holocene sapropel record of climatic and oceanographic variability in the eastern Mediterranean. Paleoceanography, 16, 78–94.
    • (2001) Paleoceanography , vol.16 , pp. 78-94
    • Calvert, S.E.1    Fontugne, M.R.2
  • 8
    • 54649083965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some insights on the Aterian in the Libyan Sahara: Chronology, environment, and archaeology
    • Cremaschi, M., Di Lernia, S., & Garcea, E. A. A. (1998). Some insights on the Aterian in the Libyan Sahara: Chronology, environment, and archaeology. African Archaeological Review, 15, 261–286.
    • (1998) African Archaeological Review , vol.15 , pp. 261-286
    • Cremaschi, M.1    Di Lernia, S.2    Garcea, E.A.A.3
  • 11
    • 0028970679 scopus 로고
    • Plio-Pleistocene African climate
    • de Menocal, P. B. (1995). Plio-Pleistocene African climate. Science, 270, 53–59.
    • (1995) Science , vol.270 , pp. 53-59
    • de Menocal, P.B.1
  • 12
    • 1842481416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • African climate change and faunal evolution during the Pliocene-Pleistocene
    • de Menocal, P. B. (2004). African climate change and faunal evolution during the Pliocene-Pleistocene. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 220, 3–24.
    • (2004) Earth and Planetary Science Letters , vol.220 , pp. 3-24
    • de Menocal, P.B.1
  • 13
    • 33745960480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Getting Out of Africa: Sea crossings, land crossings and culture in the Hominin migrations
    • Derricourt, R. (2005). Getting Out of Africa: Sea crossings, land crossings and culture in the Hominin migrations. Journal of World Prehistory, 19, 119–132.
    • (2005) Journal of World Prehistory , vol.19 , pp. 119-132
    • Derricourt, R.1
  • 18
    • 0002456176 scopus 로고
    • Palaeoenvironment, sapropel chronology and Nile River discharge during the last 20,000 years as indicated by deep sea sediment records in the eastern Mediterranean
    • Fontugne, M., Arnold, M., Labeyrie, L., Calvert, S. E., Paterne, M., & Duplessy, J. C. (1994). Palaeoenvironment, sapropel chronology and Nile River discharge during the last 20,000 years as indicated by deep sea sediment records in the eastern Mediterranean. Radiocarbon, 34, 75–88.
    • (1994) Radiocarbon , vol.34 , pp. 75-88
    • Fontugne, M.1    Arnold, M.2    Labeyrie, L.3    Calvert, S.E.4    Paterne, M.5    Duplessy, J.C.6
  • 19
    • 0343569973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Palaeoclimatic cyclicity in central Mediterranean Pliocene sediments: The mineralogical signal
    • Foucault, A., & Mélières, F. (2000). Palaeoclimatic cyclicity in central Mediterranean Pliocene sediments: The mineralogical signal. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 158, 311–323.
    • (2000) Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , vol.158 , pp. 311-323
    • Foucault, A.1    Mélières, F.2
  • 20
    • 1942423679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crossing desserts and avoiding seas: Aterian North Africa-European relations
    • Garcea, E. A. A. (2004). Crossing desserts and avoiding seas: Aterian North Africa-European relations. Journal of Anthropological Research, 60, 27–53.
    • (2004) Journal of Anthropological Research , vol.60 , pp. 27-53
    • Garcea, E.A.A.1
  • 21
    • 33748908817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late Quaternary human settlement patterning in the Jebel Gharbi
    • Garcea, E. A. A., & Giraudi, C. (2006). Late Quaternary human settlement patterning in the Jebel Gharbi. Journal of Human Evolution, 51, 411–421.
    • (2006) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.51 , pp. 411-421
    • Garcea, E.A.A.1    Giraudi, C.2
  • 22
    • 0033979952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrological changes in the African tropics since the Last Glacial Maximum
    • Gasse, F. (2000). Hydrological changes in the African tropics since the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19, 189–211.
    • (2000) Quaternary Science Reviews , vol.19 , pp. 189-211
    • Gasse, F.1
  • 23
    • 36849062167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Middle Pleistocene Al Mahrúqah Formation in the Murzub Basin, northern Sahara, Libya; evidence for orbitally-forced humid episodes during the last 500,000 years
    • Geyh, M. A., & Thiedig, F. (2008). The Middle Pleistocene Al Mahrúqah Formation in the Murzub Basin, northern Sahara, Libya; evidence for orbitally-forced humid episodes during the last 500,000 years. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 257, 1–21.
    • (2008) Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , vol.257 , pp. 1-21
    • Geyh, M.A.1    Thiedig, F.2
  • 24
    • 0035668419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saharan dust storms: Nature and consequences
    • Goudie, A. S., & Middleton, N. J. (2001). Saharan dust storms: Nature and consequences. Earth Science Reviews, 56, 179–204.
    • (2001) Earth Science Reviews , vol.56 , pp. 179-204
    • Goudie, A.S.1    Middleton, N.J.2
  • 27
    • 38349177961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sedimentation processes in the eastern Mediterranean Sea during the Late Glacial and Holocene revealed by end-member modelling of the terrigenous fraction in marine sediments
    • Hamann, Y., Ehrmann, W., Schmiedl, G., Krüger, S., Stuut, J. B., & Kuhnt, T. (2008). Sedimentation processes in the eastern Mediterranean Sea during the Late Glacial and Holocene revealed by end-member modelling of the terrigenous fraction in marine sediments. Marine Geology, 248, 97–114.
    • (2008) Marine Geology , vol.248 , pp. 97-114
    • Hamann, Y.1    Ehrmann, W.2    Schmiedl, G.3    Krüger, S.4    Stuut, J.B.5    Kuhnt, T.6
  • 29
    • 0025955960 scopus 로고
    • Astronomical calibration of Gauss to Matuyama sapropels in the Mediterranean and implications for the geomagnetic polarity time scale
    • Hilgen, F. J. (1991). Astronomical calibration of Gauss to Matuyama sapropels in the Mediterranean and implications for the geomagnetic polarity time scale. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 104, 226–244.
    • (1991) Earth and Planetary Science Letters , vol.104 , pp. 226-244
    • Hilgen, F.J.1
  • 30
    • 0347772318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geologic context of the Acheulian (Middle Pleistocene) in the eastern Sahara
    • Hill, C. L. (2001). Geologic context of the Acheulian (Middle Pleistocene) in the eastern Sahara. Geoarchaeology—An Intenational Journal, 16, 65–94.
    • (2001) Geoarchaeology—An Intenational Journal , vol.16 , pp. 65-94
    • Hill, C.L.1
  • 31
    • 0033694749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precipitation estimates for the eastern Sahara paleomonsoon based on a water balance model of the West Nubian Paleolake Basin
    • Hoelzmann, P., Kruse, H. J., & Rottinger, F. (2000). Precipitation estimates for the eastern Sahara paleomonsoon based on a water balance model of the West Nubian Paleolake Basin. Global and Planetary Change, 26, 105–120.
    • (2000) Global and Planetary Change , vol.26 , pp. 105-120
    • Hoelzmann, P.1    Kruse, H.J.2    Rottinger, F.3
  • 32
    • 33644863591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late Quaternary palynology in marine sediments: A synthesis of the understanding of pollen distribution patterns in the NW African setting
    • Hooghiemstra, H., Lézine, A. M., Leroy, S. A. G., Dupont, L., & Marret, F. (2006). Late Quaternary palynology in marine sediments: A synthesis of the understanding of pollen distribution patterns in the NW African setting. Quaternary International, 148, 29–44.
    • (2006) Quaternary International , vol.148 , pp. 29-44
    • Hooghiemstra, H.1    Lézine, A.M.2    Leroy, S.A.G.3    Dupont, L.4    Marret, F.5
  • 34
    • 0021594716 scopus 로고
    • The orbital theory of Pleistocene climate: Support from a revised chronology of the marine 6180 record
    • A. Berger, J. Imbrie, J. Hays, G. Kukla, & B. Saltzman (Eds.), Dordrecht: Plenum Reidel
    • Imbrie, J., Hays, J. D., Martinson, D. G., Mclntyre, A., Mix, A. C., Morley, J. J., et al. (1984). The orbital theory of Pleistocene climate: Support from a revised chronology of the marine 6180 record. In A. Berger, J. Imbrie, J. Hays, G. Kukla, & B. Saltzman (Eds.), Milankovitch and climate, Part 1 (pp. 269–305). Dordrecht: Plenum Reidel.
    • (1984) Milankovitch and Climate, Part , vol.1 , pp. 269-305
    • Imbrie, J.1    Hays, J.D.2    Martinson, D.G.3    McLntyre, A.4    Mix, A.C.5    Morley, J.J.6
  • 35
    • 67649199041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Millennial-scale Northwest African droughts related to Heinrich events and Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles: Evidence in marine sediments from offshore Senegal
    • Itambi, A. C., von Dobeneck, T., Mulitza, S., Bickert, T., & Heslop, D. (2009). Millennial-scale Northwest African droughts related to Heinrich events and Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles: Evidence in marine sediments from offshore Senegal. Paleoceanography, 24. doi:10.1029/2007PA001570
    • (2009) Paleoceanography , vol.24
    • Itambi, A.C.1    von Dobeneck, T.2    Mulitza, S.3    Bickert, T.4    Heslop, D.5
  • 36
    • 0032464885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biome reconstruction from pollen and plant macrofossils data for Africa and the Arabian Peninsula at 0 and 6000 years
    • Jolly, D., Prentice, I. C., Bonnefille, R., Ballouche, A., Bengo, M., Brenac, P., et al. (1998). Biome reconstruction from pollen and plant macrofossils data for Africa and the Arabian Peninsula at 0 and 6000 years. Journal of Biogeography, 25, 1007–1027.
    • (1998) Journal of Biogeography , vol.25 , pp. 1007-1027
    • Jolly, D.1    Prentice, I.C.2    Bonnefille, R.3    Ballouche, A.4    Bengo, M.5    Brenac, P.6
  • 37
    • 35348925991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrologic and climatic implications of stable isotope and minor element analyses of authigenic calcite silts and gastropod shells from a mid-Pleistocene pluvial lake, Western Desert, Egypt
    • Kieniewicz, J. M., & Smith, J. R. (2007). Hydrologic and climatic implications of stable isotope and minor element analyses of authigenic calcite silts and gastropod shells from a mid-Pleistocene pluvial lake, Western Desert, Egypt. Quaternary Research, 68, 431–444.
    • (2007) Quaternary Research , vol.68 , pp. 431-444
    • Kieniewicz, J.M.1    Smith, J.R.2
  • 40
    • 0033106006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The characterisation of Saharan dust and Nile particulate matter in surface sediments from the Levantine basin using Sr isotopes
    • Krom, M. D., Cliff, R. A., Eijsink, L. M., Herut, B., & Chester, R. (1999). The characterisation of Saharan dust and Nile particulate matter in surface sediments from the Levantine basin using Sr isotopes. Marine Geology, 155, 319–330.
    • (1999) Marine Geology , vol.155 , pp. 319-330
    • Krom, M.D.1    Cliff, R.A.2    Eijsink, L.M.3    Herut, B.4    Chester, R.5
  • 41
    • 0032468560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxygen isotope and sapropel stratigraphy in the eastern Mediterranean during the last 3.2 million years
    • A.H.F. Robertson, K.C. Emeis, C. Richter & A. Camerlenghi, A. (Eds.), College Station, TX: Ocean Drilling Program
    • Kroon, D., Alexander, I., Little, M., Lourens, L.J., Matthewson, A., Robertson, A.H.F., et al. (1998). Oxygen isotope and sapropel stratigraphy in the eastern Mediterranean during the last 3.2 million years. In A.H.F. Robertson, K.C. Emeis, C. Richter & A. Camerlenghi, A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results (vol. 160, pp. 181–190). College Station, TX: Ocean Drilling Program.
    • (1998) Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results , vol.160 , pp. 181-190
    • Kroon, D.1    Alexander, I.2    Little, M.3    Lourens, L.J.4    Matthewson, A.5    Robertson, A.H.F.6
  • 42
    • 33747095095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate-controlled Holocene occupation in the Sahara: Motor of Africa s evolution
    • Küper, R., & Kröpelin, S. (2006). Climate-controlled Holocene occupation in the Sahara: Motor of Africa s evolution. Science, 313, 803–807.
    • (2006) Science , vol.313 , pp. 803-807
    • Küper, R.1    Kröpelin, S.2
  • 43
    • 0032246507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards a theory of modern humans origins: Geography, demography, and diversity in recent human evolution
    • Lahr, M. M., & Foley, R. A. (1998). Towards a theory of modern humans origins: Geography, demography, and diversity in recent human evolution. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 41, 137–176.
    • (1998) Yearbook of Physical Anthropology , vol.41 , pp. 137-176
    • Lahr, M.M.1    Foley, R.A.2
  • 45
    • 33744974824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting missing beats in the Mediterranean climate rhythm from magnetic identification of oxidized sapropels (Ocean Drilling Program Leg 160)
    • Larrasoaña, J. C., Roberts, A. P., Hayes, A., Wehausen, R., & Rohling, E. J. (2006). Detecting missing beats in the Mediterranean climate rhythm from magnetic identification of oxidized sapropels (Ocean Drilling Program Leg 160). Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 156, 283–293.
    • (2006) Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors , vol.156 , pp. 283-293
    • Larrasoaña, J.C.1    Roberts, A.P.2    Hayes, A.3    Wehausen, R.4    Rohling, E.J.5
  • 49
    • 0035931878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geological constraints on tidal dissipation and dynamical ellipticity of the earth over the past three million years
    • Lourens, L. J., Wehausen, R., & Brumsack, H. J. (2001). Geological constraints on tidal dissipation and dynamical ellipticity of the earth over the past three million years. Nature, 409, 1029–1033.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.409 , pp. 1029-1033
    • Lourens, L.J.1    Wehausen, R.2    Brumsack, H.J.3
  • 51
    • 0029481973 scopus 로고
    • A 300 kyr high-resolution aridity record of the North Africa continent
    • Matthewson, A. P., Shimmield, G. B., Kroon, D., & Fallick, A. E. (1995). A 300 kyr high-resolution aridity record of the North Africa continent. Paleoceanography, 10, 677–692.
    • (1995) Paleoceanography , vol.10 , pp. 677-692
    • Matthewson, A.P.1    Shimmield, G.B.2    Kroon, D.3    Fallick, A.E.4
  • 52
    • 0034804451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sand sheets dynamics and Quaternary landscape evolution of the Selima Sand Sheet, southern Egypt
    • Maxwell, T. A., & Haynes, C. V., Jr. (2001). Sand sheets dynamics and Quaternary landscape evolution of the Selima Sand Sheet, southern Egypt. Quaternary Science Reviews, 20, 1623–1647.
    • (2001) Quaternary Science Reviews , vol.20 , pp. 1623-1647
    • Maxwell, T.A.1    Haynes, C.V.2
  • 53
    • 0034493580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The revolution that wasn t: A new interpretation of the origin of modern human behaviour
    • McBrearty, S., & Brooks, A. S. (2000). The revolution that wasn t: A new interpretation of the origin of modern human behaviour. Journal of Human Evolution, 39, 453–563.
    • (2000) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.39 , pp. 453-563
    • McBrearty, S.1    Brooks, A.S.2
  • 54
    • 13944279562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia
    • McDougall, I., Brown, F. H., & Fleagle, J. G. (2005). Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia. Nature, 433, 733–736.
    • (2005) Nature , vol.433 , pp. 733-736
    • McDougall, I.1    Brown, F.H.2    Fleagle, J.G.3
  • 56
    • 33745435794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why did human populations disperse from Africa ca. 60,000 years ago? A new model
    • Mellars, P. (2006). Why did human populations disperse from Africa ca. 60,000 years ago? A new model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 103, 9381–9386.
    • (2006) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA , vol.103 , pp. 9381-9386
    • Mellars, P.1
  • 57
    • 0034451327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Duration of S1, the most recent sapropel in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, as indicated by accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon and geochemical evidence
    • Mercone, D., Thomson, J., Croudance, I. M., Siani, G., Paterne, M., & Troelstra, S. (2001). Duration of S1, the most recent sapropel in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, as indicated by accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon and geochemical evidence. Paleoceanography, 15, 336–347.
    • (2001) Paleoceanography , vol.15 , pp. 336-347
    • Mercone, D.1    Thomson, J.2    Croudance, I.M.3    Siani, G.4    Paterne, M.5    Troelstra, S.6
  • 58
    • 0036802879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stepping out: A computer simulation of hominid dispersal from Africa
    • Mithen, S., & Reed, M. (2002). Stepping out: A computer simulation of hominid dispersal from Africa. Journal of Human Evolution, 43, 433–462.
    • (2002) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.43 , pp. 433-462
    • Mithen, S.1    Reed, M.2
  • 60
    • 0036872201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saharan dust transport and high-latitude glacial climatic instability: The Alboran Sea record
    • Moreno, A., Cacho, I., Canals, M., Prins, M. A., Sanchez-Goñi, M. F., Grimalt, J. O., et al. (2002). Saharan dust transport and high-latitude glacial climatic instability: The Alboran Sea record. Quaternary Research, 58, 318–328.
    • (2002) Quaternary Research , vol.58 , pp. 318-328
    • Moreno, A.1    Cacho, I.2    Canals, M.3    Prins, M.A.4    Sanchez-Goñi, M.F.5    Grimalt, J.O.6
  • 61
    • 1242277392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent environmental change and prehistoric human activity in Egypt and northern Sudan
    • Nicoll, K. (2004). Recent environmental change and prehistoric human activity in Egypt and northern Sudan. Quaternary Science Reviews, 23, 561–580.
    • (2004) Quaternary Science Reviews , vol.23 , pp. 561-580
    • Nicoll, K.1
  • 63
    • 1542287923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing and intensity of groundwater movement during Egyptian Sahara pluvial periods by U-series analysis of secondary U in ores and carbonates
    • Osmond, J. K., & Dabous, A. A. (2004). Timing and intensity of groundwater movement during Egyptian Sahara pluvial periods by U-series analysis of secondary U in ores and carbonates. Quaternary Research, 61, 85–94.
    • (2004) Quaternary Research , vol.61 , pp. 85-94
    • Osmond, J.K.1    Dabous, A.A.2
  • 64
    • 0000147428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late Quaternary paleoecology and paleoclimates of the eastern Sahara
    • Pachur, H. J., & Hoelzmann, P. (2000). Late Quaternary paleoecology and paleoclimates of the eastern Sahara. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 30, 929–939.
    • (2000) Journal of African Earth Sciences , vol.30 , pp. 929-939
    • Pachur, H.J.1    Hoelzmann, P.2
  • 66
    • 0033584348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid environmental changes in southern Europe during the last glacial period
    • Allen, J. R. M., Brandt, U., Brauer, A., Hubberten, H. W., Huntley, B., Keller, J., et al. (1999). Rapid environmental changes in southern Europe during the last glacial period. Nature, 400, 740–743.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.400 , pp. 740-743
    • Allen, J.R.M.1    Brandt, U.2    Brauer, A.3    Hubberten, H.W.4    Huntley, B.5    Keller, J.6
  • 68
    • 0021058855 scopus 로고
    • African monsoons, an immediate climate response to orbital insolation
    • Rossignol-Strick, M. (1983). African monsoons, an immediate climate response to orbital insolation. Nature, 304, 46–49.
    • (1983) Nature , vol.304 , pp. 46-49
    • Rossignol-Strick, M.1
  • 69
    • 84878983481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal variation in the nature of Pleistocene pluvial phase environments across North Africa
    • J.-J. Hublin & S.P. McPherron (Eds.), Dordrecht: Springer
    • Smith, J.R. (2012). Spatial and temporal variation in the nature of Pleistocene pluvial phase environments across North Africa. In J.-J. Hublin & S.P. McPherron (Eds.), Modern origins: A North African perspective. Dordrecht: Springer.
    • (2012) Modern Origins: A North African Perspective
    • Smith, J.R.1
  • 70
    • 2442508867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A reconstruction of Quaternary pluvial environments and human occupations using stratigraphy and geochronology of fossil-spring tufas, Kharga Oasis
    • Smith, J. R., Giegengack, R., Schwarcz, H. P., McDonald, M. M. A., Kleindienst, M. R., Hawkins, A. L., et al. (2004). A reconstruction of Quaternary pluvial environments and human occupations using stratigraphy and geochronology of fossil-spring tufas, Kharga Oasis, Egypt. Geoarchaeology, 19, 1–34.
    • (2004) Egypt. Geoarchaeology , vol.19 , pp. 1-34
    • Smith, J.R.1    Giegengack, R.2    Schwarcz, H.P.3    McDonald, M.M.A.4    Kleindienst, M.R.5    Hawkins, A.L.6
  • 71
    • 34248550557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New age constraints on the Middle Stone Age occupations of Kharga Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt
    • Smith, J. R., Hawkins, A. L., Asmerom, Y., Polyac, V., & Giegengack, R. (2007). New age constraints on the Middle Stone Age occupations of Kharga Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt. Journal of Human Evolution, 52, 690–701.
    • (2007) Journal of Human Evolution , vol.52 , pp. 690-701
    • Smith, J.R.1    Hawkins, A.L.2    Asmerom, Y.3    Polyac, V.4    Giegengack, R.5
  • 72
    • 0003397623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Latests Pleistocene and Holocene sand-sheet construction in the Selima Sand Sea, Eastern Sahara
    • A. S. Alsharhan, K. W. Glennie, G. L. Whittle, & C. G. S. C. Kendall (Eds.), Rotterdam: AA Balkema
    • Stokes, S., Maxwell, T. A., Haynes, C. V., Jr., & Horrocks, J. L. (1998). Latests Pleistocene and Holocene sand-sheet construction in the Selima Sand Sea, Eastern Sahara. In A. S. Alsharhan, K. W. Glennie, G. L. Whittle, & C. G. S. C. Kendall (Eds.), Quaternary deserts and climate change (pp. 175–183). Rotterdam: AA Balkema.
    • (1998) Quaternary Deserts and Climate Change , pp. 175-183
    • Stokes, S.1    Maxwell, T.A.2    Haynes, C.V.3    Horrocks, J.L.4
  • 74
    • 0031422674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precipitation source inferred from stable isotopic composition of Pleistocene groundwater and carbonate deposits in the Western Desert of Egypt
    • Sultan, M., Sturchio, N., Hassan, F. A., Hamdan, M. A. R., Mahmood, A. M., Alfy, Z. E., et al. (1997). Precipitation source inferred from stable isotopic composition of Pleistocene groundwater and carbonate deposits in the Western Desert of Egypt. Quaternary Research, 48, 29–37.
    • (1997) Quaternary Research , vol.48 , pp. 29-37
    • Sultan, M.1    Sturchio, N.2    Hassan, F.A.3    Hamdan, M.A.R.4    Mahmood, A.M.5    Alfy, Z.E.6
  • 75
    • 0035282623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eolian sediment responses to late Quaternary climate changes: Temporal and spatial patterns in the Sahara
    • Swezey, C. (2001). Eolian sediment responses to late Quaternary climate changes: Temporal and spatial patterns in the Sahara. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 167, 119–155.
    • (2001) Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , vol.167 , pp. 119-155
    • Swezey, C.1
  • 76
    • 0028888813 scopus 로고
    • Ages of Quaternary pluvial episodes determined by uranium-series and radiocarbon dating of lacustrine deposits of the eastern Sahara
    • Szabo, B. J., Haynes, C. V., Jr., & Maxwell, T. A. (1995). Ages of Quaternary pluvial episodes determined by uranium-series and radiocarbon dating of lacustrine deposits of the eastern Sahara. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 113, 227–242.
    • (1995) Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , vol.113 , pp. 227-242
    • Szabo, B.J.1    Haynes, C.V.2    Maxwell, T.A.3
  • 80
    • 59649108494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends, rhythms and events in Plio-Pleistocene African climate
    • Trauth, M. H., Larrasoaña, J. C., & Mudelsee, M. (2009). Trends, rhythms and events in Plio-Pleistocene African climate. Quaternary Science Reviews, 28, 399–411.
    • (2009) Quaternary Science Reviews , vol.28 , pp. 399-411
    • Trauth, M.H.1    Larrasoaña, J.C.2    Mudelsee, M.3
  • 81
    • 34548717092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Desert speleothems reveal climatic window for African exodus of modern humans
    • Vaks, A., Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A., Matthews, A., Halicz, L., & Frumkin, A. (2007). Desert speleothems reveal climatic window for African exodus of modern humans. Geology, 35, 831–834.
    • (2007) Geology , vol.35 , pp. 831-834
    • Vaks, A.1    Bar-Matthews, M.2    Ayalon, A.3    Matthews, A.4    Halicz, L.5    Frumkin, A.6
  • 83
    • 34249881929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 155,000 years of West African monsoon and thermal ocean evolution
    • Weldeab, S., Lea, D. W., Schneider, R. R., & Andersen, N. (2007). 155,000 years of West African monsoon and thermal ocean evolution. Science, 316, 1303–1307.
    • (2007) Science , vol.316 , pp. 1303-1307
    • Weldeab, S.1    Lea, D.W.2    Schneider, R.R.3    Andersen, N.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.