Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2018, Issue 3, 2018, Pages

  Mücke, Martin ^a   Phillips, Tudor ^b   Radbruch, Lukas ^a   Petzke, Frank ^c   Häuser, Winfried ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL BONN   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

^d TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANNABIDIOL; CANNABINOID; CANNABIS; DIHYDROCODEINE; DRONABINOL; NABILONE; PLACEBO; TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL; ANALGESIC AGENT; CODEINE; MEDICAL CANNABIS; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT;

ADULT; ANALGESIA; CHRONIC PAIN; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; ANALOGS AND DERIVATIVES; META ANALYSIS; NEURALGIA; NUMBERS NEEDED TO TREAT;

ADULT; ANALGESICS, NON-NARCOTIC; ANALGESICS, OPIOID; CANNABIDIOL; CHRONIC PAIN; CODEINE; DRONABINOL; HUMANS; MEDICAL MARIJUANA; NEURALGIA; NUMBERS NEEDED TO TREAT; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 85043369165     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012182.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Berman JS, Symonds C, Birch R. Efficacy of two cannabis based medicinal extracts for relief of central neuropathic pain from brachial plexus avulsion: results of a randomised controlled trial. Pain 2004;112:299-306. 7610353
2. Ellis RJ, Toperoff W, Vaida F, Van den Brande G, Gonzales J, Gouaux B, et al. Smoked medicinal cannabis for neuropathic pain in HIV: a randomized, crossover clinical trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009;34(3):672-80. 7610355
3. Frank B, Serpell MG, Hughes J, Matthews JN, Kapur D. Comparison of analgesic effects and patient tolerability of nabilone and dihydrocodeine for chronic neuropathic pain: randomised, crossover, double blind study. BMJ 2008;336:199-201. 7610357
4. Langford RM, Mares J, Novotna A, Vachova M, Novakova I, Notcutt W, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of THC/CBD oromucosal spray in combination with the existing treatment regimen, in the relief of central neuropathic pain in patients with multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology 2013;260:984-97. 7610359
5. Lynch ME, Cesar-Rittenberg P, Hohmann AG. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot trial with extension using an oral mucosal cannabinoid extract for treatment of chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2014;47:166-73. 7610361
6. NCT 00710424. A study of Sativex® for pain relief due to diabetic neuropathy. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=NCT00710424+&Search=Search (first Posted 4 July 2008). 7610363
7. NCT01606176. A Study to Evaluate the Effects of Cannabis Based Medicine in Patients With Pain of Neurological Origin. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=&term=NCT01606176&cntry1=&state1=&recrs= (first posted 25 May 2012). 7610365
8. NCT 01606202. A study of cannabis based medicine extracts and placebo in patients with pain due to spinal cord injury. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term= NCT 01606202&Search=Search (first posted 25 May 2012). 7610367
9. Nurmikko TJ, Serpell MG, Hoggart B, Toomey PJ, Morlion BJ, Haines D. Sativex successfully treats neuropathic pain characterised by allodynia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Pain 2007;133:210-20. 7610369
10. Rog DJ, Nurmikko TJ, Friede T, Young CA. Randomized, controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in central pain in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2005;65:812-9. 7610371
11. Schimrigk S, Marziniak M, Neubauer C, Kugler EM, Werner G, Abramov-Sommariva D. Dronabinol is a safe long-term treatment option for neuropathic pain patients. European Neurology 2017;78:320-9. 7610373
12. Selvarajah D, Gandhi R, Emery CJ, Tesfaye S. Randomized placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial of cannabis-based medicinal product (Sativex) in painful diabetic neuropathy: depression is a major confounding factor. Diabetes Care 2010;33:128-30. 7610375
13. Serpell M, Ratcliffe S, Hovorka J, Schofield M, Taylor L, Lauder H, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group study of THC/CBD spray in peripheral neuropathic pain treatment. European Journal of Pain 2014;18:999-1012. 7610377
14. Svendsen KB, Jensen TS, Bach FW. Does the cannabinoid dronabinol reduce central pain in multiple sclerosis? Randomised double blind placebo controlled crossover trial. BMJ 2004;329:253. 7610379
15. Toth C, Mawani S, Brady S, Chan C, Liu C, Mehina E, et al. An enriched-enrolment, randomized withdrawal, flexible-dose, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel assignment efficacy study of nabilone as adjuvant in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Pain 2012;153:2073-82. 7610381
16. Ware MA, Wang T, Shapiro S, Robinson A, Ducruet T, Huynh T, et al. Smoked cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2010;184:E694-701. 7610383
17. Abrams DI, Jay CA, Shade SB, Vizoso H, Reda H, Press S, et al. Cannabis in painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 2007;68:515-21. 7610385
18. Corey-Bloom J, Wolfson T, Gamst A, Jin S, Marcotte TD, Bentley H, et al. Smoked cannabis for spasticity in multiple sclerosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2012;184:1143-50. 7610387
19. Karst M, Salim K, Burstein S, Conrad I, Hoy L, Schneider U. Analgesic effect of the synthetic cannabinoid CT-3 on chronic neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290:1757-62. 7610389
20. Notcutt W, Price M, Miller R, Newport S, Phillips C, Simmons S, et al. Initial experiences with medicinal extracts of cannabis for chronic pain: results from 34 'N of 1' studies. Anaesthesia 2004;59:440-52. 7610391
21. Novotna A, Mares J, Ratcliffe S, Novakova I, Vachova M, Zapletalova O, et al. Arandomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, enriched-design study of nabiximols* (Sativex(®)), as add-on therapy, in subjects with refractory spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis. European Journal of Neurology 2011;18:1122-31. 7610393
22. Rintala DH, Fiess RN, Tan G, Holmes SA, Bruel BM. Effect of dronabinol on central neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: a pilot study. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2010;89:840-8. 7610395
23. Turcotte D, Doupe M, Torabi M, Gomori A, Ethans K, Esfahani F, et al. Nabilone as an adjunctive to gabapentin for multiple sclerosis-induced neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial. Pain Medicine 2015;16:149-59. 7610397
24. Wade DT, Robson P, House H, Makela P, Aram J. A preliminary controlled study to determine whether whole-plant cannabis extracts can improve intractable neurogenic symptoms. Clinical Rehabilitation 2003;17:21-9. 7610399
25. Wade DT, Makela P, Robson P, House H, Bateman C. Do cannabis-based medicinal extracts have general or specific effects on symptoms in multiple sclerosis? A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study on 160 patients. Multiple Sclerosis 2004;10:434-41. 7610401
26. Wallace MS, Marcotte TD, Umlauf A, Gouaux B, Atkinson JH. Efficacy of inhaled cannabis on painful diabetic neuropathy. Journal of Pain 2015;16:616-27. 7610403
27. Wilsey B, Marcotte T, Tsodikov A, Millman J, Bentley H, Donaghe H. A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of cannabis cigarettes in neuropathic pain. Journal of Pain 2008;9:506-21. 7610405
28. Wilsey B, Marcotte T, Deutsch R, Gouaux B, Sakai S, Gouaux B, et al. Low-dose vaporized cannabis significantly improves neuropathic pain. Journal of Pain 2013;14:136-48. 7610407
29. Wissel J, Haydn T, Müller J, Brenneis C, Berger T, Berger T. Low dose treatment with the synthetic cannabinoid Nabilone significantly reduces spasticity-related pain: a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Journal of Neurology 2006;253:1337-41. 7610409
30. Zajicek J, Fox P, Sanders H, Wright D, Vickery J, Nunn A, et al. Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): multicentre randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003;362:1517-26. 7610411
31. Zajicek JP, Hobart JC, Slade A, Barnes D, Mattison PG, MUSEC Research Group. Multiple sclerosis and extract of cannabis: results of the MUSEC trial. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2012;83:1125-32. 7610413
32. NCT00699634. Nabilone for the treatment of phantom limb pain. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00699634?term=NCT00699634&rank=1 (first posted 18 June 18). 7610415
33. NCT01035281. Efficacy study of nabilone in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01035281?term=NCT01035281&rank=1 (first posted 18 December 2009). 7610417
34. NCT01222468. Effect of cannabinoids on spasticity and neuropathic pain in spinal cord injured persons. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01222468?term=NCT01222468&rank=1 (first posted 18 October 2010). 7610419
35. Ablin J, Ste-Marie PA, Schäfer M, Häuser W, Fitzcharles MA. Medical use of cannabis products: lessons to be learned from Israel and Canada. Schmerz 2016;30:3-13.
36. AlBalawi Z, McAlister FA, Thorlund K, Wong M, Wetterslev J. Random error in cardiovascular meta-analyses: how common are false positive and false negative results?. Interational Journal of Cardiology 2013;168(2):1102-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.11.048]
37. Andersohn F, Garbe E. Pharmacoepidemiological research with large health databases. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2008;51:1134-55.
38. Andreae MH, Carter GM, Shaparin N, Suslov K, Ellis RJ, Ware MA, et al. Inhaled cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Journal of Pain 2015;16(12):1221-32.
39. Attal N, de Andrade DC, Adam F, Ranoux D, Teixeira MJ, Galhardoni R, et al. Safety and efficacy of repeated injections of botulinum toxin A in peripheral neuropathic pain (BOTNEP): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurology 2016;15:555-65.
40. Baron R, Binder A. How neuropathic is sciatica? The mixed pain concept [Wie neuropathisch ist die lumboischialgie ? Das gemischte schmerz konzept]. Orthopäde 2004;33:568-75.
41. Baron R, Wasner G, Binder A. Chronic pain: genes, plasticity, and phenotypes. Lancet Neurology 2012;11(1):19-21. [DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70281-]
42. Baron R, Maier C, Attal N, Binder A, Bouhassira D, Cruccu G, et al. Peripheral neuropathic pain: a mechanism-related organizing principle based on sensory profiles. Pain 2017;158:261-72.
43. Berger A, Dukes EM, Oster G. Clinical characteristics and economic costs of patients with painful neuropathic disorders. Journal of Pain 2004;5(3):143-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2003.12.004]
44. Berger A, Toelle T, Sadosky A, Dukes E, Edelsberg J, Oster G. Clinical and economic characteristics of patients with painful neuropathic disorders in Germany. Pain Practice 2009;9(1):8-17. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2008.00244.x]
45. Berger A, Sadosky A, Dukes E, Edelsberg J, Oster G. Clinical characteristics and patterns of healthcare utilization in patients with painful neuropathic disorders in UK general practice: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Neurology 2012;12:8.
46. Bouhassira D, Lantéri-Minet M, Attal N, Laurent B, Touboul C. Prevalence of chronic pain with neuropathic characteristics in the general population. Pain 2008;136:380-7.
47. Boychuk DG, Goddard G, Mauro G, Orellana MF. The effectiveness of cannabinoids in the management of chronic nonmalignant neuropathic pain: a systematic review. Journal of Oral and Facial Pain and Headache 2015;29(1):7-14.
48. Calvo M, Dawes JM, Bennett DL. The role of the immune system in the generation of neuropathic pain. Lancet Neurology 2012;11(7):629-42. [DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70134-5]
49. Clauw D. What is the meaning of "small fiber neuropathy" in fibromyalgia?. Pain 2015;156(11):2115-6.
50. Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Group. PaPaS author and referee guidance. papas.cochrane.org/papas-documents (accessed 5 June 2015).
51. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1988.
52. De Vries M, Van Rijckevorsel DC, Wilder-Smith OH, Van Goor H. Dronabinol and chronic pain: importance of mechanistic considerations. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 2014;15:1525-34.
53. Dechartres A, Trinquart L, Boutron I, Ravaud P. Influence of trial sample size on treatment effect estimates: meta-epidemiological study. BMJ 2013;346:f2304. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f2304]
54. Dechartres A, Altman DG, Trinquart L, Boutron I, Ravaud P. Association between analytic strategy and estimates of treatment outcomes in meta-analyses. JAMA 2014;312:623-30. [DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.8166]
55. Demant DT, Lund K, Vollert J, Maier C, Segerdahl M, Finnerup NB, et al. The effect of oxcarbazepine in peripheral neuropathic pain depends on pain phenotype: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phenotype-stratified study. Pain 2014;155(11):2263-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.08.014]
56. Derry S, Moore RA. Topical capsaicin (low concentration) for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 9. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010111]
57. Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA, Quinlan J. Topical lidocaine for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010958.pub2]
58. Derry S, Rice ASC, Cole P, Tan T, Moore RA. Topical capsaicin (high concentration) for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007393.pub4]
59. Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Wyrwich KW, Beaton D, Cleeland CS, Farrar JT, et al. Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Journal of Pain 2008;9(2):105-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2007.09.005]
60. Dworkin RH, O'Connor AB, Kent J, Mackey SC, Raja SN, Stacey BR, et al. Interventional management of neuropathic pain: NeuPSIG recommendations. Pain 2013;154:2249-61.
61. Elbourne DR, Altman DG, Higgins JP, Curtin F, Worthington HV, Vail A. Meta-analyses involving cross-over trials: methodological issues. International Journal of Epidemiology 2002;31(1):140-9.
62. Guideline on clinical medicinal products intended for the treatment of neuropathic pain. www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2009/09/WC500003478.pdf 2007 (Accessed May 2, 2015).
63. Fayers PM, Hays RD. Don't middle your MIDs: regression to the mean shrinks estimates of minimally important differences. Quality of Life Research 2014;23:1-4.
64. Finnerup NB, Scholz J, Attal N, Baron R, Haanpää M, Hansson P, et al. Neuropathic pain needs systematic classification. European Journal of Pain 2013;17(7):953-6. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00282.x]
65. Finnerup NB, Attal N, Haroutounian S, McNicol E, Baron R, Dworkin RH, et al. Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurology 2015;14(2):162-73. [DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70251-0]
66. Fitzcharles MA, Clauw DJ, Ste-Marie PA, Shir Y. The dilemma of medical marijuana use by rheumatology patients. Arthritis Care and Research 2014;66:797-801.
67. Furukawa TA, Cipriani A, Barbui C, Brambilla P, Watanabe N. Imputing response rates from means and standard deviations in meta-analyses. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 2005;20:49-52.
68. Gaskell H, Derry S, Stannard C, Moore RA. Oxycodone for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010692.pub3]
69. McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime). GRADEpro GDT. Hamilton (ON): McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime), 2015.
70. Guindon J, Hohmann AG. The endocannabinoid system and pain. CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets 2009;8:403-29.
71. Gustorff B, Dorner T, Likar R, Grisold W, Lawrence K, Schwarz F, et al. Prevalence of self-reported neuropathic pain and impact on quality of life: a prospective representative survey. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2008;52:132-6.
72. Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Sultan S, Brozek J, Glasziou P, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE guidelines: 11. Making an overall rating of confidence in effect estimates for a single outcome and for all outcomes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2013;66:151-7.
73. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Santesso N, Helfand M, Vist G, Kunz R, et al. GRADE guidelines: 12. Preparing summary of findings tables-binary outcomes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2013;66:158-72.
74. Hall GC, Carroll D, McQuay HJ. Primary care incidence and treatment of four neuropathic pain conditions: a descriptive study, 2002-2005. BMC Family Practice 2008;9:26.
75. Helfert SM, Reimer M, Höper J, Baron R. Individualized pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2015;97(2):135-42. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.19]
76. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327:557-60.
77. Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Sterne JAC (editors). Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org. The Cochrane Collaboration.
78. Higgins JPT, Deeks JJ, Altman DG (editors). Chapter 16: Special topics in statistics. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors), Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
79. Hillard CJ, Weinlander KM, Stuhr KL. Contributions of endocannabinoid signaling to psychiatric disorders in humans: genetic and biochemical evidence. Neuroscience 2012;204:207-29.
80. Hoggart B, Ratcliffe S, Ehler E, Simpson KH, Hovorka J, Lejčko J, et al. A multicentre, open-label, follow-on study to assess the long-term maintenance of effect, tolerance and safety of THC/CBD oromucosal spray in the management of neuropathic pain. Journal of Neurology 2015;262:27-40.
81. Häuser W, Bartram C, Bartram-Wunn E, Tölle T. Adverse events attributable to nocebo in randomized controlled drug trials in fibromyalgia syndrome and painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: systematic review. Clinical Journal of Pain 2012;28:437-51.
82. Walitt B, Klose P, Fitzcharles MA, Häuser W. Cannabinoids for fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011694]
83. Häuser W, Fitzcharles MA, Radbruch L, Petzke F. Efficacy, tolerability and safety of cannabinoids in pain medicine and palliative care: an overview of systematic reviews and of prospective observational studies. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 2017;114:627-34.
84. Häuser W, Petzke F, Fitzcharles MA. Efficacy, tolerability and safety of cannabis-based medicines for chronic pain management - an overview of systematic reviews. European Journal of Pain 2018; Vol. 22:455-70.
85. International Council for Harmonisation. Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities Version 19.1. www.meddra.org/news-and-events/news/all-translations-meddra-version-191-are-now-available 2016.
86. Jensen TS, Baron R, Haanpää M, Kalso E, Loeser JD, Rice AS, et al. A new definition of neuropathic pain. Pain 2011; Vol. 152, issue 10:2204-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.06.017]
87. Jensen B, Chen J, Furnish T, Wallace M. Medical marijuana and chronic pain: a review of basic science and clinical evidence. Current Pain Headache Reports 2015;19:524.
88. Kalant H. Medicinal use of cannabis: history and current status. Pain Research & Management 2001;6:80-91.
89. Kalso E, Aldington DJ, Moore RA. Drugs for neuropathic pain. BMJ 2013;347:f7339.
90. Katusic S, Williams DB, Beard CM, Bergstralh EJ, Kurland LT. Epidemiology and clinical features of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia and glossopharyngeal neuralgia: similarities and differences, Rochester, Minnesota, 1945-1984. Neuroepidemiology 1991;10:276-81.
91. Koopman JS, Dieleman JP, Huygen FJ, De Mos M, Martin CG, Sturkenboom MC. Incidence of facial pain in the general population. Pain 2009;147:122-7.
92. Koppel BS, Brust JC, Fife T, Bronstein J, Youssof S, Gronseth G, et al. Systematic review: efficacy and safety of medical marijuana in selected neurologic disorders: report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2014;82:1556-63.
93. Krcevski-Skvarc N, Wells C, Häuser W. Availability and approval of cannabis- based medicines for chronic pain management and palliative/supportive care in Europe - a survey of the status in the chapters of the European Pain Federation. European Journal Pain 2018; Vol. 22:440-54.
94. L'Abbé KA, Detsky AS, O'Rourke K. Meta-analysis in clinical research. Annals of Internal Medicine 1987;107:224-33.
95. Lee MC, Ploner M, Wiech K, Bingel U, Wanigasekera V, Brooks J, et al. Amygdala activity contributes to the dissociative effect of cannabis on pain perception. Pain 2013;134:123-34.
96. Long JZ, Nomura DK, Vann RE, Walentiny DM, Booker L, Jin X, et al. Dual blockade of FAAH and MAGL identifies behavioral processes regulated by endocannabinoid crosstalk in vivo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 2009;106:20, 270-5.
97. Lunn MP, Hughes RA, Wiffen PJ. Duloxetine for treating painful neuropathy, chronic pain or fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007115.pub3]
98. Lynch M, Campbell F. Cannabinoids for treatment of chronic non-cancer pain; a systematic review of randomized trials. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2011;72:735-44.
99. McQuay H, Moore R. An Evidence-Based Resource for Pain Relief. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. [ISBN: 0-19-263048-2]
100. McQuay HJ, Smith LA, Moore RA. Chronic pain. In: Stevens A, Raftery J, Mant J, Simpson S, editor(s). Health Care Needs Assessment, 3rd Series. Radcliffe Publishing, 2007.
101. Mintzes B, Lexchin J, Quintano AS. Clinical trial transparency: many gains but access to evidence for new medicines remains imperfect. British Medical Bulletin 2015;116:43-53.
102. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Medicine 2009;6(7):e1000097. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed1000097]
103. Moore RA, Gavaghan D, Tramèr MR, Collins SL, McQuay HJ. Size is everything - large amounts of information are needed to overcome random effects in estimating direction and magnitude of treatment effects. Pain 1998;78(3):209-16. [DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00140-7]
104. Moore RA, Barden J, Derry S, McQuay HJ. Managing potential publication bias. In: McQuay HJ, Kalso E, Moore RA editor(s). Systematic Reviews in Pain Research: Methodology Refined. Seattle: IASP Press, 2008:15-24. [ISBN: 978-0-931092-69-5]
105. Moore RA, Straube S, Wiffen PJ, Derry S, McQuay HJ. Pregabalin for acute and chronic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007076.pub2]
106. Moore RA, Eccleston C, Derry S, Wiffen P, Bell RF, Straube S, et al. "Evidence" in chronic pain - establishing best practice in the reporting of systematic reviews. Pain 2010;150(3):386-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.05.011]
107. Moore RA, Straube S, Paine J, Phillips CJ, Derry S, McQuay HJ. Fibromyalgia: moderate and substantial pain intensity reduction predicts improvement in other outcomes and substantial quality of life gain. Pain 2010;149(2):360-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.02.039]
108. Moore RA, Moore OA, Derry S, Peloso PM, Gammaitoni AR, Wang H. Responder analysis for pain relief and numbers needed to treat in a meta-analysis of etoricoxib osteoarthritis trials: bridging a gap between clinical trials and clinical practice. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2010;69(2):374-9. [DOI: 10.1136/ard.2009.107805]
109. Moore RA, Smugar SS, Wang H, Peloso PM, Gammaitoni A. Numbers-needed-to-treat analyses - do timing, dropouts, and outcome matter? Pooled analysis of two randomized, placebo-controlled chronic low back pain trials. Pain 2010;151(3):592-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.07.013]
110. Moore RA, Straube S, Paine J, Derry S, McQuay HJ. Minimum efficacy criteria for comparisons between treatments using individual patient meta-analysis of acute pain trials: examples of etoricoxib, paracetamol, ibuprofen, and ibuprofen/paracetamol combinations after third molar extraction. Pain 2011;152(5):982-9.
111. Moore RA, Mhuircheartaigh RJ, Derry S, McQuay HJ. Mean analgesic consumption is inappropriate for testing analgesic efficacy in post-operative pain: analysis and alternative suggestion. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2011;28(6):427-32. [DOI: 10.1097/EJA.0b013e328343c569]
112. Moore RA, Straube S, Eccleston C, Derry S, Aldington D, Wiffen P, et al. Estimate at your peril: imputation methods for patient withdrawal can bias efficacy outcomes in chronic pain trials using responder analyses. Pain 2012;153(2):265-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.10.004]
113. Moore RA, Straube S, Aldington D. Pain measures and cut-offs - 'no worse than mild pain' as a simple, universal outcome. Anesthesia 2013;68:400-12.
114. Moore A, Derry S, Eccleston C, Kalso E. Expect analgesic failure; pursue analgesic success. BMJ 2013;346:f2690. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f2690]
115. Moore RA, Derry S, Taylor RS, Straube S, Phillips CJ. The costs and consequences of adequately managed chronic non-cancer pain and chronic neuropathic pain. Pain Practice 2014;14(1):79-94. [DOI: 10.1111/papr.12050]
116. Moore RA, Cai N, Skljarevski V, Tölle TR. Duloxetine use in chronic painful conditions - individual patient data responder analysis. European Journal of Pain 2014;18(1):67-75. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00341.x]
117. Moore RA, Chi CC, Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Rice ASC. Oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for neuropathic pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 10. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010902.pub2]
118. Moore RA, Derry S, Aldington D, Cole P, Wiffen PJ. Amitriptyline for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008242.pub3]
119. Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Bell RF, Rice ASC, Tölle TR, Phillips T, et al. Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 6. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007938.pub4]
120. Moulin D, Boulanger A, Clark AJ, Clarke H, Dao T, Finley GA, et al. Pharmacological management of chronic neuropathic pain: revised consensus statement from the Canadian Pain Society. Pain Research & Management 2014;19:328-35.
121. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Neuropathic pain - pharmacological management: the pharmacological management of neuropathic pain in adults in non-specialist settings, 2013. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg173 (accessed 19 October 2014).
122. Nüesch E, Trelle S, Reichenbach S, Rutjes AW, Tschannen B, Altman DG, et al. Small study effects in meta-analyses of osteoarthritis trials: meta-epidemiological study. BMJ 2010;341:c3515. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.c3515]
123. Owens B. Drug development: the treasure chest. Nature 2015;525:S6-S8.
124. Petzke F, Enax-Krumova EK, Häuser W. Efficacy, tolerability and safety of cannabinoids for chronic neuropathic pain: a systematic review of randomized controlled studies. Schmerz 2016;30:62-88.
125. Rappaport ZH, Devor M. Trigeminal neuralgia: the role of self-sustaining discharge in the trigeminal ganglion. Pain 1994;56:127-38.
126. Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager 5 (RevMan 5). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
127. Schaefert R, Welsch P, Klose P, Sommer C, Petzke F, Häuser W. Opioids in chronic osteoarthritis pain. A systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy, tolerability and safety in randomized placebo-controlled studies of at least 4 weeks duration [Opioide bei chronischem arthroseschmerz. Systematische übersicht und metaanalyse der wirksamkeit, verträglichkeit und sicherheit in randomisierten, placebokontrollierten studien über mindestens 4 wochen]. Schmerz 2015;29:47-59.
128. Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Higgins JPT, Deeks JJ, Glasziou P, et al. Chapter 12: Interpreting results and drawing conclusions. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors), Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.handbook.cochrane.org.
129. Scott FT, Johnson RW, Leedham-Green M, Davies E, Edmunds WJ, Breuer J. The burden of herpes zoster: a prospective population based study. Vaccine 2006;24(9):1308-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.09.026]
130. Smith SM, Amtmann D, Askew RL, Gewandter JS, Hunsinger M, Jensen MP, et al. Pain intensity rating training: results from an exploratory study of the ACTTION PROTECCT system. Pain 2016;157(5):1056-64.
131. Sommer C, Welsch P, Klose P, Schaefert R, Petzke F, Häuser W. Opioids in chronic neuropathic pain. A systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy, tolerability and safety in randomized placebo-controlled studies of at least 4 weeks duration [Opioide bei chronischem neuropathischem schmerz. Systematische übersicht und metaanalyse der wirksamkeit, verträglichkeit und sicherheit in randomisierten, placebokontrollierten studien über mindestens 4 wochen]. Schmerz 2015;29:35-46.
132. Stannard C, Gaskell H, Derry S, Aldington D, Cole P, Cooper TE, et al. Hydromorphone for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 5. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011604.pub2]
133. Straube S, Derry S, McQuay HJ, Moore RA. Enriched enrolment: definition and effects of enrichment and dose in trials of pregabalin and gabapentin in neuropathic pain. A systematic review. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2008;66(2):266-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2008.03200.]
134. Straube S, Derry S, Moore RA, Paine J, McQuay HJ. Pregabalin in fibromyalgia - responder analysis from individual patient data. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2010;11:150. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-11-150]
135. Sultan A, Gaskell H, Derry S, Moore RA. Duloxetine for painful diabetic neuropathy and fibromyalgia pain: systematic review of randomised trials. BMC Neurology 2008;8:29. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-8-]
136. Thorlund K, Imberger G, Walsh M, Chu R, Gluud C, Wetterslev J, et al. The number of patients and events required to limit the risk of overestimation of intervention effects in meta-analysis--a simulation study. PLOS One 2011;6(10):e25491. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025491]
137. Tyson SF, Brown P. How to measure pain in neurological conditions? A systematic review of psychometric properties and clinical utility of measurement tools. Clinical Rehabilitation 2014;28:669-86.
138. Torrance N, Smith BH, Bennett MI, Lee AJ. The epidemiology of chronic pain of predominantly neuropathic origin. Results from a general population survey. Journal of Pain 2006;7:281-9.
139. Treede RD, Jensen TS, Campbell JN, Cruccu G, Dostrovsky JO, Griffin JW, et al. Neuropathic pain: redefinition and a grading system for clinical and research purposes. Neurology 2008;70(18):1630-5. [DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000282763.29778.59]
140. Turner RM, Bird SM, Higgins JP. The impact of study size on meta-analyses: examination of underpowered studies in Cochrane Reviews. PLOS One 2013;8(3):e59202. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059202]
141. Van Hecke O, Austin SK, Khan RA, Smith BH, Torrance N. Neuropathic pain in the general population: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Pain 2014;155:654-62.
142. Van Hoek AJ, Gay N, Melegaro A, Opstelten W, Edmunds WJ. Estimating the cost-effectiveness of vaccination against herpes zoster in England and Wales. Vaccine 2009;27(9):1454-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.12.024]
143. Volkow ND, Baler RD, Compton WM, Weiss SR. Adverse health effects of marijuana use. New England Journal of Medicine 2014;370:2219-27.
144. von Hehn CA, Baron R, Woolf CJ. Deconstructing the neuropathic pain phenotype to reveal neural mechanisms. Neuron 2012;73(4):638-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.008]
145. Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, et al. Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012;380(9859):2163-96. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2]
146. Ware MA, Wang T, Shapiro S, Collet JP, COMPASS study team. Cannabis for the management of pain: assessment of safety study (COMPASS). Journal of Pain 2015;16:1233-42.
147. Whiting PF, Wolff RF, Deshpande S, Di Nisio M, Duffy S. Cannabinoids for medical use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2015;313:2456-73.
148. Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Moore RA, Aldington D, Cole P, Rice ASC, et al. Antiepileptic drugs for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia - an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 11. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010567.pub2]
149. Zettl UK, Rommer P, Hipp P, Patejdl R. Evidence for the efficacy and effectiveness of THC-CBD oromucosal spray in symptom management of patients with spasticity due to multiple sclerosis. Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders 2016;9:9-30.
150. Zhang J, Echeverry S, Lim TK, Lee SH, Shi XQ, Huang H. Can modulating inflammatory response be a good strategy to treat neuropathic pain?. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2015;21:831-9.
151. Mücke M, Phillips T, Radbruch L, Petzke F, Häuser W. Cannabinoids for chronic neuropathic pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 5. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012182]