Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia and diagnostic yields of microbiological methods: A 3-year prospective study in Norway

BMC Infectious Diseases

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2015, Pages

  Holter, Jan C ^a,b,c   Müller, Fredrik ^b,c   Bjørang, Ola ^a   Samdal, Helvi H ^a,e   Marthinsen, Jon B ^a,f   Jenum, Pål A ^a,c   Ueland, Thor ^b,c,d   Frøland, Stig S ^b,c   Aukrust, Pål ^b,c,d   Husebye, Einar ^a,c   Heggelund, Lars ^a,c  

^a VESTRE VIKEN HOSPITAL TRUST   (Norway)

^b OSLO UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^d UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^e ULLEVÅL UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

^f Hospital of Southern Norway   (Norway)

Author keywords

Community acquired pneumonia; Diagnosis; Etiology; Microbiology; Virology

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT;

ADENOVIRIDAE; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIUM CULTURE; BACTERIUM DETECTION; BACTERIUM EXAMINATION; BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS; CHLAMYDOPHILA PNEUMONIAE; COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; ENTEROVIRUS; FEMALE; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; HUMAN; HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; IMMUNOASSAY; INFLUENZA VIRUS; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; METAPNEUMOVIRUS; MIXED INFECTION; MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS; MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE; NONHUMAN; NORWAY; PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RESPIRATORY VIRUS; RHINOVIRUS; SEROLOGY; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; THROAT CULTURE; URINALYSIS; URINARY ANTIGEN ASSAY; VIRUS EXAMINATION; VIRUS INFECTION; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION; MICROBIOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; PNEUMONIA, BACTERIAL; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PROCEDURES; VERY ELDERLY; VIROLOGY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; COINFECTION; COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MICROBIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES; MIDDLE AGED; MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE; NORWAY; PNEUMONIA, BACTERIAL; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84924074756     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712334     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0803-5     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, Bartlett JG, Campbell GD, Dean NC, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44 Suppl 2:S27-72.
2. Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, Hill AT, Jamieson C, Le Jeune I, et al. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009;64 Suppl 3:iii1-55.
3. Spindler C, Stralin K, Eriksson L, Hjerdt-Goscinski G, Holmberg H, Lidman C, et al. Swedish guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults-Swedish Society of Infectious Diseases 2012. Scand J Infect Dis. 2012;44(12):885-902.
4. File TM. Community-acquired pneumonia. Lancet. 2003;362(9400):1991-2001.
5. Ruiz M, Ewig S, Marcos MA, Martinez JA, Arancibia F, Mensa J, et al. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: impact of age, comorbidity, and severity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160(2):397-405.
6. Brown JS. Geography and the aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia. Respirology. 2009;14(8):1068-71.
7. Woodhead M. Community-acquired pneumonia in Europe: causative pathogens and resistance patterns. Eur Respir J Suppl. 2002;36:20s-7.
8. Bartlett JG. Diagnostic tests for agents of community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52 Suppl 4:S296-304.
9. Schreiner AD, Digranes A. Bacteriology of acute lower respiratory tract infections. J Infect. 1979;1 Suppl 2:23-30.
10. Johansson N, Kalin M, Giske CG, Hedlund J. Quantitative detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae from sputum samples with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction for etiologic diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;60(3):255-61.
11. Johansson N, Kalin M, Tiveljung-Lindell A, Giske CG, Hedlund J. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: increased microbiological yield with new diagnostic methods. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(2):202-9.
12. Luchsinger V, Ruiz M, Zunino E, Martinez MA, Machado C, Piedra PA, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in Chile: the clinical relevance in the detection of viruses and atypical bacteria. Thorax. 2013;68(11):1000-6.
13. Sangil A, Calbo E, Robles A, Benet S, Viladot ME, Pascual V, et al. Aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia among adults in an H1N1 pandemic year: the role of respiratory viruses. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;31(10):2765-72.
14. Huijskens EG, van Erkel AJ, Palmen FM, Buiting AG, Kluytmans JA, Rossen JW. Viral and bacterial aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Influenza Other Respi Viruses. 2013;7(4):567-73.
15. van Gageldonk-Lafeber AB, Wever PC, van der Lubben IM, de Jager CP, Meijer A, de Vries MC, et al. The aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia and implications for patient management. Neth J Med. 2013;71(8):418-25.
16. Templeton KE, Scheltinga SA, van den Eeden WC, Graffelman AW, van den Broek PJ, Claas EC. Improved diagnosis of the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia with real-time polymerase chain reaction. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(3):345-51.
17. Pavia AT. What is the role of respiratory viruses in community-acquired pneumonia?: What is the best therapy for influenza and other viral causes of community-acquired pneumonia? Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2013;27(1):157-75.
18. File Jr TM. New diagnostic tests for pneumonia: what is their role in clinical practice? Clin Chest Med. 2011;32(3):417-30.
19. Kirkpatrick MB, Bass Jr JB. Quantitative bacterial cultures of bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and protected brush catheter specimens from normal subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989;139(2):546-8.
20. Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, Mandell LA, File Jr TM, Musher DM, Fine MJ. Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31(2):347-82.
21. Greiner O, Day PJ, Bosshard PP, Imeri F, Altwegg M, Nadal D. Quantitative detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae in nasopharyngeal secretions by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39(9):3129-34.
22. Andre P, Caro V, Njamkepo E, Wendelboe AM, Van Rie A, Guiso N. Comparison of serological and real-time PCR assays to diagnose Bordetella pertussis infection in 2007. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46(5):1672-7.
23. Guiso N, Berbers G, Fry NK, He Q, Riffelmann M, Wirsing von Konig CH. What to do and what not to do in serological diagnosis of pertussis: recommendations from EU reference laboratories. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;30(3):307-12.
24. Albrich WC, Madhi SA, Adrian PV, van Niekerk N, Mareletsi T, Cutland C, et al. Use of a rapid test of pneumococcal colonization density to diagnose pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(5):601-9.
25. Kais M, Spindler C, Kalin M, Ortqvist A, Giske CG. Quantitative detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in lower respiratory tract samples by real-time PCR. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006;55(3):169-78.
26. Principi N, Terranova L, Zampiero A, Manzoni F, Senatore L, Rios WP, et al. Oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal sampling for the detection of adolescent Streptococcus pneumoniae carriers. J Med Microbiol. 2014;63(Pt 3):393-8.
27. Angeles Marcos M, Camps M, Pumarola T, Antonio Martinez J, Martinez E, Mensa J, et al. The role of viruses in the aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Antivir Ther. 2006;11(3):351-9.
28. Jennings LC, Anderson TP, Beynon KA, Chua A, Laing RT, Werno AM, et al. Incidence and characteristics of viral community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Thorax. 2008;63(1):42-8.
29. Lieberman D, Shimoni A, Shemer-Avni Y, Keren-Naos A, Shtainberg R, Lieberman D. Respiratory viruses in adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Chest. 2010;138(4):811-6.
30. Johnstone J, Majumdar SR, Fox JD, Marrie TJ. Viral infection in adults hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: prevalence, pathogens, and presentation. Chest. 2008;134(6):1141-8.
31. Charles PG, Whitby M, Fuller AJ, Stirling R, Wright AA, Korman TM, et al. The etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in Australia: why penicillin plus doxycycline or a macrolide is the most appropriate therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(10):1513-21.
32. Apisarnthanarak A, Mundy LM. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Chest Med. 2005;26(1):47-55.
33. Gabutti G, Rota MC. Pertussis: a review of disease epidemiology worldwide and in Italy. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012;9(12):4626-38.
34. Blystad H, Anestad G, Vestrheim DF, Madsen S, Ronning K. Increased incidence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in Norway 2011. Euro Surveill. 2012;17(5). http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20074.
35. Cesario TC. Viruses associated with pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(1):107-13.
36. Jartti T, Jartti L, Ruuskanen O, Soderlund-Venermo M. New respiratory viral infections. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2012;18(3):271-8.
37. Ruuskanen O, Lahti E, Jennings LC, Murdoch DR. Viral pneumonia. Lancet. 2011;377(9773):1264-75.
38. Ruuskanen O, Jarvinen A. What is the real role of respiratory viruses in severe community-acquired pneumonia? Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:71-3.
39. Oosterheert JJ, van Loon AM, Schuurman R, Hoepelman AI, Hak E, Thijsen S, et al. Impact of rapid detection of viral and atypical bacterial pathogens by real-time polymerase chain reaction for patients with lower respiratory tract infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(10):1438-44.
40. Karhu J, Ala-Kokko TI, Vuorinen T, Ohtonen P, Syrjala H. Lower respiratory tract virus findings in mechanically ventilated patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:62-70.
41. Lim WS, Macfarlane JT, Boswell TC, Harrison TG, Rose D, Leinonen M, et al. Study of community acquired pneumonia aetiology (SCAPA) in adults admitted to hospital: implications for management guidelines. Thorax. 2001;56(4):296-301.
42. Hernes SS, Quarsten H, Hagen E, Lyngroth AL, Pripp AH, Bjorvatn B, et al. Swabbing for respiratory viral infections in older patients: a comparison of rayon and nylon flocked swabs. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;30(2):159-65.
43. Pollock NR, Duong S, Cheng A, Han LL, Smole S, Kirby JE. Ruling out novel H1N1 influenza virus infection with direct fluorescent antigen testing. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(6):e66-8.
44. Stralin K, Olcen P, Tornqvist E, Holmberg H. Definite, probable, and possible bacterial aetiologies of community-acquired pneumonia at different CRB-65 scores. Scand J Infect Dis. 2010;42(6-7):426-34.