Recent environmental change and prehistoric human activity in Egypt and Northern Sudan

Quaternary Science Reviews

Volumn 23, Issue 5-6, 2004, Pages 561-580

  Nicoll, Kathleen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON; CLIMATE CHANGE; CULTIVATION; DRAINAGE; FARMS; PLANTS (BOTANY); RAIN; SEDIMENTS; SOILS; SURFACE WATERS;

AGARIAN COMMUNITIES; RADIOCARBON;

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT;

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; DESERTIFICATION; HOLOCENE; HUMAN SETTLEMENT; PALEOENVIRONMENT; SETTLEMENT HISTORY;

AFRICA; EAST AFRICA; EGYPT; NORTH AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; SUDAN;

ANIMALIA; LEPUS;

EID: 1242277392     PISSN: 02773791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.10.004     Document Type: Article

References (195)

1. Abell P.I., Hoelzmann P. Holocene palaeoclimates in northwestern Sudan. stable isotope studies on mollusks Global and Planetary Change. 26:2000;1-12.
2. Adamson D.A., Gasse F., Street F.A., Williams M.A.J. Late Quaternary history of the Nile. Nature. 288:1980;50-55.
3. Aitken, M.J., 1990. Science-Based Dating in Archaeology: Longman Archaeological Series. Longman Publishers, London, p. 93.
4. Applegate A., Zedeño N. Site E-92-9. a possible late Neolithic solar calendar Wendorf F., Schild R.et al. Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara, Volume 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa. 2001;463-487 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.
5. Applegate A., Gautier A., Duncan S. The North Tumuli of the Nabta Late Neolithic Ceremonial Complex. Wendorf F., Schild R.et al. Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara, Vol. 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa. 2001;468-488 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.
6. Ayliffe D., Williams M.A.J., Sheldon F. Stable carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of early Holocene gastropods from Wadi Mansurab, north-central Sudan. The Holocene. 6:1996;157-169.
7. Bagnold, R.A., 1933. A further journey through the Libyan Desert. Geographical Journal 82, 103-129, 211-235.
8. Bagnold R.A. Physical aspects of dry deserts. Cloudsley-Thompson J.L. Biology of Deserts: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Biology of Hot and Cold Deserts. 1954;7-12 Institute of Biology, London.
9. Banks, K.M., 1984. Climates, Cultures, and Cattle: The Holocene Archaeology of the Eastern Sahara. Southern Methodist University, Dallas Circular, p. 259.
10. Beadle, L.C., 1981. The Inland Waters of Tropical Africa: An Introduction to Tropical Limnology. London, 208pp.
11. Beadnell, H.J.L., 1909. An Egyptian Oasis: An Account of the Oasis of Kharga in the Libyan Desert. John Murray, London, 248pp.
12. Beadnell H.J.L. Zezura. Geographical Journal. 77:1931;245-250.
13. Bell B. The oldest records of Nile floods. Geographical Journal. 136:1970;569-573.
14. Bochenski A., Tomek T. Holocene bird remains from Nabta. Wendorf F., Schild R.et al. Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara, Vol. 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa. 2001;636-647 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.
15. Bornkamm R., Kehl H. Landscape ecology of the western desert of Egypt. Journal of Arid Environments. 17:1989;271-277.
16. Boulos L. The flora of Gebel Uweinat and neighboring regions, southwest Egypt. El Baz F., Maxwell T.A. Desert landforms of southwest Egypt: A Basis for Comparison with Mars. 1982;341-349 NASA CR-3611, Washington, DC.
17. Bradley D.G., Machugh D.E., Cinnigham P., Loftus R.T. Mitochondrial diversity and the origins of African and European cattle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA. 93:1996;5131-5135.
18. Brookes I.A. Early Holocene basinal sediments of the Dakhleh Oasis region, South Central Egypt. Quaternary Research. 32:1989;139-152.
19. Brookes I.A. Geomorphology and Quaternary Geology of the Dakhla Oasis region, Egypt. Quaternary Science Reviews. 12:1993;529-552.
20. Brookes, I.A., 1993b. Late Pleistocene basinal sediments, Dakhla Oasis region, Egypt: A non-interglacial pluvial. In: Thorweihe, U., Schandelmeier, H. (Eds.), Geoscientific Research in Northwest Africa, pp. 627-633.
21. Brookes I.A. Aeolian erosional lineations in the Libyan desert, Dakhla region, Egypt. Geomorphology. 39:2001;189-209.
22. Burke K., Durotoye A.B., Whiteman A.J. A Dry Phase South of the Sahara 20,000 years ago. West African Journal of Archaeology. 1:1971;1-8.
23. Butzer K.W. Environment and human ecology in Egypt during predynastic and early dynastic times. Bulletin of the Society of Egyptian Geographers. 32:1959;43-88.
24. Caton-Thompson, G., 1952. Kharga Oasis in Prehistory. Athlone Press, London, 196pp.
25. Caton-Thompson G., Gardner E.W. The prehistoric geography of Kharga Oasis. Geographical Journal. 80:1932;369-409.
26. Churcher C.S. Dakhleh Oasis Project - Palaeontology. interim report on the 1982 field season Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities. 13:1983;178-187.
27. Churcher C.S. Ostrich bones from the Neolithic of Dahkleh Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt. Palaeoecology of Africa. 23:1992;67-71.
28. Churcher, C.S., 1999. The Neolithic fauna from archaeological contexts in Dahkleh Oasis, Egypt. In: Plug, I., Klein, R.G. (Eds.), Archaeozoology in Africa. ArchaeoZoologia, X/1.2, pp. 47-54.
29. Churcher, C.S., Mills, A.J. (Eds.), 1999. Reports From the Survey of the Dahkleh Oasis 1977-1987. Oxbow Books, Oxford, p. 271.
30. Close A.E. Current research and recent radiocarbon dates from northern Africa, II. Journal of African History. 25:1984;1-24.
31. Close, A.E. (Ed.), 1984b. Cattle-Keepers of the Eastern Sahara: The Neolithic of Bîr Kiseiba. Southern Methodist University, Dallas, 452pp.
32. Close, A.E. (Ed.), 1987. Prehistory of Arid North Africa. Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, 357pp.
33. Close A.E. Living on the edge. Neolithic herders in the eastern Sahara Antiquity. 64:1990;79-96.
34. Close A.E. Holocene occupation of the eastern Sahara. Klees F., Kuper R. New Light on the Northeast African Past. 1992;155-182 Heinrich-Barth-Institut, Köln.
35. Close A.E. Few and far between. early ceramics in North Africa Barnett W.K., Hoopes J.W. The Emergence of Pottery: Technology and Innovation in Ancient Societies. 1995;23-37 Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
36. Close A., Wendorf F. North Africa at 18,000. BP Gamble C., Soffer O. The World at 18,000. BP:1990;40-57 Unwin Hyman, Boston.
37. Close A., Wendorf F. The beginnings of food-production in the Eastern Sahara. Gebauer A.B., Price T.D. Transitions to Agriculture in Prehistory. 1992;63-72 Prehistory Press, Madison.
38. Clutton-Brock J. Cattle in ancient North Africa. Clutton-Brock J. The Walking Larder: Patterns in Domestication, Pastoralism, and Predation. 1989;115-118 Unwin Hyman, London.
39. Cziesla E. Investigations into the archaeology of the Sitra-Hatiyet, Northwestern Egypt. Krzynaniak L., Kobusiewicz M., Alexander J. Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa until the Second Millennium B.C. 1993;185-197 Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznán.
40. de Almásy, L.E., 1936. Récentes explorations dans le Désert Libyque (1932-1936), Publication Speciale de la Sociéte D'Egypte, Cairo, pp. 1-97.
41. Dubief J. Le climat du Sahara: L'eau atmospherique au Sahara. mémoires hors série institut de recherche saharienne Université Alger. 2:1963;11-275.
42. Ehret C. Nilo-Saharans and the Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic. Shaw T., Sinclair P., Andah B., Okpoko A. The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals, and Towns. 1993;104-125 Routledge Press, London.
43. El Danasouri, G., 1957. The Weather of Egypt, Studies in Geography of Egypt. Misr Book Shop, Cairo, pp. 142-187.
44. El Hadidi M.N. The vegetation of the Nubian Desert (Nabta region). Wendorf F., Schild R. Prehistory of the Eastern Sahara. 1980;345-351 Academic Press, New York.
45. Embabi N.S. Structures of barchan dunes at the Kharga Oases Depression, the Western Desert, Egypt. Bulletin de la Société de Géogrpahie d'Égypte. 41:1970;53-71.
46. Embabi N.S. The semi-playa deposits of Kharga Depression, the Western Desert. Bulletin de la Société de Géographie d'Égypte. 41:1972;73-87.
47. Embabi N.S. Dune movement in the Kharga and Dakhla Oases Depression, the Western Desert of Egypt. El-Baz F., El-Tayeb I.A., Hassan M.H.A. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Sand Transport and Desertification in Arid Lands, 17-26 November 1985, Khartoum, Sudan. 1985;79-105 World Scientific, Singapore.
48. Fontugne, M., Arnold, M., Labeyrie, L., Paterne, M., Calvert, S.I., Duplessy, J.C., 1993. Sapropel chronology and Nile River discharge during the last 20,000 years as indicated by deep sea sediment records from the eastern Mediterranean. In: Kröpelin, S., Odada, E. (Eds.), INQUA-PAGES Past Global Changes Joint Workshops, Mombasa, Kenya.
49. Gabriel B. Neolithische Steinplätze und Palaökologie in den Ebenen der osterlichen Zentralsahara. van Zinderen Baker E.M. Palaeoecology of Africa. 1976;25-40 A. A. Balkema, Cape Town.
50. Gabriel, B., 1986. Dieöstliche Libysche Wüste im Junquartar. Berliner geographische Studien Bd. 19, Berlin, 185pp.
51. Gabriel B., Kröpelin S. Jungquartäre limnische Akkumulationsphasen im NW-Sudan. Zeitschrift Geomorphologie N.F. 48:1983;157-160.
52. Gardner E.W. Some problems of Pleistocene hydrography of Kharga Oasis, Egypt. Geological Magazine. 69:1932;386-421.
53. Gardner E.W. The Pleistocene fauna and flora of Kharga Oasis, Egypt. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. 91:1935;479-518.
54. Gauthier A. Contributions to the archaeozoology of Egypt. Wendorf F., Schild R. Prehistory of the Eastern Sahara. 1980;317-344 Academic Press, New York.
55. Gauthier A. Late Pleistocene and Recent climatic changes in the Egyptian Sahara. a summary of research Aklan J.A. The Sahara: Ecological Change and Early Economic History. 1981;30-34 Menas Press Ltd. Outwell, England.
56. Gauthier A. Prehistoric men and cattle in North Africa. Close A.E. Prehistory of Arid North Africa. 1987;163-183 Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas.
57. Gauthier A. The Middle Paleolithic archaeofaunas from Bîr Tarfawi (Western Desert, Egypt). Wendorf F., Schild R., Close A.et al. Egypt During the Last Interglacial: The Middle Paleolithic of Bîr Tarfawi and Bîr Sahara East. 1993;121-143 Plenum Press, New York.
58. Gauthier A. The Early to Late Neolithic Archaeofaunas from Nabta and Bîr Kiseiba. Wendorf F., Schild R.et al. Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara, Vol. 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa. 2001;609-635 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.
59. Gauthier A., Schild R., Wendorf F., Stafford T.W. One elephant doesn't make a savanna. Palaeoecological significance of Loxodonta africana in the Holocene Sahara. Sahara. 6:1994;7-14.
60. Giddy, L.L., 1987. Egyptian Oases: Bahariya, Dakhla, Farafra, and Kharga during Phaoronic Times. Aris and Phillips, Warminster, 305pp.
61. Giegengack, R.F., 1968. Late Pleistocene History of the Nile Valley in Egyptian Nubia. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Yale University.
62. Grove A.T., Warren A. Quaternary landforms and climate on the south side of the Sahara. Geographical Journal. 134:1968;194-208.
63. Hamilton, A.C., 1982. Environmental History of East Africa - A Study of the Quaternary. Academic Press, London, 328pp.
64. Hassan F.A. Prehistoric studies of the Siwa Oasis region, northwestern Egypt. Nyame Akuma. 9:1976;18-34.
65. Hassan F.A. Holocene lakes and settlements of the Western Faiyum. Journal of Archaeological Science. 13:1986;483-501.
66. Hassan F.A., Gross G.T. Early Holocene at Siwa Oasis, Northern Egypt. Close A.E. Prehistory of Arid North Africa. 1987;85-104 Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas.
67. Haynes Jr., C.V., 1977. Quaternary lakes of the Libyan Desert, Egypt and Sudan. In: INQUA 10th Conference, Birmingham, p. 198.
68. Haynes C.V. Jr. Geological evidence of pluvial climates in the El Nabta area of the Western Desert, Egypt. Wendorf F., Schild R. Prehistory of the Eastern Sahara. 1980;353-371 Academic Press, New York.
69. Haynes C.V. Jr. Great Sand Sea and Selima Sand Sheet, Eastern Sahara. geochronology of desertification Science. 217:1982;629-633.
70. Haynes C.V. Jr. The Darb el Arba'in Desert. a product of quaternary climate change Annals of the Geological Survey of Egypt. 1:1982;91-117.
71. Haynes Jr., C.V., 1982c. The Darb El-Arba'in desert: a product of Quaternary climate change. In: El Baz, F., Maxwell, T.A. (Eds.), Desert Landforms of Southwest Egypt: a Basis for Comparison with Mars. NASA, Washington, DC, 372pp.
72. Haynes C.V. Jr. Quaternary Studies, Western Desert, Egypt and Sudan, 1975-1978. National Geographic Society Research Reports. 15:1983;257-293.
73. Haynes C.V. Jr. Quaternary Studies, Western Desert, Egypt and Sudan - 1979-1983 field studies. National Geographic Society Research Reports. 19:1985;269-341.
74. Haynes C.V. Jr. Holocene migration rates of the Sudano-Sahelian wetting front, Darb el Arba'in Desert, eastern Sahara. Close A.E. Prehistory of Arid North Africa. 1987;69-84 Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas.
75. Haynes C.V. Jr. Oyo. a 'lost' oasis of the southern Libyan Desert The Geographical Journal. 155:1989;189-195.
76. Haynes C.V. Jr. Bagnold's Barchan. A 57-year record of dune movement in the eastern Sahara and implications for dune origin and paleoclimate since Neolithic times Quaternary Research. 32:1989;153-167.
77. Haynes C.V. Jr. Geochronology and climate change of the Pleistocene-Holocene transition in the Darb el'Arba'in desert, Eastern Sahara. Geoarchaeology. 16:2001;119-142.
78. Haynes C.V. Jr., Haas H. Radiocarbon evidence for Holocene recharge of groundwater. Western Desert, Egypt, Radiocarbon. 22:1980;705-717.
79. Haynes C.V. Jr., Johnson D.L. A provisional soil chronosequence for the Quaternary of the Eastern Sahara. GSA Abstracts with Programs. 16:1984;534-535.
80. Haynes C.V. Jr., Mehringer P.J. Jr., Zaghloul E.S.A. Pluvial lakes of north-western Sudan. Geographical Journal. 145:1979;437-445.
81. Haynes C.V. Jr., Mehringer P.J. Jr., Johnson D.L., Haas H., Muller A.B., El Zagloul E.S., Sweden A., Wyerman T.A. Evidence for the first nuclear-age recharge of shallow groundwater, Arba'in Desert, Egypt. National Geographic Research. 3:1987;431-438.
82. Haynes C.V. Jr., Eyles C.H., Pavlish L.A., Ritchie J.C., Rybak M. Holocene palaeoecology of the eastern Sahara; Selima Oasis. Quaternary Science Reviews. 8:1989;109-136.
83. Hays T. Neolithic settlement patterns in Saharan Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin. 30:1975;29-33.
84. Heinl M., Thorweihe U. Groundwater resources and management in SW Egypt. Catena. 26:1993;99-121.
85. Hester J.J., Hobler P.M. Prehistoric settlement patterns in the Libyan desert. University of Utah Anthropology Papers. 92:1969;1-34.
86. Hoelzmann P., Keding B., Berke H., Kröpelin S., Kruse H.-J. Environmental change and archaeology. lake evolution and human occupation in the Eastern Sahara during the Holocene Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 169:2001;193-217.
87. Hoffman, M.A., 1991. Egypt Before the Phaoroahs - The Prehistoric Foundations of Egyptian Civilization. University of Texas Press, Austin, 409pp.
88. Ibrahim, F.N., 1980. Desertifikation in Nord-Darfur. Hamburger Geography 35, 175pp.
89. Kassas M. Habitat and plant communities in the Egyptian desert - introduction. Journal of Ecology. 40:1952;34-351.
90. Kitchen K.A. The chronology of ancient Egypt. World Archaeology. 23:1991;201-208.
91. Kleindienst M.R. Pleistocene archaeology and geoarchaeology of the Dahkleh Oasis. a status report Churcher C.S., Mills A.J. Reports From the Survey of the Dahkleh Oasis 1977-1987. 1999;53-108 Oxbow Books, Oxford.
92. Kleindienst M.R., Churcher C.S., McDonald M.M.A., Schwarcz H.P. Geography, geology, geochronology and geoarchaeology of the Dahkleh region. an interim report Churcher C.S., Mills A.J. Reports From the Survey of the Dahkleh Oasis 1977-1987. 1999;1-53 Oxbow Books, Oxford.
93. Kowalski K., Van Neer W., Bochénski Z., Mlynarski M., Rzebik-Kowalska B., Szyndlar Z., Gauthier A., Schild R. A Last Interglacial Fauna from the Eastern Sahara. Quaternary Research. 32:1989;335-341.
94. Krom M.D., Stanley J.-D., Cliff R.A., Woodward J.C. Nile river fluctuations over the past 7000. yrs and their key role in sapropel development Geology. 30:2002;71-74.
95. Kröpelin S. Palaeoclimatic evidence from Early to Mid-Holocene playas in the Gilf Kebir (Southwest Egypt). van Zinderen Bakker E.M., Coetzee J.A. Palaeoecology of Africa. 1986;189-208 A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
96. Kröpelin S. Evidence from Early to Mid-Holocene playas in the Gilf Kebir (southwest Egypt). Coetzee J.A. Paleoecology of Africa and the Surrounding Islands. Vol. 18:1987;189-208 A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
97. Kröpelin S. Geomorphology, Landscape Evolution and Paleoclimates of Southwest Egypt. Catena. 26:1993;31-65.
98. Kröpelin S., Pachur H.-J. 500. mm rainfall in SW Egypt during the Middle Palaeolithic? Some remarks from the geoscientific point of view Sahara. 4:1991;158-160.
99. Kröpelin S., Soulié-Märsche I. Charophyte remains from Wadi Howar as evidence for deep Mid-Holocene freshwater lakes in the Eastern Sahara of Northwest Sudan. Quaternary Research. 36:1991;210-223.
100. Krzyzaniak L. Petroglyphs and the research on the development of the cultural attitude towards animals in the Dakhleh Oasis (Egypt). Sahara. 3:1990;95-97.
101. Kuper R. The Eastern Sahara from North to South. data and dates from the B.O.S. project Krzynaniak L., Kobusiewicz M. Late Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara. 1989;197-203 Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznán.
102. Kuper R. Sahel in Egypt. environmental change and cultural development in the Abu Ballas area, Libyan desert Krzynaniak L., Kobusiewicz M., Alexander J. Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa Until the Second Millennium B.C. 1993;213-223 Poznán Archaeological Museum and Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznán, Poland.
103. Kuper, R., 2002. Pharoah's Far West - recent discoveries in the Libyan desert. Paper presented at the 16th Society of African Archaeologists' Biennial Conference, Tucson, AZ, May 20th.
104. 14C dates from a Peridynastic Site in Northwest Sudan, supporting the Egyptian Historical Chronology Radiocarbon. 40:1998;687-692.
105. LeHouérou H.N. Outline of the biological history of the Sahara. Journal of Arid Environments. 22:1992;3-30.
106. Lioubimtseva E.U. Landscape changes in the Saharo-Arabian area during the last glacial cycle. Journal of Arid Environments. 30:1995;1-17.
107. Malville J.M., Wendorf F., Mazar A.A., Schild R. Megaliths and Neolithic astronomy in southern Egypt. Nature. 392:1998;488-491.
108. Mandel R.D., Simmons A.H. Prehistoric occupation of Late Quaternary landscapes near Kharga Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt. Geoarchaeology. 16:2001;95-117.
109. Marlow, C.A., Mills, A.J. (Eds.), 2001. The Oasis Papers I: the Proceedings of the First International Symposium of the Dakhleh Oasis Project. Dakhleh Oasis Project Monograph 6, Oxbow Monograph 97. Oxbow Books, Oxford, 110pp.
110. Mawson R., Williams M.A.J. A wetter climate in eastern Sudan 2,000 years ago? Nature. 309:1984;49-51.
111. Maxwell T.A., Haynes C.V. Jr. Sand sheet dynamics and Quaternary landscape evolution of the Selima Sand Sheet, southern Egypt. Quaternary Science Reviews. 20:2001;1623-1647.
112. McCauley J.F., Schaber G.G., Breed C.S., Grolier M.J., Haynes C.V., Issawi B., Elachi C., Blom R. Subsurface valleys and geoarcheology of the eastern Sahara revealed by shuttle radar. Science. 218:1982;1004-1019.
113. McDonald M.M.A. Technological organization and sedentism in the Epipalaeolithic of Dahkleh Oasis, Egypt. African Archaeological Review. 9:1991;81-109.
114. McDonald M.M.A. Neolithic of Sudanese tradition or Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic? The view from Dakhla Oasis, South Central Egypt. Sterner J., David N. An African Commitment. 1992;51-70 University of Calgary Press, Calgary, Alta., Canada.
115. McDonald M.M.A. Cultural adaptations in Dahleh Oasis, Egypt in the Early to Mid-Holocene. Krzyaniak L., Kobusiewicz M., Alexander J. Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa Until the Second Millennium B.C. 1993;199-210 Poznán Archaeological Museum and Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznán, Poland.
116. McDonald M.M.A. Early African Pastoralism. view from Dahkleh oasis (South Central Egypt) Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 17:1998;124-142.
117. McDonald, M.M.A., 2001. The late prehistoric radiocarbon chronology for Dakhleh Oasis within the wider environmental and cultural setting of the Egyptian Western Desert. In: Marlow, C.A., Mills, A.J. (Eds.), The Oasis Papers I. Proceedings of the First International Symposium of the Dakhleh Oasis Project. Dakhleh Oasis Project Monograph 6, Oxbow Monograph 97. Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp. 21-26.
118. McHugh W.P. Cattle pastoralism in Africa. a model for interpreting the eastern Sahara Arctic Anthropology. 11:1974;236-244.
119. McHugh W.P. Late prehistoric cultural adaptation in southwest Egypt and the problem of the Nilotic origins of Saharan cattle pastoralism. Journal of the American Research Centre for Egypt. 11:1974;9-22.
120. McHugh W.P. Archeological investigations in the Gilf Kebir and the Abu Hussein dunefield. Annual Geological Survey of Egypt. 5:1981;47-60.
121. McHugh W.P., Schaber G.G., Breed C.S., McCauley J. Neolithic adaptation and the Holocene functioning of Tertiary palaeodrainages in southern Egypt and northern Sudan. Antiquity. 63:1989;320-336.
122. Mehringer P., Petersen K.L., Hassan F.A. A pollen record from Bîrket Qarun and the recent history of the Fayum, Egypt. Quaternary Research. 11:1979;238-256.
123. Murray G.W. The water beneath the Egyptian Desert. Geographical Journal. 118:1952;443-452.
124. Nelson K. The pottery of Nabta Playa. a summary Wendorf F., Schild R.et al. Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara, Vol. 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa. 2001;534-543 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.
125. Nelson, K., 2002. Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara, Vol. 2: The Pottery of Nabta Playa. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 120pp.
126. Neumann K. Holocene vegetation of Eastern Sahara. charcoal from prehistoric sites African Archaeological Review. 7:1989;97-116.
127. Neumann K. Holocene vegetation of the Eastern Sahara. charcoal from prehistoric sites Kryzyzaniak L., Kobusiewicz M., Alexander J. Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa until the Second Millennium. 1993;153-169 Poznan Archaeological Museum, Poznan.
128. Newbold D., Shaw W.B.K. An exploration in the south Libyan desert. Sudan Notes and Records. 11:1928;103-194.
129. Nicoll, K., 1998. Holocene playas as sedimentary evidence for recent climate change in the presently hyperarid Western Desert, Egypt. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Arizona.
130. Nicoll K. Radiocarbon chronologies for prehistoric human occupation and hydroclimatic change in Egypt and northern Sudan. Geoarchaeology. 16:2001;47-64.
131. Nicoll, K., 2002. GIS of the 'Neolithic Wet Phase': palaeoenvironmental and cultural evidence in W. Egypt and N. Sudan. Poster Presented at the 16th Society of Africanist Archaeologists' Biennial Conference, Tucson, AZ, May 19th.
132. Nicoll K., Giegengack R., Kleindienst M.R. Petrogenesis of artifact-bearing fossil-spring tufa deposits from Kharga Oasis, Egypt. Geoarchaeology. 14:1999;849-863.
133. Nicoll, K., Stokes, S., Bailey, R., Haynes Jr., C.V., Maxwell, T.A., 2003. Chronology of Late Quaternary Aeolian accretion in the Selima Sand Sheet region, Darb El Arba'in desert, Southwestern Egypt. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, in press.
134. Oliver J. Evaporation losses and rainfall régime in central and northern Sudan. Weather. 20:1965;58-64.
135. Osborn, D.J., Helmy, I., 1980. The Contemporary Land Mammals of Egypt (including Sinai). Fieldiana Zoology 5. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, 579pp.
136. Osborn D.J., Krombein K.V. Habitats, flora, mammals, and wasps of Gebel 'Uweinat, Libyan Desert. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 11:1969;1-18.
137. Pachur H.-J. Tethering stones as palaeoenvironmental indicators. Sahara. 4:1991;13-32.
138. Pachur H.-J., Braun G. The palaeoclimate of the central Sahara, Libya, and the Libyan Desert. Palaeoecology of Africa. 12:1980;351-363.
139. Pachur H.-J., Hoelzmann P. Palaeoclimatic Implications of Late Quaternary Lacustrine Sediments in Western Nubia. Quaternary Research. 36:1991;257-276.
140. Pachur H.-J., Hoelzmann P. Late Quaternary palaeoecology and palaeoclimates of the eastern Sahara. Journal of African Earth Sciences. 30:2000;929-939.
141. Pachur H.J., Kröpelin S. Wadi Howar. paleoclimatic evidence from an extinct river system in the southestern Sahara Science. 237:1987;298-300.
142. Pachur H.-J., Röper H.P. The Libyan (Western) Desert and Northern Sudan during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Klitzsch E., Said S., Schrank E. Research in Egypt and Sudan: Results of the Special Research Project arid areas, period 1981-1984. 1984;249-284 D. Reimer Publishers, Berlin.
143. Pachur, H.J., Röper, H.P., Kröpelin, S., Goschin, M., 1987. Late Quaternary hydrography of the eastern Sahara. Research in Egypt and Sudan, 331-384.
144. Pachur H.J., Kröpelin S., Hoelzmann P., Goschin M., Altmann N. Late Quaternary fluvio-lacustrine environments of western Nubia. Research in Egypt and Sudan. 120:1990;203-260.
145. Paulissen E., Vermeersch P.M. Earth, man and climate in the Egyptian Nile valley during the Pleistocene. Close A.E. Prehistory of Arid North Africa. 1987;29-68 Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX.
146. Peel R.F. Rock-paintings from the Libyan Desert. Antiquity. 13:1939;389-402.
147. Peters J. The palaeoenvironment of the Gilf Kebir-Jebel Uweinat area during the first half of the Holocene. Sahara. 1:1988;73-76.
148. Rhotert, H., 1952. Libysche Felsbilder. Wittich, Darmstadt, 146pp.
149. Ritchie J.C. A Holocene pollen record from Bîr Atrun, Northwest Sudan. Pollen et Spores. 29:1987;391-410.
150. Ritchie J.C. Holocene pollen spectra from Oyo, northwestern Sudan. problems of interpretation in a hyperarid environment The Holocene. 4:1994;9-15.
151. Ritchie J.C., Haynes C.V. Jr. Holocene vegetation zonation in the eastern Sahara. Nature. 330:1987;645-647.
152. Ritchie J.C., Eyles C.H., Haynes C.V. Jr. Sediment and pollen evidence for an early to mid-Holocene humid period in the eastern Sahara. Nature. 314:1985;352-355.
153. Rodrigues D., Abell P.I., Kröpelin S. Seasonality in the early Holocene climate of Northwest Sudan. interpretation of Etheria elliptica shell isotopic data Global and Planetary Change. 26:2000;181-187.
154. Said, R., 1981. The Geological Evolution of the River Nile. Springer, New York, 137pp.
155. Said R. Proposed classification of the Quaternary of Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences. 1:1983;41-45.
156. Sancetta C. Mediterranean sapropels. seasonal stratification yields high production and carbon flux Paleoceanography. 9:1994;195-196.
157. Schild R., Wendorf F. Geoarchaeology of the Holocene climatic optimum at Nabta Playa, Southwestern Desert, Egypt. Geoarchaeology. 16:2001;7-28.
158. Schild R., Wendorf F. Geomorphology, lithostratigraphy, geochronology an taphonomy of sites. Wendorf F., Schild R.et al. Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara, Vol. 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa. 2001;11-56 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.
159. Shaw W.B. An expedition to the southern Libyan desert. Geographical Journal. 87:1936;193-221.
160. Simmons, A.H., Mandel, R.D., 1986. Prehistoric occupation of a marginal environment: an archaeological survey near Kharga Oasis in the Western Desert of Egypt. BAR International Series, 303, 242pp.
161. Smith A.B. The Neolithic tradition in the Sahara. Williams M.A.J., Faure H. The Sahara and the Nile. 1980;451-465 A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
162. Smith S.E. The environmental adaptation of nomads in the West African Sahel. a key to understanding prehistoric pastoralists Williams M.A.J., Faure H. The Sahara and the Nile - Quaternary Environments and Prehistoric Occupation in Northern Africa. 1980;467-487 A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
163. Smith A.B. Cattle domestication in North Africa. African Archaeological Review. 4:1986;197-203.
164. Smith A.B. Ideas on the later cultural history of the Central Sahara. Sahara. 12:2001;101-107.
165. Stanley D.-J., Maldonado A. Nile Cone. Late Quaternary stratigraphy and sediment dispersal Nature. 266:1977;129-135.
166. Stanley D.-J., Krom M.D., Cliff R.A., Woodward J.C. Short contribution: Nile flow failure at the end of the Old Kingdom, Egypt. strontium isotopic and petrologic evidence Geoarchaeology. 18:2003;395-402.
167. 14C data Radiocarbon. 19:1977;355-363.
168. Talbot M.R. Late Pleistocene dune building and rainfall in the Sahara. Palaeoecology of Africa. 16:1984;203-214.
169. Talbot M.R., Williams M.A.J., Adamson D.A. Strontium isotope evidence for late Pleistocene re-establishment of an integrated Nile drainage network. Geology. 28:2000;343-346.
170. Van Neer W., Uerpmann H.-P. Palaeoecological significance of the Holocene faunal remains of the B.O.S. - Missions. Kuper R. Forschungen zur Umweltgeschichte der Ostsahara, Africa Praehistorica 2. 1989;307-2341 Heinrich-Barth-Institut, Köln.
171. Von Dumreicher, A., 1931. Trackers and Smugglers in the Deserts of Egypt. Methuen and Co. Ltd., London, 248pp.
172. Wasylikowa K. Flora of the 8000 year old archaeological Site E-75-6 at Nabta Playa, Western Desert, southern Egypt. Acta Palaeobotanica. 37:1997;99-205.
173. Wasylikowa K., Mitka J. Rola roslin w gospodarce wczesnoneolitycznej osady na stanowisku Nabta Playa E-75-6 e Egipcie na podstawie analiz ilosciowych nasion I owoców. Archeologia Polski. 43:1998;7-35.
174. Wasylikowa, K., et al., 2001. Site E-75-6: Vegetation and subsistence of the Early Neolithic at Nabta Playa, Egypt, Reconstructed from charred plant remains. In: Wendorf, F., Schild, R., et al. (Eds.), Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara, Vol. 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 544-591.
175. Wendorf F.A., Hassan F.A. Holocene ecology and prehistory in the Egyptian Sahara. Williams M.A.J., Faure H. The Sahara and the Nile - Quaternary Environments and Prehistoric Occupation in Northern Africa. 1980;407-419 A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
176. Wendorf F., Królik H. Site E-96-1. the complex structures or shrines Wendorf F., Schild R.et al. Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara, Vol. 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa. 2001;503-520 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.
177. Wendorf F., Malville J. The megalithic alignments. Wendorf F., Schild R.et al. Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara, Vol. 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa. 2001;489-502 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.
178. Wendorf, F., Schild, R., 1976. Prehistory of the Nile Valley. Academic Press, New York, 404pp.
179. Wendorf F., Close A.E., Schild R. A survey of the Egyptian Radar channels. an example of applied archaeology Journal of Field Archaeology. 14:1987;43-63.
180. Wendorf F., Close A.E., Gauthier A., Schild R. Les débuts du pastoralisme en Egypte. La Recherche. 21:1990;436-445.
181. Wendorf F., Close A.E., Schild R., Wasylikowa K. The combined prehistoric expedition. results of the 1990 and 1991 seasons Newsletter of the American Research Centre in Egypt. 154:1991;1-8.
182. Wendorf F., Close A.E., Schild R., Wasylikowa K., Housley R.A., Harlan J.R., Królik H. Saharan exploitation of plants 8,000. BP Nature. 359:1992;721-724.
183. Wendorf, F.A., Schild, R.A., 1980. Prehistory of the Eastern Sahara. Southern Methodist University, Dallas, 414pp.
184. Wendorf F., Schild R. Nabta Playa and its role in northeasten African prehistory. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 17:1998;97-123.
185. Wendorf F., Schild R., Said R., Haynes C.V. Jr., Kobusiewicz M., Gautier A., El Hadidi N., Wieckowska H., Close A.E. Late Pleistocene and Recent climatic changes in the Egyptian Sahara. Geographical Journal. 143:1976;211-234.
186. Wendorf F., Schild R., Close A. Prehistoric settlements in the Nubian Desert. American Scientist. 73:1985;132-141.
187. Wendorf, F., Schild, R., et al., 2001. Holocene settlement of the Egyptian Sahara - Vol. 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa. Kluwer Press, New York, 707pp.
188. Wendt E. Two prehistoric archaeological sites in Egyptian Nubia. Postilla. 102:1966;1-46.
189. White, F., 1983. The vegetation of Africa. UNESCO, Paris, 356pp.
190. Wickens G.E. Changes in the climate and vegetation of the Sudan since 20,000. BP Boissiera. 24:1975;43-65.
191. Wickens G.E. Palaeobotanical speculations and Quaternary environments in the Sudan. Williams M.A.J., Adamson D.A. A Land Between Two Niles. 1982;23-50 Balkema, Rotterdam.
192. Williams M.A.J., Adamson D.A. Late Pleistocene desiccation along the
193. Williams M.A.J., Adamson D.A. Late Quaternary depositional history of the Blue and White Nile rivers in central Sudan. Williams M.A.J., Faure H. The Sahara and the Nile. 1980;281-362 A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
194. Williams, M.A.J., Clark, J.D., 1976. Prehistory and Quaternary environments in the central Sudan. In: Van Zinderren Bakker, E.M. (Ed.), Palaeoecology of Africa, pp. 52-53.
195. Winkler, H., 1938, 1939. Rock Drawings of Southern Upper Egypt, Vols. I and II. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 104pp.