Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Current state of the science: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association

Circulation

Volumn 137, Issue 19, 2018, Pages e523-e557

  Hayes, Sharonne N ^a   Kim, Chair Esther S H ^a   Saw, Jacqueline ^a   Adlam, David ^a   Arslanian Engoren, Cynthia ^a   Economy, Katherine E ^a   Ganesh, Santhi K ^a   Gulati, Rajiv ^a   Lindsay, Mark E ^a   Mieres, Jennifer H ^a   Naderi, Sahar ^a   Shah, Svati ^a   Thaler, David E ^a   Tweet, Marysia S ^a   Wood, Malissa J ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

AHA Scientific Statements; Coronary artery dissection spontaneous; Fibromuscular dysplasia; Myocardial infarction; Women

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIANGINA PECTORIS AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CLOPIDOGREL; CREATINE KINASE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; TROPONIN I; CARDIOVASCULAR AGENT;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ANGIOGRAPHY; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; AUTOPSY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CASE STUDY; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; CONTRACEPTION; CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS SURGERY; CORONARY ARTERY DISSECTION; DEFIBRILLATION; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DOPPLER ULTRASONOGRAPHY; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; EMOTIONAL STRESS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; GENDER; GENETIC ANALYSIS; HEART INFARCTION; HEART REHABILITATION; HERITABILITY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND; LENGTH OF STAY; LONG TERM CARE; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MEDICAL SOCIETY; OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PHYSICAL STRESS; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROTOCOL COMPLIANCE; RECURRENCE RISK; RECURRENT DISEASE; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SUDDEN DEATH; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES; CARDIAC IMAGING; CONSENSUS; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; CORONARY VESSEL MALFORMATION; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; FEMALE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PREVALENCE; RISK ASSESSMENT; STANDARDS; VASCULAR DISEASE;

AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION; CARDIAC IMAGING TECHNIQUES; CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS; CONSENSUS; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS; CORONARY VESSEL ANOMALIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PREGNANCY; PREVALENCE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES; VASCULAR DISEASES;

EID: 85043516435     PISSN: 00097322     EISSN: 15244539     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000564     Document Type: Article

References (281)

1. Pretty HC. Dissecting aneurysm of coronary artery in a woman aged 42: Rupture. Br Med J. 1931;1:667.
2. Bulkley BH, Roberts WC. Dissecting aneurysm (hematoma) limited to coronary artery: A clinicopathologic study of six patients. Am J Med. 1973;55:747-756.
3. Robinowitz M, Virmani R, McAllister HA Jr. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection and eosinophilic inflammation: A cause and effect relationship?. Am J Med. 1982;72:923-928.
4. DeMaio SJ Jr, Kinsella SH, Silverman ME. Clinical course and long-term prognosis of spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Am J Cardiol. 1989;64:471-474.
5. Alfonso F, Canales E, Aleong G. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Diagnosis by optical coherence tomography. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:385. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn441.
6. Saw J. Coronary angiogram classification of spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;84:1115-1122. doi: 10.1002/ccd.25293.
7. Tweet MS, Gulati R, Aase LA, Hayes SN. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: A disease-specific, social networking community-initiated study. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86:845-850. doi: 10.4065/mcp.2011.0312.
8. Tweet MS, Hayes SN, Pitta SR, Simari RD, Lerman A, Lennon RJ, Gersh BJ, Khambatta S, Best PJ, Rihal CS, Gulati R. Clinical features, management, and prognosis of spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Circulation. 2012;126:579-588. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.105718.
9. Alfonso F, Paulo M, Lennie V, Dutary J, Bernardo E, Jimenez-Quevedo P, Gonzalo N, Escaned J, Banuelos C, Perez-Vizcayno MJ, Hernandez R, Macaya C. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Long-term follow-up of a large series of patients prospectively managed with a "conservative" therapeutic strategy. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2012;5:1062-1070. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2012.06.014.
10. Lettieri C, Zavalloni D, Rossini R, Morici N, Ettori F, Leonzi O, Latib A, Ferlini M, Trabattoni D, Colombo P, Galli M, Tarantini G, Napodano M, Piccaluga E, Passamonti E, Sganzerla P, Ielasi A, Coccato M, Martinoni A, Musumeci G, Zanini R, Castiglioni B. Management and long-term prognosis of spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Am J Cardiol. 2015;116:66-73. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.03.039.
11. Nakashima T, Noguchi T, Haruta S, Yamamoto Y, Oshima S, Nakao K, Taniguchi Y, Yamaguchi J, Tsuchihashi K, Seki A, Kawasaki T, Uchida T, Omura N, Kikuchi M, Kimura K, Ogawa H, Miyazaki S, Yasuda S. Prognostic impact of spontaneous coronary artery dissection in young female patients with acute myocardial infarction: A report from the Angina Pectoris-Myocardial Infarction Multicenter Investigators in Japan. Int J Cardiol. 2016;207:341-348. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.01.188.
12. Saw J, Mancini GBJ, Humphries KH. Contemporary review on spontaneous coronary artery dissection. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:297-312. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.05.034.
13. Saw J, Aymong E, Sedlak T, Buller CE, Starovoytov A, Ricci D, Robinson S, Vuurmans T, Gao M, Humphries K, Mancini GB. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Association with predisposing arteriopathies and precipitating stressors and cardiovascular outcomes. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;7:645-655. doi: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.114.001760.
14. Alfonso F, Bastante T. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: novel diagnostic insights from large series of patients. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;7:638-641. doi: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.114.001984.
15. Saw J, Aymong E, Mancini GB, Sedlak T, Starovoytov A, Ricci D. Nonatherosclerotic coronary artery disease in young women. Can J Cardiol. 2014;30:814-819. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.01.011.
16. Rashid HN, Wong DT, Wijesekera H, Gutman SJ, Shanmugam VB, Gulati R, Malaipan Y, Meredith IT, Psaltis PJ. Incidence and characterisation of spontaneous coronary artery dissection as a cause of acute coronary syndrome: A single-centre Australian experience. Int J Cardiol. 2016;202:336-338. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.09.072.
17. Elkayam U, Jalnapurkar S, Barakkat MN, Khatri N, Kealey AJ, Mehra A, Roth A. Pregnancy-associated acute myocardial infarction: A review of contemporary experience in 150 cases between 2006 and 2011. Circulation. 2014;129:1695-1702. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002054.
18. Gupta A, Wang Y, Spertus JA, Geda M, Lorenze N, Nkonde-Price C, D'Onofrio G, Lichtman JH, Krumholz HM. Trends in acute myocardial infarction in young patients and differences by sex and race, 2001 to 2010. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:337-345. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.04.054.
19. Tweet MS, Eleid MF, Best PJ, Lennon RJ, Lerman A, Rihal CS, Holmes DR Jr, Hayes SN, Gulati R. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Revascularization versus conservative therapy. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;7:777-786. doi: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.114.001659.
20. Wilmot KA, O'Flaherty M, Capewell S, Ford ES, Vaccarino V. Coronary heart disease mortality declines in the United States from 1979 through 2011: Evidence for stagnation in young adults, especially women. Circulation. 2015;132:997-1002. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.015293.
21. Regitz-Zagrosek V. Sex and gender differences in symptoms of myocardial ischaemia. Eur Heart J. 2011;32:3064-3066. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr272.
22. Lichtman JH, Leifheit-Limson EC, Watanabe E, Allen NB, Garavalia B, Garavalia LS, Spertus JA, Krumholz HM, Curry LA. Symptom recognition and healthcare experiences of young women with acute myocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2015;8(suppl 1):S31-S38. doi: 10.1161/ CIRCOUTCOMES.114.001612.
23. Vaccarino V, Parsons L, Every NR, Barron HV, Krumholz HM. Sex-based differences in early mortality after myocardial infarction: National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2 participants. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:217-225. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199907223410401.
24. Wenger NK. Women and coronary heart disease: A century after Herrick: Understudied, underdiagnosed, and undertreated. Circulation. 2012;126:604-611. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.086892.
25. Mieres JH, Gulati M, Bairey Merz N, Berman DS, Gerber TC, Hayes SN, Kramer CM, Min JK, Newby LK, Nixon JV, Srichai MB, Pellikka PA, Redberg RF, Wenger NK, Shaw LJ; on behalf of the American Heart Association Cardiac Imaging Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology; Cardiovascular Imaging and Intervention Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention. Role of noninvasive testing in the clinical evaluation of women with suspected ischemic heart disease: A consensus statement from the American Heart Association [published correction appears in Circulation. 2014;130:e86]. Circulation. 2014;130:350-379. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000061.
26. Garcia M, Miller VM, Gulati M, Hayes SN, Manson JE, Wenger NK, Bairey Merz CN, Mankad R, Pollak AW, Mieres J, Kling J, Mulvagh SL. Focused cardiovascular care for women: The need and role in clinical practice. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91:226-240. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.11.001.
27. Mehta LS, Beckie TM, DeVon HA, Grines CL, Krumholz HM, Johnson MN, Lindley KJ, Vaccarino V, Wang TY, Watson KE, Wenger NK; on behalf of the American Heart Association Cardiovascular Disease in Women and Special Populations Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, and Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Acute myocardial infarction in women: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;133:916-947. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000351.
28. Ouyang P, Wenger NK, Taylor D, Rich-Edwards JW, Steiner M, Shaw LJ, Berga SL, Miller VM, Merz NB. Strategies and methods to study femalespecific cardiovascular health and disease: A guide for clinical scientists. Biol Sex Differ. 2016;7:19. doi: 10.1186/s13293-016-0073-y.
29. Saw J, Ricci D, Starovoytov A, Fox R, Buller CE. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Prevalence of predisposing conditions including fibromuscular dysplasia in a tertiary center cohort. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2013;6:44-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2012.08.017.
30. Mortensen KH, Thuesen L, Kristensen IB, Christiansen EH. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: A Western Denmark Heart Registry study. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2009;74:710-717. doi: 10.1002/ccd.22115.
31. Vanzetto G, Berger-Coz E, Barone-Rochette G, Chavanon O, Bouvaist H, Hacini R, Blin D, Machecourt J. Prevalence, therapeutic management and medium-term prognosis of spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Results from a database of 11, 605 patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009;35:250-254. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.10.023.
32. Nishiguchi T, Tanaka A, Ozaki Y, Taruya A, Fukuda S, Taguchi H, Iwaguro T, Ueno S, Okumoto Y, Akasaka T. Prevalence of spontaneous coronary artery dissection in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2016;5:263-270. doi: 10.1177/2048872613504310.
33. Rogowski S, Maeder MT, Weilenmann D, Haager PK, Ammann P, Rohner F, Joerg L, Rickli H. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Angiographic follow-up and long-term clinical outcome in a predominantly medically treated population. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;89:59-68. doi: 10.1002/ccd.26383.
34. Prasad M, Tweet MS, Hayes SN, Leng S, Liang JJ, Eleid MF, Gulati R, Vrtiska TJ. Prevalence of extracoronary vascular abnormalities and fibromuscular dysplasia in patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Am J Cardiol. 2015;115:1672-1677. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.03.011.
35. Vijayaraghavan R, Verma S, Gupta N, Saw J. Pregnancy-related spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Circulation. 2014;130:1915-1920. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011422.
36. Godinho AR, Vasconcelos M, Araujo V, Maciel MJ. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in acute coronary syndrome: Report of a series of cases with 17 patients. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2016;107:491-494. doi: 10.5935/ abc.20160170.
37. Eckart RE, Shry EA, Burke AP, McNear JA, Appel DA, Castillo-Rojas LM, Avedissian L, Pearse LA, Potter RN, Tremaine L, Gentlesk PJ, Huffer L, Reich SS, Stevenson WG; Department of Defense Cardiovascular Death Registry Group. Sudden death in young adults: An autopsy-based series of a population undergoing active surveillance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:1254-1261. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.01.049.
38. Fahmy P, Prakash R, Starovoytov A, Boone R, Saw J. Pre-disposing and precipitating factors in men with spontaneous coronary artery dissection. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2016;9:866-868. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin. 2016.02.024.
39. Arnold JR, West NE, van Gaal WJ, Karamitsos TD, Banning AP. The role of intravascular ultrasound in the management of spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2008;6:24. doi: 10.1186/1476-7120-6-24.
40. Poon K, Bell B, Raffel OC, Walters DL, Jang IK. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Utility of intravascular ultrasound and optical coherence tomography during percutaneous coronary intervention. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2011;4:e5-e7. doi: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.110.959593.
41. Alfonso F, Paulo M, Dutary J. Endovascular imaging of angiographically invisible spontaneous coronary artery dissection. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2012;5:452-453. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2012.01.016.
42. Paulo M, Sandoval J, Lennie V, Dutary J, Medina M, Gonzalo N, Jimenez-Quevedo P, Escaned J, Banuelos C, Hernandez R, Macaya C, Alfonso F. Combined use of OCT and IVUS in spontaneous coronary artery dissection. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:830-832. doi: 10.1016/j. jcmg.2013.02.010.
43. De Giorgio F, Abbate A, Vetrugno G, Capelli A, Arena V. Non-atherosclerotic coronary pathology causing sudden death. J Clin Pathol. 2007;60:94-97. doi: 10.1136/jcp.2005.035360.
44. Lunebourg A, Letovanec I, Eggenberger P, Lehr HA. Images in cardiovascular medicine: Sudden cardiac death due to triple vessel coronary dissection. Circulation. 2008;117:2038-2040. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA. 107.729228.
45. Wei JP, Kay D, Fishbein MC. Spontaneous dissection of the distal obtuse marginal coronary artery: A rare cause of sudden death. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2008;29:199-201. doi: 10.1097/PAF.0b013e318174f0fa.
46. Stoukas V, Dragovic LJ. Sudden deaths from eosinophilic coronary monoarteritis: A subset of spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2009;30:268-269. doi: 10.1097/PAF.0b013e31819d2158.
47. Hill SF, Sheppard MN. Non-atherosclerotic coronary artery disease associated with sudden cardiac death. Heart. 2010;96:1119-1125. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2009.185157.
48. Pabla JS, John L, McCrea WA. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection as a cause of sudden cardiac death in the peripartum period. BMJ Case Rep. 2010;2010;bcr0520102994.
49. Fengping Y, Jue H, Qingchun Y, Fangxing H. A case of sudden death due to spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2011;32:312-313. doi: 10.1097/PAF.0b013e318219c8d3.
50. Desai S, Sheppard MN. Sudden cardiac death: Look closely at the coronaries for spontaneous dissection which can be missed: A study of 9 cases. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2012;33:26-29.
51. D'Ovidio C, Sablone S, Carnevale A. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Case report and literature review. J Forensic Sci. 2015;60:801-806. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.12722.
52. Kanaroglou S, Nair V, Fernandes JR. Sudden cardiac death due to coronary artery dissection as a complication of cardiac sarcoidosis. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2015;24:244-246. doi: 10.1016/j.carpath.2015.01.001.
53. Makino Y, Inokuchi G, Yokota H, Hayakawa M, Yajima D, Motomura A, Chiba F, Torimitsu S, Nakatani Y, Iwase H. Sudden death due to coronary artery dissection associated with fibromuscular dysplasia revealed by postmortem selective computed tomography coronary angiography: A case report. Forensic Sci Int. 2015;253:e10-e15. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.05.015.
54. Mandal R, Brooks EG, Corliss RF. Eosinophilic coronary periarteritis with arterial dissection: The mast cell hypothesis. J Forensic Sci. 2015;60:1088-1092. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.12752.
55. Melez IE, Arslan MN, Melez DO, Akcay A, Buyuk Y, Avşar A, Kumral B, Şirin G, Karayel FA, Daş T, Dokudan YE, Şam B. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Report of 3 cases and literature review hormonal, autoimmune, morphological factors. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2015;36:188-192. doi: 10.1097/PAF.0000000000000167.
56. Basso C, Morgagni GL, Thiene G. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: A neglected cause of acute myocardial ischaemia and sudden death. Heart. 1996;75:451-454.
57. Lepper PM, Koenig W, Moller P, Perner S. A case of sudden cardiac death due to isolated eosinophilic coronary arteritis. Chest. 2005;128:1047-1050. doi: 10.1378/chest.128.2.1047.
58. Saw J, Mancini GB, Humphries K, Fung A, Boone R, Starovoytov A, Aymong E. Angiographic appearance of spontaneous coronary artery dissection with intramural hematoma proven on intracoronary imaging. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2016;87:E54-E61. doi: 10.1002/ccd.26022.
59. Kwon TG, Gulati R, Matsuzawa Y, Aoki T, Guddeti RR, Herrmann J, Lennon RJ, Ritman EL, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Proliferation of coronary adventitial vasa vasorum in patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9:891-892. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.11.030.
60. Alfonso F, Paulo M, Gonzalo N, Dutary J, Jimenez-Quevedo P, Lennie V, Escaned J, Banuelos C, Hernandez R, Macaya C. Diagnosis of spontaneous coronary artery dissection by optical coherence tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:1073-1079. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.082.
61. Siegel RJ, Koponen M. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection causing sudden death: Mechanical arterial failure or primary vasculitis?. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1994;118:196-198.
62. Carreon CK, Esposito MJ. Eosinophilic coronary monoarteritis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2014;138:979-981. doi: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0610-RS.
63. Asuncion CM, Hyun J. Dissecting intramural hematoma of the coronary artery in pregnancy and the puerperium. Obstet Gynecol. 1972;40: 202-210.
64. Madu EC, Kosinski DJ, Wilson WR, Burket MW, Fraker TD Jr, Ansel GM. Two-vessel coronary artery dissection in the peripartum period: Case report and literature review. Angiology. 1994;45:809-816. doi: 10.1177/000331979404500909.
65. Conraads VM, Vorlat A, Colpaert CG, Rodrigus IE, De Paep RJ, Moulijn AC, Vrints CJ. Spontaneous dissection of three major coronary arteries subsequent to cystic medial necrosis. Chest. 1999;116:1473-1475.
66. Lie JT, Berg KK. Isolated fibromuscular dysplasia of the coronary arteries with spontaneous dissection and myocardial infarction. Hum Pathol. 1987;18:654-656.
67. Mather PJ, Hansen CL, Goldman B, Inniss S, Pina I, Norris R, Jeevanandam V, Bove AA. Postpartum multivessel coronary dissection. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1994;13:533-537.
68. Brodsky SV, Ramaswamy G, Chander P, Braun A. Ruptured cerebral aneurysm and acute coronary artery dissection in the setting of multivascular fibromuscular dysplasia: A case report. Angiology. 2007;58:764-767. doi: 10.1177/0003319707303645.
69. Saw J, Poulter R, Fung A, Wood D, Hamburger J, Buller CE. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in patients with fibromuscular dysplasia: A case series. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2012;5:134-137. doi: 10.1161/ CIRCINTERVENTIONS.111.966630.
70. Olin JW, Gornik HL, Bacharach JM, Biller J, Fine LJ, Gray BH, Gray WA, Gupta R, Hamburg NM, Katzen BT, Lookstein RA, Lumsden AB, Newburger JW, Rundek T, Sperati CJ, Stanley JC; on behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease; Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Cardiopulmonary, Critical Care, Perioperative and Resuscitation; Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology; Council for High Blood Pressure Research; Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease; Stroke Council. Fibromuscular dysplasia: State of the science and critical unanswered questions: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014;129:1048-1078. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000442577.96802.8c.
71. Persu A, Van der Niepen P, Touze E, Gevaert S, Berra E, Mace P, Plouin PF, Jeunemaitre X; on behalf of the Working Group "Hypertension and the Kidney" of the European Society of Hypertension and the European Fibromuscular Dysplasia Initiative. Revisiting fibromuscular dysplasia: Rationale of the European Fibromuscular Dysplasia Initiative. Hypertension. 2016;68:832-839. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA. 116.07543.
72. Olin JW. Expanding clinical phenotype of fibromuscular dysplasia. Hypertension. 2017;70:488-489. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09646.
73. Pate GE, Lowe R, Buller CE. Fibromuscular dysplasia of the coronary and renal arteries?. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2005;64:138-145. doi: 10.1002/ccd.20246.
74. Toggweiler S, Puck M, Thalhammer C, Manka R, Wyss M, Bilecen D, Corti R, Amann-Vesti BR, Luscher TF, Wyss CA. Associated vascular lesions in patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Swiss Med Wkly. 2012;142:w13538. doi: 10.4414/smw.2012.13538.
75. Liang JJ, Prasad M, Tweet MS, Hayes SN, Gulati R, Breen JF, Leng S, Vrtiska TJ. A novel application of CT angiography to detect extracoronary vascular abnor- malities in patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2014;8:189-197. doi: 10.1016/j.jcct.2014.02.001.
76. Kadian-Dodov D, Gornik HL, Gu X, Froehlich J, Bacharach JM, Chi YW, Gray BH, Jaff MR, Kim ES, Mace P, Sharma A, Kline-Rogers E, White C, Olin JW. Dissection and aneurysm in patients with fibromuscular dysplasia: Findings from the U.S. Registry for FMD. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:176-185. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.04.044.
77. Hill LD, Antonius JI. Arterial dysplasia: An important surgical lesion. Arch Surg. 1965;90:585-595.
78. Imamura M, Yokoyama S, Kikuchi K. Coronary fibromuscular dysplasia presenting as sudden infant death. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1997;121: 159-161.
79. Ropponen KM, Alafuzoff I. A case of sudden death caused by fibromuscular dysplasia. J Clin Pathol. 1999;52:541-542.
80. Kawakami H, Matsuoka H, Koyama Y, Saeki H, Inoue K, Nishimura K, Itou T, Satou H, Tomino T. Isolated left coronary ostial stenosis as a result of fibromuscular dysplasia in a young man. Jpn Circ J. 2000;64:988-989.
81. Saw J, Bezerra H, Gornik HL, Machan L, Mancini GB. Angiographic and intracoronary manifestations of coronary fibromuscular dysplasia. Circulation. 2016;133:1548-1559. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.020282.
82. Michelis KC, Olin JW, Kadian-Dodov D, d'Escamard V, Kovacic JC. Coronary artery manifestations of fibromuscular dysplasia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:1033-1046. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.07.014.
83. Eleid MF, Guddeti RR, Tweet MS, Lerman A, Singh M, Best PJ, Vrtiska TJ, Prasad M, Rihal CS, Hayes SN, Gulati R. Coronary artery tortuosity in spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Angiographic characteristics and clinical implications. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;7:656-662. doi: 10.1161/ CIRCINTERVENTIONS.114.001676.
84. Saw J. Pregnancy-associated spontaneous coronary artery dissection represents an exceptionally high-risk spontaneous coronary artery dissection cohort. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;10:e005119. doi: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS. 117.005119.
85. Ito H, Taylor L, Bowman M, Fry ET, Hermiller JB, Van Tassel JW. Presentation and therapy of spontaneous coronary artery dissection and comparisons of postpartum versus nonpostpartum cases. Am J Cardiol. 2011;107:1590-1596. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.01.043.
86. Tweet MS, Hayes SN, Codsi E, Gulati R, Rose CH, Best PJM. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection associated with pregnancy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70:426-435. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.055.
87. Faden MS, Bottega N, Benjamin A, Brown RN. A nationwide evaluation of spontaneous coronary artery dissection in pregnancy and the puerperium. Heart. 2016;102:1974-1979. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2016-309403.
88. Koller PT, Cliffe CM, Ridley DJ. Immunosuppressive therapy for peripartum-type spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Case report and review. Clin Cardiol. 1998;21:40-46.
89. Cade JR, Szarf G, de Siqueira ME, Chaves A, Andrea JC, Figueira HR, Gomes MM Jr, Freitas BP, Filgueiras Medeiros J, Dos Santos MR, Fiorotto WB, Daige A, Goncalves R, Cantarelli M, Alves CM, Echenique L, de Brito FS Jr, Perin MA, Born D, Hecht H, Caixeta A. Pregnancy-associated spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Insights from a case series of 13 patients. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;18:54-61. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jew021.
90. Codsi E, Tweet MS, Rose CH, Arendt KW, Best PJ, Hayes SN. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in pregnancy: what every obstetrician should know. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128:731-738. doi: 10.1097/ AOG.0000000000001630.
91. Bonnet J, Aumailley M, Thomas D, Grosgogeat Y, Broustet JP, Bricaud H. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Case report and evidence for a defect in collagen metabolism. Eur Heart J. 1986;7:904-909.
92. Shamloo BK, Chintala RS, Nasur A, Ghazvini M, Shariat P, Diggs JA, Singh SN. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Aggressive vs. conservative therapy. J Invasive Cardiol. 2010;22:222-228.
93. Kamel H, Roman MJ, Pitcher A, Devereux RB. Pregnancy and the risk of aortic dissection or rupture: A cohort-crossover analysis. Circulation. 2016;134:527-533. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.021594.
94. Hartman JD, Eftychiadis AS. Medial smooth-muscle cell lesions and dissection of the aorta and muscular arteries. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1990;114:50-61.
95. Sheikh AS, O'Sullivan M. Pregnancy-related spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Two case reports and a comprehensive review of literature. Heart Views. 2012;13:53-65. doi: 10.4103/1995-705X.99229.
96. Havakuk O, Goland S, Mehra A, Elkayam U. Pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous coronary artery dissection: An analysis of 120 contemporary cases. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;10:e004941. doi: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS. 117.004941.
97. Aldoboni AH, Hamza EA, Majdi K, Ngibzadhe M, Palasaidi S, Moayed DA. Spontaneous dissection of coronary artery treated by primary stenting as the first presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Invasive Cardiol. 2002;14:694-696.
98. Sharma AK, Farb A, Maniar P, Ajani AE, Castagna M, Virmani R, Suddath W, Lindsay J. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosis. Hawaii Med J. 2003;62:248-253.
99. Kothari D, Ruygrok P, Gentles T, Occleshaw C. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in an adolescent man with systemic lupus erythematosus. Intern Med J. 2007;37:342-343. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2007.01345.x.
100. Nisar MK, Mya T. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in the context of positive anticardiolipin antibodies and clinically undiagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2011;20:1436-1438. doi: 10.1177/0961203311406765.
101. Rekik S, Lanfranchi P, Jacq L, Bernasconi F. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in a 35 year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus successfully treated by angioplasty. Heart Lung Circ. 2013;22:955-958. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2013.01.015.
102. Reddy S, Vaid T, Ganiga Sanjeeva NC, Shetty RK. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection as the first presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus. BMJ Case Rep. 2016;2016:bcr2016216344. doi: 10.1136/ bcr-2016-216344.
103. Srinivas M, Basumani P, Muthusamy R, Wheeldon N. Active inflammatory bowel disease and coronary artery dissection. Postgrad Med J. 2005;81:68-70. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.2004.018952.
104. Chu KH, Menapace FJ, Blankenship JC, Hausch R, Harrington T. Polyarteritis nodosa presenting as acute myocardial infarction with coronary dissection. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1998;44:320-324.
105. Bayar N, Caǧirci G, Ureyen CM, Kuş G, Kucukseymen S, Arslan Ş. The Relationship between spontaneous multi-vessel coronary artery dissection and celiac disease. Korean Circ J. 2015;45:242-244. doi: 10.4070/ kcj.2015.45.3.242.
106. Fernandez-Gutierrez B, Zamorano J, Batlle E, Alfonso F, Conde A, Sanchez-Harguindey L, Jover JA. Coronary dissection associated with hepatitis C virus-related cryoglobulinaemia. Rheumatology (Oxford). 1999;38:1299-1301.
107. Henkin S, Negrotto SM, Tweet MS, Kirmani S, Deyle DR, Gulati R, Olson TM, Hayes SN. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection and its association with heritable connective tissue disorders. Heart. 2016;102:876-881. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308645.
108. Ades LC, Waltham RD, Chiodo AA, Bateman JF. Myocardial infarction resulting from coronary artery dissection in an adolescent with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV due to a type III collagen mutation. Br Heart J. 1995;74:112-116.
109. Hampole CV, Philip F, Shafii A, Pettersson G, Anesi GL, Patel JB, Menon V. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;92:1883-1884. doi: 10.1016/j. athoracsur.2011.03.136.
110. Bateman AC, Gallagher PJ, Vincenti AC. Sudden death from coronary artery dissection. J Clin Pathol. 1995;48:781-784.
111. Fattori R, Sangiorgio P, Mariucci E, Ritelli M, Wischmeijer A, Greco C, Colombi M. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in a young woman with Loeys-Dietz syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2012;158A:1216-1218. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35277.
112. van der Linde D, van de Laar IM, Bertoli-Avella AM, Oldenburg RA, Bekkers JA, Mattace-Raso FU, van den Meiracker AH, Moelker A, van Kooten F, Frohn-Mulder IM, Timmermans J, Moltzer E, Cobben JM, van Laer L, Loeys B, De Backer J, Coucke PJ, De Paepe A, Hilhorst-Hofstee Y, Wessels MW, Roos-Hesselink JW. Aggressive cardiovascular phenotype of aneurysmsosteoarthritis syndrome caused by pathogenic SMAD3 variants. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:397-403. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.12.052.
113. Itty CT, Farshid A, Talaulikar G. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in a woman with polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53:518-521. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.08.027.
114. Klingenberg-Salachova F, Limburg S, Boereboom F. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in polycystic kidney disease. Clin Kidney J. 2012;5:44-46. doi: 10.1093/ndtplus/sfr158.
115. Grover P, Fitzgibbons TP. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in a patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: A case report. J Med Case Rep. 2016;10:62. doi: 10.1186/s13256-016-0832-8.
116. Goel K, Tweet M, Olson TM, Maleszewski JJ, Gulati R, Hayes SN. Familial spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Evidence for genetic susceptibility. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:821-826. doi: 10.1001/ jamainternmed.2014.8307.
117. Kiando SR, Tucker NR, Castro-Vega LJ, Katz A, D'Escamard V, Treard C, Fraher D, Albuisson J, Kadian-Dodov D, Ye Z, Austin E, Yang ML, Hunker K, Barlassina C, Cusi D, Galan P, Empana JP, Jouven X, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Bruneval P, Hyun Kim ES, Olin JW, Gornik HL, Azizi M, Plouin PF, Ellinor PT, Kullo IJ, Milan DJ, Ganesh SK, Boutouyrie P, Kovacic JC, Jeunemaitre X, Bouatia-Naji N. PHACTR1 is a genetic susceptibility locus for fibromuscular dysplasia supporting its complex genetic pattern of inheritance. PLoS Genet. 2016;12:e1006367. doi: 10.1371/journal. pgen.1006367.
118. Major P, Genest J, Cartier P, Kuchel O. Hereditary fibromuscular dysplasia with renovascular hypertension. Ann Intern Med. 1977;86:583.
119. Rushton AR. The genetics of fibromuscular dysplasia. Arch Intern Med. 1980;140:233-236.
120. Gladstien K, Rushton AR, Kidd KK. Penetrance estimates and recurrence risks for fibromuscular dysplasia. Clin Genet. 1980;17:115-116.
121. Poloskey SL, Kim ESh, Sanghani R, Al-Quthami AH, Arscott P, Moran R, Rigelsky CM, Gornik HL. Low yield of genetic testing for known vascular connective tissue disorders in patients with fibromuscular dysplasia. Vasc Med. 2012;17:371-378. doi: 10.1177/1358863X 12459650.
122. Ganesh SK, Morissette R, Xu Z, Schoenhoff F, Griswold BF, Yang J, Tong L, Yang ML, Hunker K, Sloper L, Kuo S, Raza R, Milewicz DM, Francomano CA, Dietz HC, Van Eyk J, McDonnell NB. Clinical and biochemical profiles suggest fibromuscular dysplasia is a systemic disease with altered TGF-β expression and connective tissue features. FASEB J. 2014;28:3313-3324. doi: 10.1096/fj.14-251207.
123. Velusamy M, Fisherkeller M, Keenan ME, Kiernan FJ, Fram DB. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in a young woman precipitated by retching. J Invasive Cardiol. 2002;14:198-201.
124. Sivam S, Yozghatlian V, Dentice R, McGrady M, Moriarty C, Di Michiel J, Bye PT, Rees D. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection associated with coughing. J Cyst Fibros. 2014;13:235-237. doi: 10.1016/j. jcf.2013.10.003.
125. Hardegree EL, Tweet MS, Hayes SN, Gulati R, Kane GC. Multivessel spontaneous coronary artery dissection associated with hormonal infertility therapy in a 39-year-old female. J Cardiol Cases. 2012;5:e69-e72.
126. Lempereur M, Grewal J, Saw J. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection associated with β-HCG injections and fibromuscular dysplasia. Can J Cardiol. 2014;30:464.e1-464.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2013.11.030.
127. Nakamoto K, Matsuda M, Kanno K, Segawa T, Nishimoto O, Nishiyama H, Tamura R, Kawamoto T. A case of a young, healthy woman with spontaneous coronary artery dissection associated with oral contraceptive use: Long-term residual dissection of the coronary artery. J Cardiol Cases. 2013;8:179-182.
128. Steinhauer JR, Caulfield JB. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection associated with cocaine use: A case report and brief review. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2001;10:141-145.
129. Smyth A, O'Donnell M, Lamelas P, Teo K, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S; on behalf of the INTERHEART Investigators. Physical activity and anger or emotional upset as triggers of acute myocardial infarction: The INTERHEART study. Circulation. 2016;134:1059-1067. doi: 10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.116.023142.
130. Wittstein IS, Thiemann DR, Lima JA, Baughman KL, Schulman SP, Gerstenblith G, Wu KC, Rade JJ, Bivalacqua TJ, Champion HC. Neurohumoral features of myocardial stunning due to sudden emotional stress. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:539-548. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa043046.
131. Keir ML, Dehghani P. Corticosteroids and spontaneous coronary artery dissection: A new predisposing factor?. Can J Cardiol. 2016;32:395.e7-395.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.06.021.
132. Luong C, Starovoytov A, Heydari M, Sedlak T, Aymong E, Saw J. Clinical presentation of patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2017;89:1149-1154. doi: 10.1002/ ccd.26977.
133. Lindor RA, Tweet MS, Goyal KA, Lohse CM, Gulati R, Hayes SN, Sadosty AT. Emergency department presentation of patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection. J Emerg Med. 2017;52:286-291. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.09.005.
134. Franco C, Starovoytov A, Heydari M, Mancini GB, Aymong E, Saw J. Changes in left ventricular function after spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Clin Cardiol. 2017;40:149-154. doi: 10.1002/clc.22640.
135. Jneid H, Anderson JL, Wright RS, Adams CD, Bridges CR, Casey DE Jr, Ettinger SM, Fesmire FM, Ganiats TG, Lincoff AM, Peterson ED, Philippides GJ, Theroux P, Wenger NK, Zidar JP. 2012 ACCF/AHA focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (updating the 2007 guideline and replacing the 2011 focused update): A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2012;126:875-910. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e318256f1e0.
136. Rogers JH, Lasala JM. Coronary artery dissection and perforation complicating percutaneous coronary intervention. J Invasive Cardiol. 2004;16:493-499.
137. Y-Hassen S, Henareh L. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection triggered post-ischemic myocardial stunning and takotsubo syndrome: Two different names for the same condition. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2013;14:109-112.
138. Chou AY, Sedlak T, Aymong E, Sheth T, Starovoytov A, Humphries KH, Mancini GB, Saw J. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection misdiagnosed as takotsubo cardiomyopathy: A case series. Can J Cardiol. 2015;31:1073.e5-1073.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.03.018.
139. Prakash R, Starovoytov A, Heydari M, Mancini GB, Saw J. Catheter-induced iatrogenic coronary artery dissection in patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2016;9:1851-1853. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2016.06.026.
140. Awadalla H, Sabet S, El Sebaie A, Rosales O, Smalling R. Catheterinduced left main dissection incidence, predisposition and therapeutic strategies experience from two sides of the hemisphere. J Invasive Cardiol. 2005;17:233-236.
141. Maehara A, Mintz GS, Castagna MT, Pichard AD, Satler LF, Waksman R, Suddath WO, Kent KM, Weissman NJ. Intravascular ultrasound assessment of spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Am J Cardiol. 2002;89:466-468.
142. Hollander JE, Than M, Mueller C. State-of-the-art evaluation of emergency department patients presenting with potential acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2016;134:547-564. doi: 10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.116.021886.
143. Rybicki FJ, Udelson JE, Peacock WF, Goldhaber SZ, Isselbacher EM, Kazerooni E, Kontos MC, Litt H, Woodard PK. 2015 ACR/ACC/AHA/ AATS/ACEP/ASNC/NASCI/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR/SCPC/SNMMI/STR/STS appropriate utilization of cardiovascular imaging in emergency department patients with chest pain: A joint document of the American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria Committee and the American College of Cardiology Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force. J Am Coll Radiol. 2016;13:e1-e29.
144. Takakuwa KM, Keith SW, Estepa AT, Shofer FS. A meta-analysis of 64-section coronary CT angiography findings for predicting 30-day major adverse cardiac events in patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome. Acad Radiol. 2011;18:1522-1528. doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2011.08.013.
145. Achenbach S, Goroll T, Seltmann M, Pflederer T, Anders K, Ropers D, Daniel WG, Uder M, Lell M, Marwan M. Detection of coronary artery stenoses by low-dose, prospectively ECG-triggered, high-pitch spiral coronary CT angiography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4:328-337. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.01.012.
146. Yu L, Fletcher JG, Grant KL, Carter RE, Hough DM, Barlow JM, Vrtiska TJ, Williamson EE, Young PM, Goss BC, Shiung M, Leng S, Raupach R, Schmidt B, Flohr T, McCollough CH. Automatic selection of tube potential for radiation dose reduction in vascular and contrast-enhanced abdominopelvic CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;201:W297-W306. doi: 10.2214/AJR.12.9610.
147. Mark DB, Berman DS, Budoff MJ, Carr JJ, Gerber TC, Hecht HS, Hlatky MA, Hodgson JM, Lauer MS, Miller JM, Morin RL, Mukherjee D, Poon M, Rubin GD, Schwartz RS. ACCF/ACR/AHA/NASCI/SAIP/SCAI/SCCT 2010 expert consensus document on coronary computed tomographic angiography: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents. Circulation. 2010;121:2509-2543. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181d4b618.
148. Hamm CW, Bassand JP, Agewall S, Bax J, Boersma E, Bueno H, Caso P, Dudek D, Gielen S, Huber K, Ohman M, Petrie MC, Sonntag F, Uva MS, Storey RF, Wijns W, Zahger D; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) in Patients Presenting Without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2011;32:2999-3054. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr236.
149. Eleid MF, Tweet MS, Young PM, Williamson E, Hayes SN, Gulati R. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Challenges of coronary computed tomography angiography [published online ahead of print January 1, 2017]. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. doi: 10.1177/2048872616687098. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2048872616687098?url-ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr-id=ori:rid:crossref. org&rfr-dat=cr-pub%3dpubmed.
150. Stefanini GG, Windecker S. Can coronary computed tomography angiography replace invasive angiography? Coronary computed tomography angiography cannot replace invasive angiography. Circulation. 2015;131:418-425. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.008148.
151. Tweet MS, Gulati R, Williamson EE, Vrtiska TJ, Hayes SN. Multimodality imaging for spontaneous coronary artery dissection in women. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9:436-450. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.01.009.
152. Ichihashi T, Ito T, Murai S, Ikehara N, Fujita H, Suda H, Ohte N. Acute myocardial infarction due to spontaneous, localized, acute dissection of the sinus of Valsalva detected by intravascular ultrasound and electrocardiogram-gated computed tomography. Heart Vessels. 2016;31:1570-1573. doi: 10.1007/s00380-015-0787-5.
153. Alzand BS, Vanneste L, Fonck D, Van Mieghem C. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection undissolved using cardiac computed tomography. Int J Cardiol. 2016;222:1040-1041. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.08.058.
154. Guo LQ, Wasfy MM, Hedgire S, Kalra M, Wood M, Prabhakar AM, Ghoshhajra BB. Multimodality imaging of spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Case studies of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Coron Artery Dis. 2016;27:70-71. doi: 10.1097/MCA.0000000000000320.
155. Roura G, Ariza-Sole A, Rodriguez-Caballero IF, Gomez-Lara J, Ferreiro JL, Romaguera R, Teruel L, de Albert M, Gomez-Hospital JA, Cequier A. Noninvasive follow-up of patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection with CT angiography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9:896-897. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.06.011.
156. Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, Casey DE Jr, Ganiats TG, Holmes DR Jr, Jaffe AS, Jneid H, Kelly RF, Kontos MC, Levine GN, Liebson PR, Mukherjee D, Peterson ED, Sabatine MS, Smalling RW, Zieman SJ. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: Executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines [published correction appears in Circulation. 2014;130:e431-e432]. Circulation. 2014;130:2354-2394. doi: 10.1161/ CIR.0000000000000133.
157. Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, Mueller C, Valgimigli M, Andreotti F, Bax JJ, Borger MA, Brotons C, Chew DP, Gencer B, Hasenfuss G, Kjeldsen K, Lancellotti P, Landmesser U, Mehilli J, Mukherjee D, Storey RF, Windecker S. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:267-315. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv320.
158. Lempereur M, Fung A, Saw J. Stent mal-apposition with resorption of intramural hematoma with spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2015;5:323-329. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2015.04.05.
159. Alfonso F, Bastante T, Garcia-Guimaraes M, Pozo E, Cuesta J, Rivero F, Benedicto A, Antuna P, Alvarado T, Gulati R, Saw J. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: new insights into diagnosis and treatment. Coron Artery Dis. 2016;27:696-706. doi: 10.1097/ MCA.0000000000000412.
160. Yumoto K, Sasaki H, Aoki H, Kato K. Successful treatment of spontaneous coronary artery dissection with cutting balloon angioplasty as evaluated with optical coherence tomography. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;7:817-819. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2013.10.027.
161. Alkhouli M, Cole M, Ling FS. Coronary artery fenestration prior to stenting in spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2016;88:E23-E27. doi: 10.1002/ccd.26161.
162. Walsh SJ, Jokhi PP, Saw J. Successful percutaneous management of coronary dissection and extensive intramural haematoma associated with ST elevation MI. Acute Card Care. 2008;10:231-233. doi: 10.1080/17482940701802348.
163. Panoulas VF, Ielasi A. Bioresorbable scaffolds and drug-eluting balloons for the management of spontaneous coronary artery dissections. J Thorac Dis. 2016;8:E1328-E1330. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2016.10.54.
164. Levine GN, Bates ER, Blankenship JC, Bailey SR, Bittl JA, Cercek B, Chambers CE, Ellis SG, Guyton RA, Hollenberg SM, Khot UN, Lange RA, Mauri L, Mehran R, Moussa ID, Mukherjee D, Nallamothu BK, Ting HH. 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI guideline for percutaneous coronary intervention: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions [published correction appears in Circulation. 2012;125:e412]. Circulation. 2011;124:e574-e651. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31823ba622.
165. Cockburn J, Yan W, Bhindi R, Hansen P. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection treated with bioresorbable vascular scaffolds guided by optical coherence tomography. Can J Cardiol. 2014;30:1461.e1-1461.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.06.025.
166. Patel KP, Sotolongo RP, Myrick TW. Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting for spontaneous coronary dissection in a 26-year-old patient two weeks post-partum: A case report and review. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2008;40:127-129.
167. Wehman B, Lehr EJ, Mukherjee R, Grigore A, Griffith B, Bonatti J. Robotic totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting for spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Int J Med Robot. 2012;8:166-168. doi: 10.1002/ rcs.437.
168. Cetin E, Ozyuksel A. Beating heart myocardial revascularisation of a sudden cardiac death survivor with spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Pitfalls from diagnosis to surgery. BMJ Case Rep. 2014;2014:bcr2014207188.
169. Unal M, Korkut AK, Kosem M, Ertunc V, Ozcan M, Caglar N. Surgical management of spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Tex Heart Inst J. 2008;35:402-405.
170. Motreff P, Souteyrand G, Dauphin C, Eschalier R, Cassagnes J, Lusson JR. Management of spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Review of the literature and discussion based on a series of 12 young women with acute coronary syndrome. Cardiology. 2010;115:10-18. doi: 10.1159/000244608.
171. McGrath-Cadell L, McKenzie P, Emmanuel S, Muller DW, Graham RM, Holloway CJ. Outcomes of patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Open Heart. 2016;3:e000491. doi: 10.1136/ openhrt-2016-000491.
172. O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, Casey DE Jr, Chung MK, de Lemos JA, Ettinger SM, Fang JC, Fesmire FM, Franklin BA, Granger CB, Krumholz HM, Linderbaum JA, Morrow DA, Newby LK, Ornato JP, Ou N, Radford MJ, Tamis-Holland JE, Tommaso CL, Tracy CM, Woo YJ, Zhao DX. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013;127:e362-e425. doi: 10.1161/ CIR.0b013e3182742cf6.
173. Farhat F, Sassard T, Maghiar A, Jegaden O. Primary spontaneous coronary artery dissection complicated by iatrogenous aortic dissection: From David procedure to full arterial coronary revascularization. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2006;5:149-152. doi: 10.1510/icvts.2005.124065.
174. Aliyary S, Mariani MA, Verhorst PM, Hartmann M, Stoel MG, von Birgelen C. Staged therapeutic approach in spontaneous coronary dissection. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83:1879-1881. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur. 2006.11.085.
175. Paez M, Buisan F, Herrero E. Spontaneous dissection of the left coronary artery trunk during the postpartum period treated with revascularization surgery, ventricular assistance and a successful heart transplant. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2007;51:960-961. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2007.01359.x.
176. Rahman S, Abdul-Waheed M, Helmy T, Huffman LC, Koshal V, Guitron J, Merrill WH, Lewis DF, Dunlap S, Shizukuda Y, Weintraub NL, Meyer C, Cilingiroglu M. Spontaneous left main coronary artery dissection complicated by pseudoaneurysm formation in pregnancy: Role of CT coronary angiography. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009;4:15. doi: 10.1186/1749-8090-4-15.
177. Jacob JC, Kiernan FJ, Patel N, Rock J, Hammond J Jr, Wencker D, Lasala AF. SCAD: A rare case of cardiac arrest in a young female. Conn Med. 2011;75:147-152.
178. Julia I, Tauron M, Munoz-Guijosa C. Postpartum acute coronary syndrome due to intramural hematoma and coronary artery dissection. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2013;61:85-87. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1331152.
179. Weinberg L, Ong M, Tan CO, McDonnell NJ, Lo C, Chiam E. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in pregnancy requiring emergency caesarean delivery followed by coronary artery bypass grafting. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2013;41:251-255.
180. Abu-Laban RB, Migneault D, Grant MR, Dhingra V, Fung A, Cook RC, Sweet D. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after protracted ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest: Case report and discussion. CJEM. 2015;17:210-216. doi: 10.2310/8000.2014.141439.
181. Jorge-Perez P, Garcia-Gonzalez MJ, Avalos-Pinto RM, G-Cosio-Carmena MD, Renes-Carreno E, Delgado JF, Yanes-Bowden G, Ferrer-Hita JJ. Spontaneous coronary dissection and cardiogenic shock requiring mechanical circulatory support in a non-transplant center. Int J Cardiol. 2016;221:629-630. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.015.
182. Patane F, Boffini M, Sansone F, Campanella A, Rinaldi M. ECMO as a bridge to transplantation in biventricular dysfunction due to primary spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Transpl Int. 2009;22:500-502. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2008.00805.x.
183. Martins RP, Leurent G, Corbineau H, Fouquet O, Seconda S, Baruteau AE, Moreau O, Le Breton H, Bedossa M. Coronary angiography of pregnancyassociated coronary artery dissection: A high-risk procedure. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2010;11:182-185. doi: 10.1016/j.carrev.2009.03.002.
184. Bashir M, Mustafa H, Singh H, Bonser R. Cardiac transplantation for spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2013;16:91-92. doi: 10.1093/icvts/ivs413.
185. Evans R. Post-partum spontaneous coronary artery dissection and the use of veno-arterial extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation. Nurs Crit Care. 2014;19:304-309. doi: 10.1111/nicc.12085.
186. Knapp KE, Weis RA, Cubillo EI, Chapital AB, Ramakrishna H. Spontaneous, Postpartum coronary artery dissection and cardiogenic shock with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation assisted recovery in a 30-yearold patient. Case Rep Cardiol. 2016;2016:1048708. doi: 10.1155/ 2016/1048708.
187. Rihal CS, Naidu SS, Givertz MM, Szeto WY, Burke JA, Kapur NK, Kern M, Garratt KN, Goldstein JA, Dimas V, Tu T; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI); Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA); Society for Thoracic Surgeons (STS); American Heart Association (AHA); American College of Cardiology (ACC). 2015 SCAI/ACC/HFSA/ STS clinical expert consensus statement on the use of percutaneous mechanical circulatory support devices in cardiovascular care. J Card Fail. 2015;21:499-518. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.03.002.
188. Sharma S, Rozen G, Duran J, Mela T, Wood MJ. Sudden cardiac death in patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70:114-115. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.010.
189. Kusumoto FM, Calkins H, Boehmer J, Buxton AE, Chung MK, Gold MR, Hohnloser SH, Indik J, Lee R, Mehra MR, Menon V, Page RL, Shen WK, Slotwiner DJ, Stevenson LW, Varosy PD, Welikovitch L. HRS/ACC/AHA expert consensus statement on the use of implantable cardioverterdefibrillator therapy in patients who are not included or not well represented in clinical trials. Circulation. 2014;130:94-125. doi: 10.1161/ CIR.0000000000000056.
190. Yip A, Saw J. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: A review. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2015;5:37-48. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2015.01.08.
191. Tweet MS, Gulati R, Hayes SN. What clinicians should know αbout spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90:1125-1130. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.05.010.
192. Erbel R, Aboyans V, Boileau C, Bossone E, Bartolomeo RD, Eggebrecht H, Evangelista A, Falk V, Frank H, Gaemperli O, Grabenwoger M, Haverich A, Iung B, Manolis AJ, Meijboom F, Nienaber CA, Roffi M, Rousseau H, Sechtem U, Sirnes PA, Allmen RS, Vrints CJ; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. 2014 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of aortic diseases: Document covering acute and chronic aortic diseases of the thoracic and abdominal aorta of the adult: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2014;35:2873-2926. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu281.
193. Saw J, Humphries K, Aymong E, Sedlak T, Prakash R, Starovoytov A, Mancini GBJ. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Clinical outcomes and risk of recurrence. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70:1148-1158. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.06.053.
194. Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, Bairey Merz CN, Blum CB, Eckel RH, Goldberg AC, Gordon D, Levy D, Lloyd-Jones DM, McBride P, Schwartz JS, Shero ST, Smith SC Jr, Watson K, Wilson PW. 2013 ACC/ AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines [published corrections appear in Circulation. 2014;129(suppl 2):S46-S48 and Circulation. 2015;132:e396]. Circulation. 2014;129(suppl 2):S1-S45. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437738.63853.
195. Elkayam U, Goland S, Pieper PG, Silverside CK. High-risk cardiac disease in pregnancy, part I. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:396-410. doi: 10.1016/j. jacc.2016.05.048.
196. Jeejeebhoy FM, Zelop CM, Lipman S, Carvalho B, Joglar J, Mhyre JM, Katz VL, Lapinsky SE, Einav S, Warnes CA, Page RL, Griffin RE, Jain A, Dainty KN, Arafeh J, Windrim R, Koren G, Callaway CW; on behalf of the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee, Council on Cardiopulmonary, Critical Care, Perioperative and Resuscitation, Council on Cardiovascular Diseases in the Young, and Council on Clinical Cardiology. Cardiac arrest in pregnancy: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;132:1747-1773. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000300.
197. Regitz-Zagrosek V, Blomstrom Lundqvist C, Borghi C, Cifkova R, Ferreira R, Foidart JM, Gibbs JS, Gohlke-Baerwolf C, Gorenek B, Iung B, Kirby M, Maas AH, Morais J, Nihoyannopoulos P, Pieper PG, Presbitero P, Roos-Hesselink JW, Schaufelberger M, Seeland U, Torracca L. ESC guidelines on the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: The Task Force on the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2011;32:3147-3197.
198. Colletti PM, Lee KH, Elkayam U. Cardiovascular imaging of the pregnant patient. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;200:515-521. doi: 10.2214/ AJR.12.9864.
199. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Obstetric Practice. Committee opinion No. 656: Guidelines for diagnostic imaging during pregnancy and lactation. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;127:e75-e80.
200. Cantwell R, Clutton-Brock T, Cooper G, Dawson A, Drife J, Garrod D, Harper A, Hulbert D, Lucas S, McClure J, Millward-Sadler H, Neilson J, Nelson-Piercy C, Norman J, O'Herlihy C, Oates M, Shakespeare J, de Swiet M, Williamson C, Beale V, Knight M, Lennox C, Miller A, Parmar D, Rogers J, Springett A. Saving mothers' lives: Reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer: 2006-2008: The eighth report of the Confidential Enquiries Into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. BJOG. 2011;118(suppl):1-203.
201. Myers GR, Hoffman MK, Marshall ES. Clopidogrel use throughout pregnancy in a patient with a drug-eluting coronary stent. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;118(pt 2):432-433. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318213d024.
202. Boztosun B, Olcay A, Avci A, Kirma C. Treatment of acute myocardial infarction in pregnancy with coronary artery balloon angioplasty and stenting: Use of tirofiban and clopidogrel. Int J Cardiol. 2008;127:413-416. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.04.174.
203. Babic Z, Gabric ID, Pintaric H. Successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention in the first trimester of pregnancy. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2011;77:522-525. doi: 10.1002/ccd.22813.
204. De Santis M, De Luca C, Mappa I, Cesari E, Mazza A, Quattrocchi T, Caruso A. Clopidogrel treatment during pregnancy: A case report and a review of literature. Intern Med. 2011;50:1769-1773.
205. Roth A, Elkayam U. Acute myocardial infarction associated with pregnancy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:171-180. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc. 2008.03.049.
206. Briggs GG, Freeman RK. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health; 2014.
207. Peacock WF 4th, Hilleman DE, Levy PD, Rhoney DH, Varon J. A systematic review of nicardipine vs labetalol for the management of hypertensive crises. Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30:981-993. doi: 10.1016/j. ajem.2011.06.040.
208. Lydakis C, Lip GY, Beevers M, Beevers DG. Atenolol and fetal growth in pregnancies complicated by hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1999;12:541-547.
209. Hayes SN. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD): new insights into this not-so-rare condition. Tex Heart Inst J. 2014;41:295-298. doi: 10.14503/THIJ-14-4089.
210. Krumholz HM, Anderson JL, Bachelder BL, Fesmire FM, Fihn SD, Foody JM, Ho PM, Kosiborod MN, Masoudi FA, Nallamothu BK. ACC/AHA 2008 performance measures for adults with ST-elevation and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures (Writing Committee to Develop Performance Measures for ST-Elevation and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction). Circulation. 2008;118:2596-2648. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191099.
211. Thomas RJ, King M, Lui K, Oldridge N, Pina IL, Spertus J. AACVPR/ ACCF/AHA 2010 update: Performance measures on cardiac rehabilitation for referral to cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention services: A report of the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the American College of Cardiology Foundation/ American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures (Writing Committee to Develop Clinical Performance Measures for Cardiac Rehabilitation). Circulation. 2010;122:1342-1350. doi: 10.1161/ CIR.0b013e3181f5185b.
212. Brubaker PH, Ross JH, Chan Joo K. Contemporary approaches to prescribing exercise in coronary artery disease patients [published online ahead of print January 19, 2016]. Am J Lifestyle Med. doi: 10.1177/1559827615625482.ht tps://doi.org/10.1177/1559827615625482.
213. Krittanawong C, Tweet MS, Hayes SE, Bowman MJ, Gulati R, Squires RW, Hayes SN. Usefulness of cardiac rehabilitation after spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Am J Cardiol. 2016;117:1604-1609. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.02.034.
214. Chou AY, Prakash R, Rajala J, Birnie T, Isserow S, Taylor CM, Ignaszewski A, Chan S, Starovoytov A, Saw J. The first dedicated cardiac rehabilitation program for patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Description and initial results. Can J Cardiol. 2016;32:554-560. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.01.009.
215. Tweet MS, Gulati R, Hayes SN. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2016;18:60. doi: 10.1007/s11886-016-0737-6.
216. Kureshi F, Kennedy KF, Jones PG, Thomas RJ, Arnold SV, Sharma P, Fendler T, Buchanan DM, Qintar M, Ho PM, Nallamothu BK, Oldridge NB, Spertus JA. Association between cardiac rehabilitation participation and health status outcomes after acute myocardial infarction. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1:980-988. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2016.3458.
217. Dunlay SM, Pack QR, Thomas RJ, Killian JM, Roger VL. Participation in cardiac rehabilitation, readmissions, and death after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Med. 2014;127:538-546. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed. 2014.02.008.
218. Arena R, Williams M, Forman DE, Cahalin LP, Coke L, Myers J, Hamm L, Kris-Etherton P, Humphrey R, Bittner V, Lavie CJ; on behalf of the American Heart Association Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation and Prevention Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism. Increasing referral and participation rates to outpatient cardiac rehabilitation: The valuable role of healthcare professionals in the inpatient and home health settings: A science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012;125:1321-1329. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e318246b1e5.
219. Pinto Mde C, Camargo RC, Filho JC, Fregonesi CE, Goncalves AC, de Abreu LC, Vanderlei LC, Lorenconi RM. Influence of cardiac rehabilitation in primigravida with spontaneous coronary artery dissection during postpartum. Int Arch Med. 2014;7:20. doi: 10.1186/1755-7682-7-20.
220. Silber TC, Tweet MS, Bowman MJ, Hayes SN, Squires RW. Cardiac rehabilitation after spontaneous coronary artery dissection. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2015;35:328-333. doi: 10.1097/HCR.0000000000000111.
221. Saw JWL, Starovoytov A, Birnie T, Prakash R, Heydari-Kamjani M, Isserow S, Taylor C, Chan S, Ignaszewski A. Comparison of psychosocial questionnaires between spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) and non-SCAD populations undergoing cardiac rehabilitation program after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:1936.
222. Dunlay SM, Witt BJ, Allison TG, Hayes SN, Weston SA, Koepsell E, Roger VL. Barriers to participation in cardiac rehabilitation. Am Heart J. 2009;158:852-859. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2009.08.010.
223. Yiangou K, Papadopoulos K, Azina C. Heavy lifting causing spontaneous coronary artery dissection with anterior myocardial infarction in a 54-year-old woman. Tex Heart Inst J. 2016;43:189-191. doi: 10.14503/ THIJ-15-5097.
224. Forman DE, Myers J, Lavie CJ, Guazzi M, Celli B, Arena R. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing: Relevant but underused. Postgrad Med. 2010;122:68-86. doi: 10.3810/pgm.2010.11.2225.
225. Liang JJ, Tweet MS, Hayes SE, Gulati R, Hayes SN. Prevalence and predictors of depression and anxiety among survivors of myocardial infarction due to spontaneous coronary artery dissection. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2014;34:138-142. doi: 10.1097/HCR. 0000000000000030.
226. Hiratzka LF, Bakris GL, Beckman JA, Bersin RM, Carr VF, Casey DE Jr, Eagle KA, Hermann LK, Isselbacher EM, Kazerooni EA, Kouchoukos NT, Lytle BW, Milewicz DM, Reich DL, Sen S, Shinn JA, Svensson LG, Williams DM. 2010 ACCF/AHA/AATS/ACR/ASA/SCA/SCAI/SIR/STS/SVM guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with thoracic aortic disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Radiology, American Stroke Association, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Society for Vascular Medicine [published correction appears in Circulation. 2010;122:e410]. Circulation. 2010;121:e266-e369. doi: 10.1161/ CIR.0b013e3181d4739e.
227. Vaccarino V, Horwitz RI, Meehan TP, Petrillo MK, Radford MJ, Krumholz HM. Sex differences in mortality after myocardial infarction: Evidence for a sex-age interaction. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:2054-2062.
228. Vaccarino V, Krumholz HM, Yarzebski J, Gore JM, Goldberg RJ. Sex differences in 2-year mortality after hospital discharge for myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134:173-181.
229. Garavalia LS, Decker C, Reid KJ, Lichtman JH, Parashar S, Vaccarino V, Krumholz HM, Spertus JA. Does health status differ between men and women in early recovery after myocardial infarction?. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2007;16:93-101. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2006.M073.
230. Dreyer RP, Wang Y, Strait KM, Lorenze NP, D'Onofrio G, Bueno H, Lichtman JH, Spertus JA, Krumholz HM. Gender differences in the trajectory of recovery in health status among young patients with acute myocardial infarction: Results from the variation in recovery: Role of gender on outcomes of young AMI patients (VIRGO) study. Circulation. 2015;131:1971-1980. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014503.
231. Bucholz EM, Strait KM, Dreyer RP, Lindau ST, D'Onofrio G, Geda M, Spatz ES, Beltrame JF, Lichtman JH, Lorenze NP, Bueno H, Krumholz HM. Sex differences in young patients with acute myocardial infarction: A VIRGO study analysis. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2017;6:610-622. doi: 10.1177/2048872616661847.
232. Smolderen KG, Strait KM, Dreyer RP, D'Onofrio G, Zhou S, Lichtman JH, Geda M, Bueno H, Beltrame J, Safdar B, Krumholz HM, Spertus JA. Depressive symptoms in younger women and men with acute myocardial infarction: Insights from the VIRGO study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4:e001424. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.114.001424.
233. Lee S, Colditz GA, Berkman LF, Kawachi I. Caregiving and risk of coronary heart disease in U.S. women: A prospective study. Am J Prev Med. 2003;24:113-119.
234. Mallik S, Spertus JA, Reid KJ, Krumholz HM, Rumsfeld JS, Weintraub WS, Agarwal P, Santra M, Bidyasar S, Lichtman JH, Wenger NK, Vaccarino V; PREMIER Registry Investigators. Depressive symptoms after acute myocardial infarction: Evidence for highest rates in younger women. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:876-883. doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.8.876.
235. Lichtman JH, Bigger JT Jr, Blumenthal JA, Frasure-Smith N, Kaufmann PG, Lesperance F, Mark DB, Sheps DS, Taylor CB, Froelicher ES. Depression and coronary heart disease: Recommendations for screening, referral, and treatment: A science advisory from the American Heart Association Prevention Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, and Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Circulation. 2008;118:1768-1775. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.190769.
236. Saw J, Sedlak T, Ganesh SK, Isserow S, Mancini GB. Cardiology patient page: Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD). Circulation. 2015;131:e3-e5. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010773.
237. WomenHeart: The National Coalition for Women with Heart Disease website. http://www.womenheart.org. Accessed February 8, 2018.
238. SCAD Alliance website. http://www.SCADAlliance.org. Accessed February 8, 2018.
239. Beat SCAD UK website. http://www.beatscad.org.uk. Accessed February 8, 2018.
240. SCAD Research Inc. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection. http://www. SCADResearch.org. Accessed February 8, 2018.
241. Tweet MS, Codsi E, Best PJM, Gulati R, Rose CH, Hayes SN. Menstrual chest pain in women with history of spontaneous coronary artery dissection. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70:2308-2309. doi: 10.1016/j. jacc.2017.08.071.
242. Tweet MS, Hayes SN, Gulati R, Rose CH, Best PJ. Pregnancy after spontaneous coronary artery dissection: A case series. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:598-600. doi: 10.7326/L14-0446.
243. Liu S, Liston RM, Joseph KS, Heaman M, Sauve R, Kramer MS; Maternal Health Study Group of the Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System. Maternal mortality and severe morbidity associated with low-risk planned cesarean delivery versus planned vaginal delivery at term. CMAJ. 2007;176:455-460. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.060870.
244. Canobbio MM, Warnes CA, Aboulhosn J, Connolly HM, Khanna A, Koos BJ, Mital S, Rose C, Silversides C, Stout K; on behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology; and Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Management of pregnancy in patients with complex congenital heart disease: A scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;135:e50-e87. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000458.
245. The 2017 hormone therapy position statement of the North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2017;24:728-753.
246. Canonico M, Oger E, Plu-Bureau G, Conard J, Meyer G, Levesque H, Trillot N, Barrellier MT, Wahl D, Emmerich J, Scarabin PY; for the Estrogen and Thromboembolism Risk (ESTHER) Study Group. Hormone therapy and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women: Impact of the route of estrogen administration and progestogens: The ESTHER study. Circulation. 2007;115:840-845. doi: 10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.106.642280.
247. Munro MG, Critchley HO, Broder MS, Fraser IS; FIGO Working Group on Menstrual Disorders. FIGO classification system (PALM-COEIN) for causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in nongravid women of reproductive age. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2011;113:3-13. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.11.011.
248. Coxib and Traditional NSAID Trialists' (CNT) Collaboration, Bhala N, Emberson J, Merhi A, Abramson S, Arber N, Baron JA, Bombardier C, Cannon C, Farkouh ME, FitzGerald GA, Goss P, Halls H, Hawk E, Hawkey C, Hennekens C, Hochberg M, Holland LE, Kearney PM, Laine L, Lanas A, Lance P, Laupacis A, Oates J, Patrono C, Schnitzer TJ, Solomon S, Tugwell P, Wilson K, Wittes J, Baigent C. Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2013;382:769-779.
249. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA strengthens warning that non-aspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause heart attacks or strokes. July 9, 2015; last updated January 16, 2016. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/ ucm451800.htm. Accessed October 12, 2017.
250. Garg J, Pinnamaneni S, Aronow WS, Ahmad H. ST elevation myocardial infarction after tranexamic acid: First reported case in the United States. Am J Ther. 2014;21:e221-e224. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0b013e31828fdb06.
251. Lukes AS, Reardon B, Arepally G. Use of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in women with hemostatic disorders. Fertil Steril. 2008;90:673-677. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.07.1315.
252. Matteson KA, Rahn DD, Wheeler TL 2nd, Casiano E, Siddiqui NY, Harvie HS, Mamik MM, Balk EM, Sung VW; Society of Gynecologic Surgeons Systematic Review Group. Nonsurgical management of heavy menstrual bleeding: A systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121:632-643. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182839e0e.
253. Nelson A, Apter D, Hauck B, Schmelter T, Rybowski S, Rosen K, Gemzell-Danielsson K. Two low-dose levonorgestrel intrauterine contraceptive systems: A randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122:1205-1213. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000019.
254. Kaunitz AM, Meredith S, Inki P, Kubba A, Sanchez-Ramos L. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and endometrial ablation in heavy menstrual bleeding: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;113:1104-1116. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181a1d3ce.
255. Kaunitz AM, Inki P. The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in heavy menstrual bleeding: A benefit-risk review. Drugs. 2012;72:193-215. doi: 10.2165/11598960-000000000-00000.
256. Marjoribanks J, Lethaby A, Farquhar C. Surgery versus medical therapy for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016:CD003855.
257. Olin JW, Froehlich J, Gu X, Bacharach JM, Eagle K, Gray BH, Jaff MR, Kim ES, Mace P, Matsumoto AH, McBane RD, Kline-Rogers E, White CJ, Gornik HL. The United States Registry for Fibromuscular Dysplasia: Results in the first 447 patients. Circulation. 2012;125:3182-3190. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.091223.
258. Cloft HJ, Kallmes DF, Kallmes MH, Goldstein JH, Jensen ME, Dion JE. Prevalence of cerebral aneurysms in patients with fibromuscular dysplasia: A reassessment. J Neurosurg. 1998;88:436-440. doi: 10.3171/ jns.1998.88.3.0436.
259. Broderick JP, Brott TG, Duldner JE, Tomsick T, Leach A. Initial and recurrent bleeding are the major causes of death following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1994;25:1342-1347.
260. Chapman AB, Rubinstein D, Hughes R, Stears JC, Earnest MP, Johnson AM, Gabow PA, Kaehny WD. Intracranial aneurysms in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:916-920. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199209243271303.
261. Germain DP. Clinical and genetic features of vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Ann Vasc Surg. 2002;16:391-397. doi: 10.1007/s10016-001-0229-y.
262. Badani KK, Hemal AK, Menon M. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and pain: A review of the disease from aetiology, evaluation, past surgical treatment options to current practice. J Postgrad Med. 2004;50:222-226.
263. Brown RD. Unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Semin Neurol. 2010;30:537-544. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1268858.
264. Vlak MH, Algra A, Brandenburg R, Rinkel GJ. Prevalence of unruptured intracranial aneurysms, with emphasis on sex, age, comorbidity, country, and time period: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10:626-636. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70109-0.
265. Magnetic Resonance Angiography in Relatives of Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Study Group. Risks and benefits of screening for intracranial aneurysms in first-degree relatives of patients with sporadic subarachnoid hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 1999;341: 1344-1350.
266. Wiebers DO, Whisnant JP, Huston J 3rd, Meissner I, Brown RD Jr, Piepgras DG, Forbes GS, Thielen K, Nichols D, O'Fallon WM, Peacock J, Jaeger L, Kassell NF, Kongable-Beckman GL, Torner JC; International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Investigators. Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: natural history, clinical outcome, and risks of surgical and endovascular treatment. Lancet. 2003;362: 103-110.
267. Morita A, Kirino T, Hashi K, Aoki N, Fukuhara S, Hashimoto N, Nakayama T, Sakai M, Teramoto A, Tominari S, Yoshimoto T. The natural course of unruptured cerebral aneurysms in a Japanese cohort. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2474-2482.
268. Thompson BG, Brown RD Jr, Amin-Hanjani S, Broderick JP, Cockroft KM, Connolly ES Jr, Duckwiler GR, Harris CC, Howard VJ, Johnston SC, Meyers PM, Molyneux A, Ogilvy CS, Ringer AJ, Torner J; on behalf of the American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; American Heart Association; American Stroke Association. Guidelines for the management of patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms: A guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2015;46:2368-2400. doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000070.
269. Bolen MA, Brinza E, Renapurkar RD, Kim ESH, Gornik HL. Screening CT angiography of the aorta, visceral branch vessels, and pelvic arteries in fibromuscular dysplasia. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10:554-561. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.04.010.
270. Persu A, Touze E, Mousseaux E, Barral X, Joffre F, Plouin PF. Diagnosis and management of fibromuscular dysplasia: An expert consensus. Eur J Clin Invest. 2012;42:338-347. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011. 02577.x.
271. Wang H, Li W, He H, Luo L, Chen C, Guo Y. 320-detector row CT angiography for detection and evaluation of intracranial aneurysms: Comparison with conventional digital subtraction angiography. Clin Radiol. 2013;68:e15-e20. doi: 10.1016/j.crad.2012.09.001.
272. Varennes L, Tahon F, Kastler A, Grand S, Thony F, Baguet JP, Detante O, Touze E, Krainik A. Fibromuscular dysplasia: what the radiologist should know: A pictorial review. Insights Imaging. 2015;6:295-307. doi: 10.1007/s13244-015-0382-4.
273. Li MH, Cheng YS, Li YD, Fang C, Chen SW, Wang W, Hu DJ, Xu HW. Large-cohort comparison between three-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance and rotational digital subtraction angiographies in intracranial aneurysm detection. Stroke. 2009;40:3127-3129. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.553800.
274. National Research Council. Health Risks From Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR VII Phase 2. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2006.
275. Fazel R, Gerber TC, Balter S, Brenner DJ, Carr JJ, Cerqueira MD, Chen J, Einstein AJ, Krumholz HM, Mahesh M, McCollough CH, Min JK, Morin RL, Nallamothu BK, Nasir K, Redberg RF, Shaw LJ; on behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research, Council on Clinical Cardiology, and Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention. Approaches to enhancing radiation safety in cardiovascular imaging: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association [published correction appears in Circulation. 2014;130:e172]. Circulation. 2014;130:1730-1748. doi: 10.1161/ CIR.0000000000000048.
276. Hill KD, Einstein AJ. New approaches to reduce radiation exposure. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2016;26:55-65. doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2015.04.005.
277. Ashley EA, Hershberger RE, Caleshu C, Ellinor PT, Garcia JG, Herrington DM, Ho CY, Johnson JA, Kittner SJ, Macrae CA, Mudd-Martin G, Rader DJ, Roden DM, Scholes D, Sellke FW, Towbin JA, Van Eyk J, Worrall BB; on behalf of the American Heart Association Advocacy Coordinating Committee. Genetics and cardiovascular disease: A policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012;126:142-157. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31825b07f8.
278. Gutmann DH, Aylsworth A, Carey JC, Korf B, Marks J, Pyeritz RE, Rubenstein A, Viskochil D. The diagnostic evaluation and multidisciplinary management of neurofibromatosis 1 and neurofibromatosis 2. JAMA. 1997;278:51-57.
279. Loeys BL, Dietz HC, Braverman AC, Callewaert BL, De Backer J, Devereux RB, Hilhorst-Hofstee Y, Jondeau G, Faivre L, Milewicz DM, Pyeritz RE, Sponseller PD, Wordsworth P, De Paepe AM. The revised Ghent nosology for the Marfan syndrome. J Med Genet. 2010;47:476-485. doi: 10.1136/ jmg.2009.072785.
280. Sultan A, Kreutz RP. Variations in clinical presentation, risk factors, treatment, and prognosis of spontaneous coronary artery dissection. J Invasive Cardiol. 2015;27:363-369.
281. Main T, Prakash R, Starovoytov A, Sabbaghan A, Aymong E, Mancini G, Saw J. Characteristics of extension and de novo recurrent spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Eurointervention. 2017;13:e1454-e1459. doi: 10.4244/EIJ-D-17-00264.