The costs and consequences of adequately managed chronic non-cancer pain and chronic neuropathic pain

Pain Practice

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 79-94

  Andrew, R ^a   Derry, Sheena ^a   Taylor, Rod S ^b   Straube, Sebastian ^c   Phillips, Ceri J ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

^d SWANSEA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Evidence based medicine; Health related quality of life; Healthcare costs; Neuropathic pain; Noncancer pain; Pain disorder; Pain treatment; Systematic review

Indexed keywords

DICLOFENAC; DULOXETINE; METHOTREXATE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OXYCODONE; PARACETAMOL PLUS TRAMADOL; PLACEBO; PREGABALIN; TAPENTADOL; TOPIRAMATE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR INHIBITOR;

ANALGESIA; CHRONIC PAIN; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE SEVERITY; EMPLOYMENT; FATIGUE; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION; MORTALITY; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; NONHUMAN; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PREVALENCE; PRODUCTIVITY; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; SLEEP; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; WORK;

EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE; HEALTHCARE COSTS; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; NONCANCER PAIN; PAIN DISORDER; PAIN TREATMENT; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

CHRONIC PAIN; HEALTH CARE COSTS; HUMANS; NEURALGIA; PAIN MANAGEMENT;

EID: 84891635328     PISSN: 15307085     EISSN: 15332500     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/papr.12050     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Sprangers MA, de Regt EB, Andries F, et al. Which chronic conditions are associated with better or poorer quality of life? J Clin Epidemiol. 2000;53:895-907.
2. Patel AS, Farquharson R, Carroll D, et al. The impact and burden of chronic pain (CP) in the workplace: a qualitative systematic review. Pain Pract. 2012;12:578-589.
3. Nüesch E, Dieppe P, Reichenbach S, Williams S, Iff S, Jüni P. All cause and disease specific mortality in patients with knee or hip osteoarthritis: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2011;342:d1165.
4. Moore RA, Straube S, Paine J, Phillips CJ, Derry S, McQuay HJ. Fibromyalgia: moderate and substantial pain intensity reduction predicts improvement in other outcomes and substantial quality of life gain. Pain. 2010;149:360-364.
5. Straube S, Moore RA, Paine J, et al. Interference with work in fibromyalgia: effect of treatment with pregabalin and relation to pain response. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011;12:125.
6. Mangoni AA, Woodman RJ, Gaganis P, Gilbert AL, Knights KM. Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of incident myocardial infarction and heart failure, and all-cause mortality in the Australian veteran community. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;69:689-700.
7. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62:1006-1012.
8. Lemeshow AR, Blum RE, Berlin JA, Stoto MA, Colditz GA. Searching one or two databases was insufficient for meta-analysis of observational studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2005;58:867-873.
9. Ruppen W, Derry S, McQuay H, Moore RA. Incidence of epidural hematoma, infection, and neurologic injury in obstetric patients with epidural analgesia/anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2006;105:394-399.
10. Park CL, Roberts DE, Aldington DJ, Moore RA. Prehospital analgesia: systematic review of evidence. J R Army Med Corps. 2010;156(4 suppl 1):295-300.
11. Moore A, McQuay H. Banolier's Little Book of Making Sense of the Medical Evidence. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006.
12. Pierskalla WP. Operations research - a valuable resource for improving quality, costs, access and satisfaction in health care delivery. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2010;153:241-276.
13. Elliott AM, Smith BH, Penny KI, Smith WC, Chambers WA. The epidemiology of chronic pain in the community. Lancet. 1999;354:1248-1252.
14. Hochman JR, Gagliese L, Davis AM, Hawker GA. Neuropathic pain symptoms in a community knee OA cohort. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2011;19:647-654.
15. Smith BH, Elliott AM, Hannaford PC; Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study. Is chronic pain a distinct diagnosis in primary care? Evidence arising from the Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception study Fam Pract. 2004;21:66-74.
16. Breivik H, Collett B, Ventafridda V, Cohen R, Gallacher D. Survey of chronic pain in Europe: prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment. Eur J Pain. 2006;10:287-333.
17. Fröhlich C, Jacobi F, Wittchen HU. DSM-IV pain disorder in the general population. An exploration of the structure and threshold of medically unexplained pain symptoms. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006;256:187-196.
18. Saastamoinen P, Leino-Arjas P, Laaksonen M, Martikainen P, Lahelma E. Pain and health related functioning among employees. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006;60:793-798.
19. Currow DC, Agar M, Plummer JL, Blyth FM, Abernethy AP. Chronic pain in South Australia - population levels that interfere extremely with activities of daily living. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2010;34:232-239.
20. Reitsma ML, Tranmer JE, Buchanan DM, Vandenkerkhof EG. The prevalence of chronic pain and pain-related interference in the Canadian population from 1994 to 2008. Chronic Dis Inj Can. 2011;31:157-164.
21. Toblin RL, Mack KA, Perveen G, Paulozzi LJ. A population-based survey of chronic pain and its treatment with prescription drugs. Pain. 2011;152:1249-1255.
22. Schopflocher D, Taenzer P, Jovey R. The prevalence of chronic pain in Canada. Pain Res Manag. 2011;16:445-450.
23. Torrance N, Smith BH, Bennett MI, Lee AJ. The epidemiology of chronic pain of predominantly neuropathic origin. Results from a general population survey. J Pain. 2006;7:281-289.
24. Bouhassira D, Lantéri-Minet M, Attal N, Laurent B, Touboul C. Prevalence of chronic pain with neuropathic characteristics in the general population. Pain. 2008;136:380-387.
25. Gustorff B, Dorner T, Likar R, et al. Prevalence of self-reported neuropathic pain and impact on quality of life: a prospective representative survey. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2008;52:132-136.
26. Toth C, Lander J, Wiebe S. The prevalence and impact of chronic pain with neuropathic pain symptoms in the general population. Pain Med. 2009;10:918-929.
27. Yawn BP, Wollan PC, Weingarten TN, Watson JC, Hooten WM, Melton LJ 3rd. The prevalence of neuropathic pain: clinical evaluation compared with screening tools in a community population. Pain Med. 2009;10:586-593.
28. Ohayon MM, Stingle JC. Prevalence and comorbidity of chronic pain in the German general population. J Psychiatr Res. 2012;46:444-450.
29. Reid KJ, Harker J, Bala MM, et al. Epidemiology of chronic non-cancer pain in Europe: narrative review of prevalence, pain treatments and pain impact. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011;27:449-462.
30. Bennett M. The LANSS Pain Scale: the Leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs. Pain. 2001;92:147-157.
31. Freynhagen R, Baron R, Gockel U, Tölle TR. painDETECT: a new screening questionnaire to identify neuropathic components in patients with back pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22:1911-1920.
32. Bouhassira D, Attal N, Alchaar H, et al. Comparison of pain syndromes associated with nervous or somatic lesions and development of a new neuropathic pain diagnostic questionnaire (DN4). Pain. 2005;114:29-36.
33. Sadosky A, McDermott AM, Brandenburg NA, Strauss M. A review of the epidemiology of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, and less commonly studied neuropathic pain conditions. Pain Pract. 2008;8:45-56.
34. El Sissi W, Arnaout A, Chaarani MW, et al. Prevalence of neuropathic pain among patients with chronic low-back pain in the Arabian Gulf Region assessed using the Leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs pain scale. J Int Med Res. 2010;38:2135-2145.
35. Jespersen A, Amris K, Bliddal H, et al. Is neuropathic pain underdiagnosed in musculoskeletal pain conditions? The Danish PainDETECTive study Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;26:2041-2045.
36. Ohayon MM. Relationship between chronic painful physical condition and insomnia. J Psychiatr Res. 2005;39:151-159.
37. Raftery MN, Sarma K, Murphy AW, De la Harpe D, Normand C, McGuire BE. Chronic pain in the Republic of Ireland - community prevalence, psychosocial profile and predictors of pain-related disability: results from the Prevalence, Impact and Cost of Chronic Pain (PRIME) study, part 1. Pain. 2011;152:1096-1103.
38. O'Brien T, Breivik H. The impact of chronic pain - European patients' perspective over 12 months. Scand J Pain. 2012;3:23-29.
39. Smith BH, Torrance N, Bennett MI, Lee AJ. Health and quality of life associated with chronic pain of predominantly neuropathic origin in the community. Clin J Pain. 2007;23:143-149.
40. Gormsen L, Rosenberg R, Bach FW, Jensen TS. Depression, anxiety, health-related quality of life and pain in patients with chronic fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain. Eur J Pain. 2010;14:127.e1-127.e8.
41. Attal N, Lanteri-Minet M, Laurent B, Fermanian J, Bouhassira D. The specific disease burden of neuropathic pain: results of a French nationwide survey. Pain. 2011;152:2836-2843.
42. Taylor-Stokes G, Pike J, Sadosky A, Chandran A, Toelle T. Association of patient-rated severity with other outcomes in patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2011;4:401-408.
43. Bansback N, Zhang W, Walsh D, et al. Factors associated with absenteeism, presenteeism and activity impairment in patients in the first years of RA. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2012;51:375-384.
44. Crichton B, Green M. GP and patient perspectives on treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of pain in osteoarthritis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2002;18:92-96.
45. Zelman DC, Dukes E, Brandenburg N, Bostrom A, Gore M. Identification of cut-points for mild, moderate and severe pain due to diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Pain. 2005;115:29-36.
46. Langley P, Müller-Schwefe G, Nicolaou A, Liedgens H, Pergolizzi J, Varrassi G. The impact of pain on labor force participation, absenteeism and presenteeism in the European Union. J Med Econ. 2010;13:662-672.
47. Schaefer C, Chandran A, Hufstader M, et al. The comparative burden of mild, moderate and severe fibromyalgia: results from a cross-sectional survey in the United States. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2011;9:71.
48. Matías-Guiu J, Guerrero M, López-Trigo J, et al. Assessment of the efficiency of the clinical management of neuropathic pain in specialist clinics compared to general clinics in neurology health care units in Spain [Article in Spanish]. Neurologia. 2010;25:210-221.
49. McDermott AM, Toelle TR, Rowbotham DJ, Schaefer CP, Dukes EM. The burden of neuropathic pain: results from a cross-sectional survey. Eur J Pain. 2006;10:127-135.
50. Saastamoinen P, Laaksonen M, Kääriä SM, et al. Pain and disability retirement: a prospective cohort study. Pain. 2012;153:526-531.
51. Morgan CL, Conway P, Currie CJ. The relationship between self-reported severe pain and measures of socio-economic disadvantage. Eur J Pain. 2011;15:1107-1111.
52. Reyes Del Paso GA, Pulgar A, Duschek S, Garrido S. Cognitive impairment in fibromyalgia syndrome: the impact of cardiovascular regulation, pain, emotional disorders and medication. Eur J Pain. 2011;16:421-429.
53. Langley P, Müller-Schwefe G, Nicolaou A, Liedgens H, Pergolizzi J, Varrassi G. The societal impact of pain in the European Union: health-related quality of life and healthcare resource utilization. J Med Econ. 2010;13:571-581.
54. Becker N, Bondegaard Thomsen A, Olsen AK, Sjøgren P, Bech P, Eriksen J. Pain epidemiology and health related quality of life in chronic non-malignant pain patients referred to a Danish multidisciplinary pain center. Pain. 1997;73:393-400.
55. Berger A, Dukes EM, Oster G. Clinical characteristics and economic costs of patients with painful neuropathic disorders. J Pain. 2004;5:143-149.
56. Ivanova JI, Birnbaum HG, Schiller M, Kantor E, Johnstone BM, Swindle RW. Real-world practice patterns, health-care utilization, and costs in patients with low back pain: the long road to guideline-concordant care. Spine J. 2011;11:622-632.
57. Mehra M, Hill K, Nicholl D, Schadrack J. The burden of chronic low back pain with and without a neuropathic component: a healthcare resource use and cost analysis. J Med Econ. 2012;15:245-252.
58. Wenig CM, Schmidt CO, Kohlmann T, Schweikert B. Costs of back pain in Germany. Eur J Pain. 2009;13:280-286.
59. Raftery MN, Ryan P, Normand C, Murphy AW, de la Harpe D, McGuire BE. The economic cost of chronic noncancer pain in Ireland: results from the PRIME Study, Part 2. J Pain. 2012;13:139-145.
60. Gialloreti LE, Merito M, Pezzotti P, et al. Epidemiology and economic burden of herpes zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia in Italy: a retrospective, population-based study. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:230.
61. Depont F, Hunsche E, Abouelfath A, et al. Medical and non-medical direct costs of chronic low back pain in patients consulting primary care physicians in France. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2010;24:101-108.
62. Smith BH, Elliott AM, Chambers AC, Smith WC, Hannaford PC, Penny K. The impact of chronic pain in the community. Fam Pract. 2001;18:292-299.
63. Kerr S, Fairbrother G, Crawford M, Hogg M, Fairbrother D, Khor KE. Patient characteristics and quality of life among a sample of Australian chronic pain clinic attendees. Intern Med J. 2004;34:403-409.
64. Bouhassira D, Chassany O, Gaillat J, et al. Patient perspective on herpes zoster and its complications: an observational prospective study in patients aged over 50 years in general practice. Pain. 2012;153:342-349.
65. Haythornthwaite JA, Benrud-Larson LM. Psychological aspects of neuropathic pain. Clin J Pain. 2000;16:S101-S105.
66. Doth AH, Hansson PT, Jensen MP, Taylor RS. The burden of neuropathic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of health utilities. Pain. 2010;149:338-344.
67. Smith BH, Elliott AM, Hannaford PC. Pain and subsequent mortality and cancer among women in the Royal College of General Practitioners Oral Contraception Study. Br J Gen Pract. 2003;53:45-46.
68. Macfarlane GJ, Jones GT, Knekt P, et al. Is the report of widespread body pain associated with long-term increased mortality? Data from the Mini-Finland Health Survey Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46:805-807.
69. Wolfe F, Hassett AL, Walitt B, Michaud K. Mortality in fibromyalgia: a study of 8, 186 patients over thirty-five years. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63:94-101.
70. Macfarlane GJ, McBeth J, Silman AJ. Widespread body pain and mortality: prospective population based study. BMJ. 2001;323:662-665.
71. Zhu K, Devine A, Dick IM, Prince RL. Association of back pain frequency with mortality, coronary heart events, mobility, and quality of life in elderly women. Spine. 2007;32:2012-2018.
72. Andersson HI. Increased mortality among individuals with chronic widespread pain relates to lifestyle factors: a prospective population-based study. Disabil Rehabil. 2009;31:1980-1987.
73. McBeth J, Symmons DP, Silman AJ, et al. Musculoskeletal pain is associated with a long-term increased risk of cancer and cardiovascular-related mortality. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48:74-77.
74. Jordan KP, Croft P. Mortality and cancer in patients with new musculoskeletal episodes: a cohort study. Br J Gen Pract. 2010;60:e105-e111.
75. Torrance N, Elliott AM, Lee AJ, Smith BH. Severe chronic pain is associated with increased 10 year mortality. A cohort record linkage study. Eur J Pain. 2010;14:380-386.
76. Sokka T, Pincus T. Poor physical function, pain and limited exercise: risk factors for premature mortality in the range of smoking or hypertension, identified on a simple patient self-report questionnaire for usual care. BMJ Open. 2011;1:e000070.
77. Bakland G, Gran JT, Nossent JC. Increased mortality in ankylosing spondylitis is related to disease activity. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:1921-1925.
78. Johansson SE, Sundquist J. Change in lifestyle factors and their influence on health status and all-cause mortality. Int J Epidemiol. 1999;28:1073-1080.
79. Choi HK, Hernán MA, Seeger JD, Robins JM, Wolfe F. Methotrexate and mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study. Lancet. 2002;359:1173-1177.
80. Jacobsson LT, Turesson C, Nilsson JA, et al. Treatment with TNF blockers and mortality risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66:670-675.
81. Goodson NJ, Brookhart AM, Symmons DP, Silman AJ, Solomon DH. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use does not appear to be associated with increased cardiovascular mortality in patients with inflammatory polyarthritis: results from a primary care based inception cohort of patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:367-372.
82. Lin HY, Cheng TT, Wang JH, et al. Etoricoxib improves pain, function and quality of life: results of a real-world effectiveness trial. Int J Rheum Dis. 2010;13:144-150.
83. Bennett RM, Schein J, Kosinski MR, Hewitt DJ, Jordan DM, Rosenthal NR. Impact of fibromyalgia pain on health-related quality of life before and after treatment with tramadol/acetaminophen. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;53:519-527.
84. Dahlöf C, Loder E, Diamond M, Rupnow M, Papadopoulos G, Mao L. The impact of migraine prevention on daily activities: a longitudinal and responder analysis from three topiramate placebo-controlled clinical trials. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2007;5:56.
85. Schein JR, Kosinski MR, Janagap-Benson C, Gajria K, Lin P, Freedman JD. Functionality and health-status benefits associated with reduction of osteoarthritis pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24:1255-1265.
86. Kosinski M, Janagap C, Gajria K, Schein J, Freedman J. Pain relief and pain-related sleep disturbance with extended-release tramadol in patients with osteoarthritis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23:1615-1626.
87. Barthel HR, Peniston JH, Clark MB, Gold MS, Altman RD. Correlation of pain relief with physical function in hand osteoarthritis: randomized controlled trial post hoc analysis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12:R7.
88. Hoffman DL, Sadosky A, Dukes EM, Alvir J. How do changes in pain severity levels correspond to changes in health status and function in patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy? Pain. 2010;149:194-201.
89. Dworkin RH, Jensen MP, Gould E, et al. Treatment satisfaction in osteoarthritis and chronic low back pain: the role of pain, physical and emotional functioning, sleep, and adverse events. J Pain. 2011;12:416-424.
90. van Seventer R, Serpell M, Bach FW, et al. Relationships between changes in pain severity and other patient-reported outcomes: an analysis in patients with posttraumatic peripheral neuropathic pain. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2011;9:17.
91. Arnold LM, Wang F, Ahl J, Gaynor PJ, Wohlreich MM. Improvement in multiple dimensions of fatigue in patients with fibromyalgia treated with duloxetine: secondary analysis of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13:R86.
92. Ikenberg R, Hertel N, Moore RA, et al. Cost-effectiveness of tapentadol prolonged release compared with oxycodone controlled release in the UK in patients with severe non-malignant chronic pain who failed 1st line treatment with morphine. J Med Econ. 2012;15:724-736.
93. Deshpande MA, Holden RR, Gilron I. The impact of therapy on quality of life and mood in neuropathic pain: what is the effect of pain reduction? Anesth Analg. 2006;102:1473-1479.
94. Kosinski MR, Schein JR, Vallow SM, et al. An observational study of health-related quality of life and pain outcomes in chronic low back pain patients treated with fentanyl transdermal system. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21:849-862.
95. Gülfe A, Kristensen LE, Saxne T, Jacobsson LT, Petersson IF, Geborek P. Utility-based outcomes made easy: the number needed per quality-adjusted life year gained. An observational cohort study of tumor necrosis factor blockade in inflammatory arthritis from Southern Sweden. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010;62:1399-1406.
96. Moore RA, Eccleston C, Derry S, et al. "Evidence" in chronic pain - establishing best practice in the reporting of systematic reviews. Pain. 2010;150:386-389.
97. Moore RA, Straube S, Eccleston C, et al. Estimate at your peril: imputation methods for patient withdrawal can bias efficacy outcomes in chronic pain trials using responder analyses. Pain. 2012;153:265-268.
98. North RB, Kidd D, Shipley J, Taylor RS. Spinal cord stimulation versus reoperation for failed back surgery syndrome: a cost effectiveness and cost utility analysis based on a randomized, controlled trial. Neurosurgery. 2007;61:361-368.
99. Kumar K, Taylor RS, Jacques L, et al. The effects of spinal cord stimulation in neuropathic pain are sustained: a 24-month follow-up of the prospective randomized controlled multicenter trial of the effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation. Neurosurgery. 2008;63:762-770.
100. Räsänen P, Roine E, Sintonen H, Semberg-Konttinen V, Ryynänen OP, Roine R. Use of quality-adjusted life years for the estimation of effectiveness of health care: a systematic literature review. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2006;22:235-241.
101. Dickenson A. Pain and its control. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011;27:2075-2078.
102. Lee MC, Tracey I. Unravelling the mystery of pain, suffering, and relief with brain imaging. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2010;14:124-131.
103. Fries S, Grosser T, Price TS, et al. Marked interindividual variability in the response to selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:55-64.
104. Lötsch J. Genetic variability of pain perception and treatment - clinical pharmacological implications. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;67:541-551.
105. Moore RA, Derry S, McQuay HJ, et al. Clinical effectiveness: an approach to clinical trial design more relevant to clinical practice, acknowledging the importance of individual differences. Pain. 2010;149:173-176.
106. Watson CP, Vernich L, Chipman M, Reed K. Nortriptyline versus amitriptyline in postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized trial. Neurology. 1998;51:1166-1171.
107. National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. NICE Clinical Guideline 59. Osteoarthritis: The Care and Management of Osteoarthritis in Adults. London: Royal College of Physicians; 2008. http://nice.org.uk/osteoarthritis-cg59 (accessed September 26, 2012).
108. Short Clinical Guidelines Technical Team. NICE Clinical Guideline 96. Neuropathic Pain: The Pharmacological Management of Neuropathic Pain in Adults in Non-Specialist Settings. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG96 (accessed September 26, 2012).
109. Solomon DH, Rassen JA, Glynn RJ, Lee J, Levin R, Schneeweiss S. The comparative safety of analgesics in older adults with arthritis. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:1968-1976.
110. Moore RA, Phillips CJ. Cost of NSAID adverse effects to the NHS. J Med Econ. 1999;2:45-55.
111. Phillips C, Moore A. Trial and error - an expensive luxury: economic analysis of effectiveness of proton pump inhibitors and histamine antagonists in treating reflux disease. Br J Med Econ. 1997;11:55-63.
112. Johannes CB, Le TK, Zhou X, et al. The prevalence of chronic pain in United States adults: results of an Internet-based survey. J Pain 2010;11:1230-1239.