Incidence, etiology, and outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia: A population-based study

Open Forum Infectious Diseases

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2018, Pages

  Bjarnason, Agnar ^a,b   Westin, Johan ^b,c   Lindh, Magnus ^b,c   Andersson, Lars Magnus ^b,c   Kristinsson, Karl G ^a,d   Löve, Arthur ^a,d   Baldursson, Olafur ^d   Gottfredsson, Magnus ^a,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND   (Iceland)

^b SAHLGRENSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

^d LANDSPITALI UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Iceland)

Author keywords

Community acquired pneumonia; Etiology; Incidence; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Streptococcus pneumoniae

Indexed keywords

ADALIMUMAB; AZATHIOPRINE; CYCLOSPORINE; HYDROXYUREA; INFLIXIMAB; METHOTREXATE; MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL; PREDNISOLONE;

ADULT; ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY; ARTICLE; ASSISTED VENTILATION; BACTERIUM DETECTION; CHLAMYDIAL PNEUMONIA; CLINICAL OUTCOME; COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INCIDENCE; INFLUENZA; INFLUENZA A; INFLUENZA B; LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA; LENGTH OF STAY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY; MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIA; MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; POPULATION BASED CASE CONTROL STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RHINOVIRUS; RISK FACTOR; SEASONAL VARIATION; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE;

EID: 85044414404     PISSN: None     EISSN: 23288957     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy010     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Troeger C, Forouzanfar M, Rao PC, et al. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory tract infections in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Infect Dis 2017; 17:1133-61.
2. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44(Suppl 2):S27-72.
3. Marston BJ, Plouffe JF, File TM Jr, et al. Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Results of a population-based active surveillance study in Ohio. The Community-Based Pneumonia Incidence Study Group. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157:1709-18.
4. Ishida T, Hashimoto T, Arita M, et al. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients: a 3-year prospective study in Japan. Chest 1998; 114:1588-93.
5. Gutiérrez F, Masiá M, Rodríguez JC, et al. Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adult patients at the dawn of the 21st century: a prospective study on the Mediterranean coast of Spain. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11:788-800.
6. Charles PG, Whitby M, Fuller AJ, et al. The etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in Australia: why penicillin plus doxycycline or a macrolide is the most appropriate therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46:1513-21.
7. Johansson N, Kalin M, Tiveljung-Lindell A, et al. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: increased microbiological yield with new diagnostic methods. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50:202-9.
8. Jennings LC, Anderson TP, Beynon KA, et al. Incidence and characteristics of viral community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Thorax 2008; 63:42-8.
9. Huijskens EG, van Erkel AJ, Palmen FM, et al. Viral and bacterial aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 7:567-73.
10. Musher DM, Roig IL, Cazares G, et al. Can an etiologic agent be identified in adults who are hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia: results of a oneyear study. J Infect 2013; 67:11-8.
11. Holter JC, Müller F, Bjørang O, et al. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia and diagnostic yields of microbiological methods: a 3-year prospective study in Norway. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:64.
12. Jain S, Self WH, Wunderink RG, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 2015; 373:415-27.
13. Gadsby NJ, Russell CD, McHugh MP, et al. Comprehensive molecular testing for respiratory pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62:817-23.
14. Bjarnason A, Asgeirsson H, Baldursson O, et al. Mortality in healthcare-associated pneumonia in a low resistance setting: a prospective observational study. Infect Dis (Lond) 2015; 47:130-6.
15. Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:243-50.
16. Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax 2003; 58:377-82.
17. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. M100-S19. Wayne, PA; Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2009.
18. Murray PR, Washington JA. Microscopic and baceriologic analysis of expectorated sputum. Mayo Clin Proc 1975; 50:339-44.
19. Bjarnason A, Thorleifsdottir G, Love A, et al. Severity of influenza A 2009 (H1N1) pneumonia is underestimated by routine prediction rules. Results from a prospective, population-based study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46816.
20. Andersson ME, Olofsson S, Lindh M. Comparison of the FilmArray assay and in-house real-time PCR for detection of respiratory infection. Scand J Infect Dis 2014; 46:897-901.
21. Bjarnason A, Lindh M, Westin J, et al. Utility of oropharyngeal real-time PCR for S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae for diagnosis of pneumonia in adults. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 36:529-36.
22. Takahashi K, Suzuki M, Minh le N, et al. The incidence and aetiology of hospitalised community-acquired pneumonia among Vietnamese adults: a prospective surveillance in Central Vietnam. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:296.
23. Torres A, Peetermans WE, Viegi G, Blasi F. Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia in adults in Europe: a literature review. Thorax 2013; 68:1057-65.
24. Bonten MJ, Huijts SM, Bolkenbaas M, et al. Polysaccharide conjugate vaccine against pneumococcal pneumonia in adults. N Engl J Med 2015; 372:1114-25.
25. Haraldsson A, Kolbeinsson OB, Einarsson E, et al. [Orsakir lungnabolgu á Borgarspitalanum]. December 1983 til 30. November 1984. Laeknabladid 1987; 75:57-61. [In Icelandic]
26. Gudbjörnsson B, Thorsteinsson S, Kristinsson KG, et al. [Lungnabolga; Orsakir og gildi greiningaraferoa]. Laeknabladid 1987; 73:359-63. [In Icelandic]
27. Almirall J, González CA, Balanzó X, Bolíbar I. Proportion of community-acquired pneumonia cases attributable to tobacco smoking. Chest 1999; 116:375-9.
28. Nuorti JP, Butler JC, Farley MM, et al. Cigarette smoking and invasive pneumococcal disease. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:681-9.
29. Ng M, Freeman MK, Fleming TD, et al. Smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in 187 countries, 1980-2012. JAMA 2014; 311:183-92.
30. Musher DM, Abers MS, Bartlett JG. Evolving understanding of the causes of pneumonia in adults, with special attention to the role of pneumococcus. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 65:1736-44.
31. Miyashita N, Obase Y, Ouchi K, et al. Clinical features of severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in adults admitted to an intensive care unit. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:1625-9.
32. Zhan YQ, Chen RC, Yang ZF. Viral aetiology and clinical characteristics of community- acquired pneumonia in adults in Guangzhou, China. Eur Respir J 2011; 38(Suppl 55): 2458.
33. Hancock K, Veguilla V, Lu X, et al. Cross-reactive antibody responses to the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:1945-52.
34. van der Eerden MM, Vlaspolder F, de Graaff CS, et al. Value of intensive diagnostic microbiological investigation in low- and high-risk patients with community- acquired pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 24:241-9.
35. Hohenthal U, Vainionpää R, Meurman O, et al. Aetiological diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia: utility of rapid microbiological methods with respect to disease severity. Scand J Infect Dis 2008; 40:131-8.
36. Perez-Padilla R, de la Rosa-Zamboni D, Ponce de Leon S, et al. Pneumonia and respiratory failure from swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) in Mexico. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:680-9.
37. Taubenberger JK, Morens DM. The pathology of influenza virus infections. Annu Rev Pathol 2008; 3:499-522.
38. Sohn JW, Park SC, Choi YH, et al. Atypical pathogens as etiologic agents in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia in Korea: a prospective multi-center study. J Korean Med Sci 2006; 21:602-7.
39. Lim WS, Macfarlane JT, Boswell TC, et al. Study of community acquired pneumonia aetiology (SCAPA) in adults admitted to hospital: implications for management guidelines. Thorax 2001; 56:296-301.
40. Lieberman D, Lieberman D, Shimoni A, et al. Identification of respiratory viruses in adults: nasopharyngeal versus oropharyngeal sampling. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:3439-43.