Acute Myocardial Infarction Associated With Pregnancy

Journal of the American College of Cardiology

Volumn 52, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 171-180

  Roth, Arie ^a   Elkayam, Uri ^b  

^a TEL AVIV SOURASKY MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

myocardial infarction; pregnancy; women

Indexed keywords

ABCIXIMAB; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ATENOLOL; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CLOPIDOGREL; DILTIAZEM; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; EPLERENONE; EPTIFIBATIDE; FLUINDOSTATIN; GLYCERYL TRINITRATE; HEPARIN; ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; METHOXY ISOBUTYL ISONITRILE TECHNETIUM TC 99M; METOPROLOL; MEVINOLIN; MORPHINE SULFATE; NIFEDIPINE; SIMVASTATIN; STREPTOKINASE; THALLIUM 201; TICLOPIDINE; TIROFIBAN; TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR; VERAPAMIL;

ABSENCE OF SIDE EFFECTS; ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; ANATOMY; ANURIA; APNEA; BONE MALFORMATION; BRADYCARDIA; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTRACTURE; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG SAFETY; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; EXERCISE TEST; FETOTOXICITY; FIBRINOLYTIC THERAPY; HEART CATHETERIZATION; HEART MUSCLE REVASCULARIZATION; HOLTER MONITORING; HUMAN; HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPOGLYCEMIA; HYPOTENSION; INCIDENCE; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; LABOR; LOW DRUG DOSE; LUNG HYPOPLASIA; MEDICAL INFORMATION; MORTALITY; NEWBORN DEATH; NONHUMAN; OLIGOHYDRAMNIOS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PREECLAMPSIA; PREGNANCY; PREMATURITY; PRENATAL MORTALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUERPERIUM; RESPIRATION DEPRESSION; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; REVIEW; SCINTISCANNING; SIDE EFFECT; TERATOGENICITY; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TIME SERIES ANALYSIS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANGIOPLASTY, TRANSLUMINAL, PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY; CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MATERNAL WELFARE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; OBSTETRIC LABOR COMPLICATIONS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, CARDIOVASCULAR; RISK FACTORS; THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 46449087555     PISSN: 07351097     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.03.049     Document Type: Review

References (158)

1. Roth A., and Elkayam U. Acute myocardial infarction associated with pregnancy-an update. Ann Intern Med 125 (1996) 751-762
2. Ladner H.E., Danielson B., and Gilbert W.M. Acute myocardial infarction in pregnancy and the puerperium: a population-based study. Obstet Gynecol 105 (2005) 480-484
3. James A.H., Jamison M.G., Biswas M.S., et al. Acute myocardial infarction in pregnancy: a United States population-based study. Circulation 113 (2006) 1564-1571
4. The Task Force on the Management of Cardiovascular Disease During Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology. Expert consensus document on management of cardiovascular disease during pregnancy. Eur Heart J 24 (2003) 761-781
5. Badui E., and Enciso R. Acute myocardial infarction during pregnancy and puerperium: a review. Angiology 47 (1996) 739-756
6. Paulson R.J., Boostanfar R., Saadat P., et al. Pregnancy in the sixth decade of life: obstetric outcomes in women of advanced reproductive age. JAMA 288 (2002) 2320-2323
7. Eickman F.M. Acute coronary artery angioplasty during pregnancy. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 38 (1996) 369-372
8. Santos G.S., and Sadaniantz A. Postpartum acute myocardial infarction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 177 (1997) 1553-1555
9. Togni M., Amann F.W., and Follath F. Spontaneous multivessel coronary artery dissection in a pregnant woman treated successfully with stent implantation. Am J Med 107 (1999) 407-408
10. Kulka P.J., Scheu C., Tryba M., et al. Coronary artery plaque disruption as cause of acute myocardial infarction during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. J Clin Anesth 12 (2000) 335-338
11. Sebastian C., Scherlag M., Kugelmass A., et al. Primary stent implantation for acute myocardial infarction during pregnancy: use of abciximab, ticlopidine, and aspirin. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 45 (1998) 275-279
12. Ascarelli M.H., Grider A.R., and Hsu H.W. Acute myocardial infarction during pregnancy managed with immediate percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Obstet Gynecol 88 (1996) 655-657
13. Hoppe U.C., Beuckelmann D.J., Bohm M., et al. A young mother with severe chest pain. Heart 79 (1998) 205
14. Klutstein M.W., Tzivoni D., Bitran D., et al. Treatment of spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Cathet Cardiovasc Diag 40 (1997) 372-376
15. Webber M.D., Halligan R.E., and Schumacher J.A. Acute infarction, intracoronary thrombolysis, and primary PTCA in pregnancy. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 42 (1997) 38-43
16. Rensing B.J., Kofflard M., van den Brand M.J., et al. Spontaneous dissections of all three coronary arteries in a 33-week-pregnant woman. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 48 (1999) 207-210
17. McKechnie R.S., Patel D., Eitzman D.T., et al. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in a pregnant woman. Obstet Gynecol 98 (2001) 899-902
18. Tsui B.C., Stewart B., Fitzmaurice A., et al. Cardiac arrest and myocardial infarction induced by postpartum intravenous ergonovine administration. Anesthesiology 94 (2001) 363-364
19. Oei S.G., Oei S.K., and Brolmann H.A. Myocardial infarction during nifedipine therapy for preterm labor. N Engl J Med 340 (1999) 154
20. Craig S., and Ilton M. Treatment of acute myocardial infarction in pregnancy with coronary artery balloon angioplasty and stenting. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 39 (1999) 194-196
21. Schumacher B., Belfort M.A., and Card R.J. Successful treatment of acute myocardial infarction during pregnancy with tissue plasminogen activator. Am J Obstet Gynecol 176 (1997) 716-719
22. Ulm M.R., Obwegeser R., Ploeckinger B., et al. A case of myocardial infarction complicating pregnancy-a role for prostacyclin synthesis stimulating plasma factor and lipoprotein (a)?. Thromb Res 83 (1996) 237-242
23. Zangrillo A., Valentini G., Casati A., et al. Myocardial infarction and death after caesarean section in a woman with protein S deficiency and undiagnosed phaeochromocytoma. Eur J Anaesthesiol 16 (1999) 268-270
24. Sutaria N., O'Toole L., and Northridge D. Postpartum acute MI following routine ergometrine administration treated successfully by primary PTCA. Heart 83 (2000) 97-98
25. Lerakis S., Manoukian S., and Martin R.P. Transesophageal echo detection of postpartum coronary artery dissection. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 14 (2001) 1132-1133
26. Ko W.J., Ho H.N., and Chu S.H. Postpartum myocardial infarction rescued with an intraaortic balloon pump and extracorporeal membrane oxygenator. Int J Cardiol 63 (1998) 81-84
27. Koul A.K., Hollander G., Moskovits N., et al. Coronary artery dissection during pregnancy and the postpartum period: two case reports and review of literature. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 52 (2001) 88-94
28. Hamada S., Hinokio K., Naka O., et al. Myocardial infarction as a complication of pheochromocytoma in a pregnant woman. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 70 (1996) 197-200
29. Mousa H.A., McKinley C.A., and Thong J. Acute postpartum myocardial infarction after ergometrine administration in a woman with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 107 (2000) 939-940
30. Garvey P., Elovitz M., and Landsberger E.J. Aortic dissection and myocardial infarction in a pregnant patient with Turner syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 91 (1998) 864
31. Garry D., Leikin E., Fleisher A.G., et al. Acute myocardial infarction in pregnancy with subsequent medical and surgical management. Obstet Gynecol 87 (1996) 802-804
32. Agostoni P., Gasparini G., and Destro G. Acute myocardial infarction probably caused by paradoxical embolus in a pregnant woman. Heart 90 (2004) e12
33. Fujito T., Inoue T., Mizoguchi K., et al. Acute myocardial infarction during pregnancy. Cardiology 87 (1996) 361-364
34. Bucciarelli E., Fratini D., Gilardi G., et al. Spontaneous dissecting aneurysm of coronary artery in a pregnant woman at term. Pathol Res Pract 194 (1998) 137-139
35. Jaigobin C., and Silver F.L. Stroke secondary to post-partum coronary artery dissection. Can J Neurol Sci 30 (2003) 168-170
36. Bhaktaram V.J., Asirvathm S., Sebastain C., et al. Successful management of myocardial infarction during pregnancy in a renal transplant recipient. Clin Cardiol 21 (1998) 447-450
37. Sharma G.L., Loubeyre C., and Morice C. Safety and feasibility of the radial approach for primary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction during pregnancy. J Invasive Cardiol 14 (2002) 359-362
38. Bac D.J., Lotgering F.K., Verkaalk A.P.K., et al. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection during pregnancy and post-partum. Eur Heart J 16 (1995) 136-138
39. Mansur L.I., Minns G.O., and Steckley R.A. Postpartum myocardial infarction. Association with primary coronary artery dissection. Cleve Clin J Med 62 (1995) 261-268
40. Glazier J.J., Eldin A.M., Hirst J.A., et al. Primary angioplasty using a urokinase-coated hydrogel balloon in acute myocardial infarction during pregnancy. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 36 (1995) 216-219
41. Collins J.S., Bossone E., Eagle K.A., et al. Asymptomatic coronary artery disease in a pregnant patient: a case report and review of literature. Herz 27 (2002) 548-554
42. Makkonen M., Hietakorpi S., Orden M.R., et al. Myocardial infarction during pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 58 (1995) 81-83
43. Elming H., and Kober L. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Scand Cardiovasc J 33 (1999) 175-179
44. Thistlethwaite P.A., Tarazi R.Y., Giordano F.J., and Jamieson S.W. Surgical management of spontaneous left main coronary artery dissection. Ann Thorac Surg 66 (1998) 258-260
45. Lee F.H., Yeung A.C., Fowler M.B., et al. Spontaneous postpartum coronary dissection. Circulation 99 (1999) 721
46. Esinler I., Yigit N., Ayhan A., et al. Coronary artery dissection during pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 82 (2003) 194-196
47. Rosenkranz S., Deutsch H.J., and Erdmann E. 33-year-old patient with postpartum myocardial infarct. Internist (Berl) 38 (1997) 602-605
48. Ribbing M., Reinecke H., Breithardt G., et al. Acute anterior wall infarct in a 31-year-old patient after administration of methylergometrin for peripartal vaginal hemorrhage. Herz 26 (2001) 489-493
49. Athanassiou A.M., and Turrentine M.A. Myocardial infarction and coronary artery dissection during pregnancy associated with type IV Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Am J Perinatol 13 (1996) 181-183
50. Manari A., Giacometti P., Vergoni W., et al. Acute myocardial infarction in pregnancy in a patient with pseudoaneurysm of the left main coronary artery. G Ital Cardiol 26 (1996) 1437-1443
51. Yaegashi N., Miura M., and Okamura K. Acute myocardial infarction associated with postpartum ergot alkaloid administration. Int J Gynecol Obstet 64 (1999) 67-68
52. Loewe C., and Dragovic L.J. Acute coronary artery thrombosis in a postpartum woman receiving bromocriptine. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 19 (1998) 258-260
53. Vermes E., Leroy G., Halphen C., et al. Myocardial infarction in a pregnant woman during salbutamol therapy. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 90 (1997) 1651-1654
54. Sullebarger J.T., Fontanet H.L., Matar F.A., et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention for myocardial infarction during pregnancy: a new trend?. J Invasive Cardiol 15 (2003) 725-728
55. Mahon N.G., Maree A., McKenna P., et al. Emergency coronary angioplasty and stenting following acute myocardial infarction during pregnancy. J Invasive Cardiol 11 (1999) 233-236
56. Smyth D.W., and Hulme C. Successful coronary angioplasty in a pregnant woman at term: a case report. J Invasive Cardiol 7 (1995) 80-84
57. Rimawi A., and Hughes B.R. Coronary artery disease during pregnancy. J Ark Med Soc 100 (2003) 128-131
58. Garadah T., Al-Ahmadi N., and Al-Nwasser A. The association of acute myocardial infarction and pregnancy loss in young female with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Saudi Med J 24 (2003) 421-422
59. Lavoie J.P., Leduc L., and Mercier L.A. Embolic myocardial infarction in a pregnant woman with a mechanical heart valve on low molecular weight heparin. Can J Cardiol 20 (2004) 917-919
60. Manfredini R., Cali G., and Foresti A. Acute anterior myocardial infarction in a patient with left atrial myxoma during pregnancy. G Ital Cardiol 25 (1995) 1419-1424
61. Hopp L., Weisse A.B., and Iffy L. Acute myocardial infarction in a healthy mother using bromocriptine for milk suppression. Can J Cardiol 12 (1996) 415-418
62. Dutt S., Wong F., and Spurway J.H. Fatal myocardial infarction associated with bromocriptine for postpartum lactation suppression. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 38 (1998) 116-117
63. Silberman S., Fink D., Berko R.S., et al. Coronary artery bypass surgery during pregnancy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 10 (1996) 925-926
64. Fehri W., Haouala H., Lahidheb D., et al. Postpartum myocardial infarct (apropos of a case). Tunis Med 77 (1999) 525-529
65. Rezig K., Diar N., and Walcker J.L. Myocardial infarction, pregnancy, and anesthesia. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 19 (2000) 544-548
66. Cosson S., Guyon P., Halphen C., et al. Myocardial infarction due to spontaneous coronary dissection during the postpartum period. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 91 (1998) 883-886
67. Aalders K., Huisman A., and Bosker H.A. Myocardial infarct in the puerperium. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 142 (1998) 1103-1105
68. Feenstra J., Borst F., Huige M.C., et al. Acute myocardial infarct following sulprostone administration. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 142 (1998) 192-195
69. Gustafsson S., Langeen M., and Holmgren P.A. A case report. Pregnancy with acute myocardial infarction. Lakartidningen 94 (1997) 51-52
70. Sliwinski W., Milczek T., and Klasa-Mazurkiewicz D. Acute myocardial infarction during the second trimester of pregnancy. Ginekol Pol 74 (2003) 312-316
71. Wozakowska-Kaplon B., Janion M., Polewczyk A., et al. Acute myocardial infarction during pregnancy complicated with pulmonary oedema. Pol Arch Med Wewn 108 (2002) 777-783
72. Politi A., Mameli S., Acquati F., et al. Acute myocardial infarction during labor: report of a case and review of the literature. Ital Heart J Suppl 2 (2001) 795-798
73. Chaithiraphan V., Gowda R.M., Khan I.A., et al. Peripartum acute myocardial infarction: management perspective. Am J Ther 10 (2003) 75-77
74. González Amieva A., Navarro Lostal C., Gutierrez Solís M.A., Sánchez Tejero E., and García Sánchez J.E. Acute myocardial infarction in a pregnant woman due to a coronary artery dissection. An Med Interna 19 (2002) 544-545
75. Hayashi Y., Ibe T., Kawato H., et al. Postpartum acute myocardial infarction induced by ergonovine administration. Intern Med 42 (2003) 983-986
76. Maekawa K., Ohnishi H., Hirase T., et al. Acute myocardial infarction during pregnancy caused by coronary artery spasm. J Intern Med 235 (1994) 489-492
77. Stefanovic V., Ulander V.M., Graner M., et al. Myocardial infarction in early pregnancy. J Perinat Med 32 (2004) 541-542
78. Shah P., Dzavik V., Cusimano R.J., et al. Spontaneous dissection of the left main coronary artery. Can J Cardiol 20 (2004) 815-818
79. Lange S.S., and Jenner M. Myocardial infarction in the obstetric patient. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 16 (2004) 211-219
80. Hinojal Y.C., Di Stefano S., Florez S., et al. Spontaneous coronary dissection during postpartum: etiology and controversies in management. Ital Heart J 5 (2004) 563-565
81. Bayon J., Fidalgo M.L., Calabozo R., et al. Myocardial infarct during pregnancy. Treatment of the acute phase and of labor. Apropos a case and a review of the literature. Rev Esp Cardiol 47 (1994) 187-190
82. Eom M., Lee J.H., Chung J.H., et al. An autopsy case of postpartum acute myocardial infarction associated with postpartum ergot alkaloids administration in old-aged pregnant women. Yonsei Med J 46 (2005) 866-869
83. Dwyer B.K., Taylor L., Fuller A., et al. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and stent placement in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 106 (2005) 1162-1164
84. Fernando D.M., and De Alwis L.B. Occlusion of a coronary ostium by an ingrowing endocardial vegetation: a case report. Med Sci Law 44 (2004) 179-181
85. Koller P.T., Cliffe C.M., and Ridley D.J. Immunosuppressive therapy for peripartum-type spontaneous coronary artery dissection: case report and review. Clin Cardiol 21 (1998) 40-46
86. Maeder M., Ammann P., Drack G., et al. Pregnancy-associated spontaneous coronary artery dissection: impact of medical treatment. Case report and systematic review. Z Kardiol 94 (2005) 829-835
87. Salam A.M. Acute myocardial infarction in the first trimester of pregnancy. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 13 (2005) 175-177
88. Kamran M., Suresh V., and Ahluwalia A. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) combined with stenting for acute myocardial infarction in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol 24 (2004) 701-702
89. Ichiba T., Nishie H., Fujinka W., et al. Acute myocardial infarction due to coronary artery spasm after caesarean section. Masui 54 (2005) 54-56
90. Coulson C.C., Kuller J.A., and Bowes Jr. W.A. Myocardial infarction and coronary artery dissection in pregnancy. Am J Perinatol 12 (1995) 328-330
91. Pop C., Metz D., Matei M., Wagner E., Tassan S., and Elaerts J. Postpartum myocardial infarction induced by Parlodel. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 91 (1998) 1171-1174
92. Mather P.J., Hansen C.L., Goldman B., et al. Postpartum multi-vessel coronary dissection. J Heart Lung Transplant 13 (1994) 533-537
93. Gdyra D., Sadkowska K., Kuch M., et al. Myocardial infarction in the peripartum period in a 42-year-old multipara with normal coronary arteries. Kardiol Pol 63 (2005) 553-557
94. Manalo-Estrella P., and Barker A.E. Histopathologic findings in human aortic media associated with pregnancy. Arch Pathol 83 (1967) 336-341
95. Bonnet J., Aumailley M., Thomas D., et al. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: case report and evidence for a defect in collagen metabolism. Eur Heart J 7 (1986) 904-909
96. Borczuk A.C., van Hoeven K.H., and Factor S.M. Review and hypothesis: the eosinophils and peripartum heart disease (myocarditis and coronary artery dissection)-coincidence or pathogenetic significance?. Cardiovasc Res 33 (1997) 527-532
97. Gant N.F., Daley G.L., Chand S., et al. A study of angiotensin II pressor response throughout primigravid pregnancy. J Clin Invest 52 (1973) 2682-2689
98. Nisell H., Hjemdahl P., and Linde B. Cardiovascular responses to circulating catecholamines in normal pregnancy and in pregnancy-induced hypertension. Clin Physiol 5 (1985) 479-493
99. Roberts J.M., Taylor R.N., Musci T.J., et al. Preeclampsia: an endothelial cell disorder. Am J Obstet Gynecol 161 (1989) 1200-1204
100. Sasse L., Wagner R., and Murray F.E. Transmural myocardial infarction during pregnancy. Am J Cardiol 35 (1975) 448-452
101. Lin Y.H., Seow K.M., Hwang J.L., et al. Myocardial infarction and mortality caused by methylergonovine. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 84 (2005) 1022
102. Koh C.L., Viegas O.A., Yuen R., Chua S.E., Ng B.L., and Ratnam S.S. Plasminogen activators and inhibitors in normal late pregnancy, postpartum and in the postnatal period. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 38 (1992) 9-18
103. Fletcher A.P., Alkjaersig N.K., and Burstein R. The influence of pregnancy upon blood coagulation and plasma fibrinolytic enzyme function. Am J Obstet Gynecol 134 (1979) 743-751
104. Gore M., Eldon S., Trofatter K.F., et al. Pregnancy-induced changes in the fibrinolytic balance: evidence for defective release of tissue plasminogen activator and increased levels of the fast-acting tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 156 (1987) 674-680
105. MacKinnon S., Walker I.D., Davidson J.F., et al. Plasma fibrinolysis during and after normal childbirth. Br J Haematol 65 (1987) 339-342
106. McGehee W. Anticoagulation in pregnancy. In: Elkayam U., and Gleicher N. (Eds). Cardiac Problems in Pregnancy: Diagnosis and Management of Maternal and Fetal Heart Disease. 2nd edition (1990), Alan R Liss, Inc., New York, NY 397
107. Yoshimura T., Ito M., Nakamura T., et al. The influence of labor on thrombotic and fibrinolytic system. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 44 (1992) 195-199
108. Comp P.C., Thurnau G.R., Welsh J., et al. Functional and immunologic protein S levels are decreased during pregnancy. Blood 68 (1986) 881-885
109. Taylor G.W., Moliterno D.J., and Hillis L.D. Peripartum myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 126 (1993) 1462-1463
110. Davis R.B., Leuschen M.P., Boyd D., et al. Evalution of platelet function in pregnancy. Comparative studies in non-smokers and smokers. Thromb Res 46 (1987) 175-186
111. Elkayam U., and Gleicher N. Hemodynamics and cardiac function during normal pregnancy and the puerperium. In: Elkayam U., and Gleicher N. (Eds). Cardiac Problems in Pregnancy. 3rd ed. (1998), Wiley-Liss, New York, NY 3-20
112. Elkayam U., and Gleicher N. Cardiac evaluation during pregnancy. In: Elkayam U., and Gleicher N. (Eds). Cardiac Problems in Pregnancy. 3rd edition (1998), Wiley-Liss, New York, NY 23-32
113. Mathew J.P., Fleisher L.A., Rinehouse J.A., et al. ST segment depression during labor and delivery. Anesthesiology 78 (1993) 997-998
114. Moran C., Ni Bhuinnedin M., Geary M., et al. Myocardial ischemia in normal patients undergoing elective cesarean section: a peripartum assessment. Anaesthesia 56 (2001) 1051-1058
115. Shivvers S.A., Wians F.H., Keffer J.H., and Ramin S.M. Maternal cardiac troponin I levels during normal labor and delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 180 (1999) 122-127
116. Fleming S.M., O'Gorman T., Finn J., et al. Cardiac troponin I in pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 107 (2000) 1417-1420
117. Atalay C., Erden G., Turhan T., et al. The effect of magnesium sulfate treatment on serum cardiac troponin I levels in preeclamptic women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 84 (2005) 617-621
118. Manders M.A., Sonder G.J., Mulder E.F., et al. The effect of maternal exercise on fetal heart rate and movement pattern. Early Hum Dev 48 (1997) 237-247
119. Avery N.D., Stocking K.D., Tranmer J.E., et al. Fetal responses to maternal strength conditioning exercises in late gestation. Can J Appl Physiol 24 (1999) 362-376
120. Schinkel A.F.L., Bax J.J., Geleijnse M.L., et al. Noninvasive evaluation of ischemic heart disease: myocardial perfusion imaging or stress echocardiography?. Eur Heart J 24 (2003) 789-800
121. Colletti P.M., and Lee K. Cardiovascular imaging in the pregnant patient. In: Elkayam U., and Gleicher N. (Eds). Cardiac Problems in Pregnancy. 3rd edition (1998), Wiley-Liss, New York, NY 33-36
122. Antman E.M., Anbe D.T., Armstrong P.W., et al. ACC/AHA Guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: executive summary. J Am Coll Cardiol 44 (2004) 671-719
123. Anderson J.L., Adams C.D., Antman E.M., et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction-executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol 50 (2007) 652-726
124. Murugappan A., Coplin W.M., Al-Sadat A.N., et al. Thrombolytic therapy of acute ischemic stroke during pregnancy. Neurology 66 (2006) 768-770
125. Leonhardt G., Gaul C., Nietsch H.H., Buerke M., and Schleussner E. Thromobolytic therapy in pregnancy. J Thromb Thrombolysis 21 (2006) 271-276
126. 131I streptokinase during labor. Ann Med 19 (1970) 17-18
127. Lecander I., Nilsson M., and Astedt B. Depression of plasminogen activator activity during pregnancy by the placental inhibitor PAI 2. Fibrinolysis 2 (1988) 165-167
128. Shepard T.H. Catalog of Teratogenic Agents. 6th edition (1989), Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD 655
129. Usta I.M., Abdallah M., and El-Hajj M. Massive subchorionic hematomas following thrombolytic therapy in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 103 (2004) 1079-1082
130. Briggs G.G., Freeman R.K., and Yaffe S.J. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation. 7th edition (2005), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA
131. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics 93 (1994) 137-150
132. Cetin A., Yurtcu N., Guvenal T., et al. The effect of glyceryl trinitrate on hypertension in women with severe preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome and eclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 23 (2004) 37-46
133. Chandraharan E., and Arulkumaran S. Acute tocolysis. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 17 (2005) 151-156
134. Bullarbo M., Tjumum J., and Ekerhovd E. Sublingual nitroglycerin for management of retained placenta. Int J Gynecol Obstet 91 (2005) 228-232
135. Kahler C., Schleussmer E., Moller A., et al. Nitric oxide donors: effects on fetoplacental blood flow. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 115 (2004) 10-14
136. Qasgas S.A., Mc Pherson C., Frishman W.H., et al. Cardiovasuclar pharmacotherapeutic considerations during pregnancy and lactation. Cardiol Rev 12 (2004) 240-261
137. Hurst A.K., Hoffman R., Frishman W.H., et al. The use of beta-adregrergic blocking agents in pregnancy and lactation. In: Elkayam U., and Gleicher N. (Eds). Cardiac Problems in Pregnancy. 3rd edition (1998), Wiley-Liss, New York, NY 357-372
138. Magee L.A., Elran E., Bull S.B., et al. Risks and benefits of beta-receptor blockers for pregnant hypertension: overview of the randomized trials. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 88 (2000) 15-26
139. Page R.L., Hamdan M.H., and Joglar J.A. Arrhythmias occurring during pregnancy. Card Electrophysiol Rev 6 (2002) 136-139
140. Childress C.H., and Katz V.L. Nifedipine and its indications in obstetrics and gynecology. Obstet Gynecol 83 (1994) 616-624
141. Waisman G.D., Mayorga L.M., Cámera M.I., Vignolo C.A., and Martinotti A. Magnesium plus nifedipine: potentiation of hypotensive effect in preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 159 (1988) 308-309
142. Shotan A., Widerhorn J., Hurst A., et al. Risks of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition during pregnancy: experimental and clinical evidence, potential mechanisms and recommendations for use. Am J Med 96 (1994) 451-456
143. Cooper W.O., Hernandez-Diaz S., Arbogast P.G., et al. Major congenital malformations after first trimester exposure to ACE inhibitors. N Engl J Med 354 (2006) 2443-2451
144. Lambot M.A., Vermeylen D., and Vermeylen J.C. Angiotensin II receptor inhibitors in pregnancy. Lancet 357 (2001) 1619-1620
145. Quan A. Fetopathy associated with exposure to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists. Early Hum Dev 82 (2006) 23-28
146. Inspra. [package insert] (2005), Pfizer, Inc., New York, NY
147. Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. Vol 1. 16th edition (1996), United States Pharmacopial Convention, Rockville, MD
148. Manson J.M., Freyssinges C., Ducrocq M.B., et al. Postmarketing surveillance of lovastatin and simvastatin exposure during pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol 10 (1996) 439-446
149. Bates S.M., Greer I.A., Hirsh J., et al. Use of antithrombotic agents during pregnancy: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 126 (2004) 627s-644s
150. Oran B., Lee-Parritz A., and Ansell J. Low molecular weight heparin for the prophylaxis of thromboembolism in women with prosthetic mechanical heart valves during pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 92 (2004) 747-751
151. Sanson B.J., Lensing A.W., Prins M.H., et al. Safety of low-molecular weight heparin in pregnancy: a systematic review. Thromb Haemost 81 (1999) 668-672
152. Imperiale T.F., and Petrulis A.S. A meta-analysis of low-dose aspirin for the prevention of pregnancy-induced hypertensive disease. JAMA 266 (1991) 260-264
153. CLASP (Collaborative Low-dose Aspirin Study in Pregnancy) Collaborative Group. CLASP: A randomized trial of low-dose aspirin for the prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia among 9364 pregnant women. Lancet 343 (1994) 619-629
154. Martin M., Romero E., and Moris C. Acute myocardial infarction during pregnancy. Treatment with clopidogrel. Med Clin (Barc) 121 (2003) 278-279
155. Klinzing P., Markert U.R., Liesaus K., et al. Case report: successful pregnancy and delivery after myocardial infarction and essential thrombocythemia treated with clopidogrel. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 28 (2001) 215-216
156. Nallamothu B.K., Saint M., Saint S., and Mukherjee D. Double jeopardy. N Engl J Med 353 (2005) 75-80
157. Miller R.K., Mace K., Polliotti B., et al. Marginal transfer of ReoPro (abciximab) compared with immunoglobulin G (F105), inulin and water in the perfused human placenta in vitro. Placenta 24 (2003) 727-738
158. Ecker J., and Frigoletto F. Cesarean delivery and the risk-benefit calculus. N Engl J Med 356 (2007) 885-888