Literature review of the epidemiology of influenza B disease in 15 countries in the Asia-Pacific region

Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2018, Pages 383-411

  Jennings, Lance ^a   Huang, Qiu Sue ^b   Barr, Ian ^c   Lee, Ping Ing ^d   Kim, Woo Joo ^e   Buchy, Philippe ^f   Sanicas, Melvin ^f,g   Mungall, Bruce A ^f   Chen, Jing ^f  

^a CANTERBURY DISTRICT HEALTH BOARD   (New Zealand)

^b INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND RESEARCH   (New Zealand)

^c WHO COLLABORATING CENTRE FOR REFERENCE AND RESEARCH ON INFLUENZA   (Australia)

^d NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^e Korea University College of Medicine   (South Korea)

^f GSK Pte Ltd   (Singapore)

^g Sanofi Pasteur Asia Pacific Region   (Singapore)

Author keywords

Asia Pacific; epidemiology; influenza B; literature review; seasonality; vaccine mismatch

Indexed keywords

INFLUENZA VACCINE;

AUSTRALIA; CAMBODIA; CHINA; COMORBIDITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; GROUPS BY AGE; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; INDONESIA; INFLUENZA A; INFLUENZA A VIRUS (H1N1); INFLUENZA A VIRUS (H3N2); INFLUENZA B; INFLUENZA VACCINATION; LABORATORY TEST; LAOS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALAYSIA; MORBIDITY; MYANMAR; NEW ZEALAND; NOTE; PACIFIC ISLANDS; PHILIPPINES; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEASONAL INFLUENZA; SINGAPORE; SOUTH KOREA; SOUTHEAST ASIAN; TAIWAN; VIET NAM; VIRUS STRAIN; ASIA; CHILD; CLASSIFICATION; CLIMATE; INFLUENZA; INFLUENZA B VIRUS; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; PRESCHOOL CHILD; SEASON; STANDARDS; UNITED STATES; VACCINATION COVERAGE;

ASIA; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CLIMATE; HUMANS; INFLUENZA B VIRUS; INFLUENZA VACCINES; INFLUENZA, HUMAN; PACIFIC STATES; SEASONS; VACCINATION COVERAGE;

EID: 85043345472     PISSN: 17502640     EISSN: 17502659     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/irv.12522     Document Type: Review

References (173)

1. World Health Organisation. Influenza (Seasonal). Fact sheet No. 211, March 2014. WHO. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/ Accessed October 13, 2014.
2. Glezen WP, Greenberg SB, Atmar RL, Piedra PA, Couch RB. Impact of respiratory virus infections on persons with chronic underlying conditions. JAMA. 2000;283:499-505.
3. Rota PA, Wallis TR, Harmon MW, Rota JS, Kendal AP, Nerome K. Cocirculation of two distinct evolutionary lineages of influenza type B virus since 1983. Virology. 1990;175:59-68.
4. Li W-C, Shih S-R, Huang Y-C, et al. Clinical and genetic characterization of severe influenza B-associated diseases during an outbreak in Taiwan. J Clin Virol. 2008;42:45-51.
5. Barr IG, Komadina N, Durrant C, Sjogren H, Hurt AC, Shaw RP. Circulation and antigenic drift in human influenza B viruses in SE Asia and Oceania since 2000. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2006;30:350-357.
6. Chen R, Holmes EC. The evolutionary dynamics of human influenza B virus. J Mol Evol. 2008;66:655-663.
7. Ambrose CS, Levin MJ. The rationale for quadrivalent influenza vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2012;8:81-88.
8. World Health Organization (WHO). Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS). WHO. http://www.who.int/influenza/gisrs_laboratory/en/. Accessed October 13, 2014.
9. Belshe RB. The need for quadrivalent vaccine against seasonal influenza. Vaccine. 2010;28(Suppl 4):D45-D53.
10. Skowronski DM, De Serres G, Dickinson J, et al. Component-specific effectiveness of trivalent influenza vaccine as monitored through a sentinel surveillance network in Canada, 2006-2007. J Infect Dis. 2009;199:168-179.
11. Ampofo WK, Al Busaidy S, Cox NJ, et al. Strengthening the influenza vaccine virus selection and development process: outcome of the 2nd WHO Informal Consultation for Improving Influenza Vaccine Virus Selection held at the Centre International de Conférences (CICG) Geneva, Switzerland, 7 to 9 December 2011. Vaccine. 2013;31:3209-3221.
12. Reed C, Meltzer MI, Finelli L, Fiore A. Public health impact of including two lineages of influenza B in a quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine. Vaccine. 2012;30:1993-1998.
13. Dos Santos G, Neumeier E, Bekkat-Berkani R. Influenza - Can we cope better with the unpredictable? Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;12:699-708.
14. Tricco AC, Chit A, Soobiah C, et al. Comparing influenza vaccine efficacy against mismatched and matched strains: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2013;11:153.
15. WHO. Influenza. WHO recommendations on the composition of influenza virus vaccines. 2014. http://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/virus/recommendations/en/. Accessed December 14, 2014.
16. Jennings LC. Influenza vaccines: an Asia-Pacific perspective. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2013;7(Suppl 3):44-51.
17. Zhou L, Su Q, Xu Z, et al. Seasonal influenza vaccination coverage rate of target groups in selected cities and provinces in China by season (2009/10 to 2011/12). PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e73724.
18. Feng L, Mounts AW, Feng Y, et al. Seasonal influenza vaccine supply and target vaccinated population in China, 2004-2009. Vaccine. 2010;28:6778-6782.
19. Palache A, Oriol-Mathieu V, Fino M, Xydia-Charmanta M. Influenza Vaccine Supply task force (IFPMA IVS). Seasonal influenza vaccine dose distribution in 195 countries (2004-2013): little progress in estimated global vaccination coverage. Vaccine. 2015;33:5598-5605.
20. Barr IG, Jelley LL. The coming era of quadrivalent human influenza vaccines: who will benefit? Drugs. 2012;72:2177-2185.
21. Australian Government Department of Health. Australian Influenza Surveillance Report and Activity Updates – 2014. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-ozflu-2014.htm. Accessed October 20, 2014.
22. Australian Government. Department of Health. Australian influenza surveillance report. No. 10 2015. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-surveil-ozflu-flucurr.htm/File/Australian-Influenza-Surveillance-Report.pdf. Accessed March 15, 2016.
23. Druce J, Tran T, Kelly H, et al. Laboratory diagnosis and surveillance of human respiratory viruses by PCR in Victoria, Australia, 2002-2003. J Med Virol. 2005;75:122-129.
24. Iskander M, Kesson A, Dwyer D, et al. The burden of influenza in children under 5 years admitted to the Children's Hospital at Westmead in the winter of 2006. J Paediatr Child Health. 2009;45:698-703.
25. Fielding JE, Miller ER, Adams J, Hawking B, Grant K, Kelly HA. Influenza surveillance in Victoria, 2006. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2007;31:100-106.
26. Lambert SB, Whiley DM, O'Neill NT, et al. Comparing nose-throat swabs and nasopharyngeal aspirates collected from children with symptoms for respiratory virus identification using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Pediatrics. 2008;122:e615-e620.
27. Miller ER, Fielding JE, Grant KA, Barr IG, Papadakis G, Kelly HA. Higher than expected seasonal influenza activity in Victoria, 2007. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2008;32:63-70.
28. Lester-Smith D, Zurynski YA, Booy R, Festa MS, Kesson AM, Elliott EJ. The burden of childhood influenza in a tertiary paediatric setting. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2009;33:209-215.
29. Levy A, Sullivan SG, Tempone SS, et al. Influenza vaccine effectiveness estimates for Western Australia during a period of vaccine and virus strain stability, 2010 to 2012. Vaccine. 2014;32:6312-6318.
30. Fielding J, Grant K, Franklin L, et al. Epidemiology of the 2012 influenza season in Victoria, Australia. West Pac Surveill Response J. 2013;4:42-50.
31. Buecher C, Mardy S, Wang W, et al. Use of a multiplex PCR/RT-PCR approach to assess the viral causes of influenza-like illnesses in Cambodia during three consecutive dry seasons. J Med Virol. 2010;82:1762-1772.
32. Mardy S, Ly S, Heng S, et al. Influenza activity in Cambodia during 2006-2008. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9:168.
33. Horm SV, Mardy S, Rith S, et al. Epidemiological and virological characteristics of influenza viruses circulating in Cambodia from 2009 to 2011. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e110713.
34. Caini S, Huang QS, Ciblak MA, et al. Epidemiological and virological characteristics of influenza B: results of the Global Influenza B Study. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2015;9(Suppl 1):3-12.
35. Cheng X, Tan Y, He M, et al. Epidemiological dynamics and phylogeography of influenza virus in southern China. J Infect Dis. 2013;207:106-114.
36. Lin J, Kang M, Zhong H, et al. Influenza seasonality and predominant subtypes of influenza virus in Guangdong, China, 2004-2012. J Thorac Dis. 2013;5(Suppl 2):S109-S117.
37. Yang P, Duan W, Lv M, et al. Review of an influenza surveillance system, Beijing, People's Republic of China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:1603-1608.
38. Ge Y, Cai J, Wang X, et al. Childhood influenza in the outpatient setting in Shanghai, China. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31:e111-e116.
39. Yu H, Huang J, Huai Y, et al. The substantial hospitalization burden of influenza in central China: surveillance for severe, acute respiratory infection, and influenza viruses, 2010-2012. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2014;8:53-65.
40. Wei M, Yan ZQ, Wang C, Liu W, Cao W. Eight-hospital based influenza like illness surveillance from April, 2009 to March, 2011 in China. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2013;7:997-998.
41. Zhao B, Qin S, Teng Z, et al. Epidemiological study of influenza B in Shanghai during the 2009-2014 seasons: implications for influenza vaccination strategy. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21:694-700.
42. Beckett CG, Kosasih H, Ma'roef C, et al. Influenza surveillance in Indonesia: 1999-2003. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:443-449.
43. Kosasih H, Klimov A, Xiyan X, et al. Surveillance of influenza in Indonesia, 2003–2007. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2013;7:312-320.
44. Saha S, Chadha M, Al Mamun A, et al. Influenza seasonality and vaccination timing in tropical and subtropical areas of southern and south-eastern Asia. Bull World Health Organ. 2014;92:318-330.
45. Storms AD, Kusriastuti R, Misriyah S, et al. The East Jakarta Project: surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) and seasonal influenza viruses in patients seeking care for respiratory disease, Jakarta, Indonesia, October 2011-September 2012. Epidemiol Infect. 2015;143:3394-3404.
46. Khamphaphongphane B, Ketmayoon P, Lewis HC, et al. Epidemiological and virological characteristics of seasonal and pandemic influenza in Lao PDR, 2008-2010. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2013;7:304-311.
47. Vongphrachanh P, Simmerman JM, Phonekeo D, et al. An early report from newly established laboratory-based influenza surveillance in Lao PDR. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2010;4:47-52.
48. Sentilhes A-C, Choumlivong K, Celhay O, et al. Respiratory virus infections in hospitalized children and adults in Lao PDR. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2013;7:1070-1078.
49. Saat Z, Abdul Rashid TRT, Yusof MA, et al. Seasonal influenza virus strains circulating in Malaysia from 2005 to 2009. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2010;41:1368-1373.
50. Hasegawa G, Kyaw H, Danjuan L, et al. Epidemiological study of influenza virus infection in Yangon, Myanmar. Trop Med Health. 2006;34:3-6.
51. Hasegawa G, Kyaw Y, Danjuan L, et al. Influenza virus infections in Yangon, Myanmar. J Clin Virol. 2006;37:233-234.
52. Dapat C, Saito R, Kyaw Y, et al. Epidemiology of human influenza A and B viruses in Myanmar from 2005 to 2007. Intervirology. 2009;52:310-320.
53. Huang QS, Lopez LD, McCallum L, Adlam B. Influenza surveillance and immunisation in New Zealand, 1997-2006. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2008;2:139-145.
54. Huang QS, Lopez L, Adlam B. Influenza surveillance in New Zealand in 2005. N Z Med J. 2007;120:U2581.
55. Sternal J., Hammond A., Fitzner J., et al. Review of the 2015 influenza season in the southern hemisphere. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2015;90:645-660.
56. Kono J, Jonduo MH, Omena M, Siba PM, Horwood PF. Viruses associated with influenza-like-illnesses in Papua New Guinea, 2010. J Med Virol. 2014;86:899-904.
57. Nguyen HLK, Saito R, Ngiem HK, et al. Epidemiology of influenza in Hanoi, Vietnam, from 2001 to 2003. J Infect. 2007;55:58-63.
58. Nguyen HT, Dharan NJ, Le MTQ, et al. National influenza surveillance in Vietnam, 2006-2007. Vaccine. 2009;28:398-402.
59. Nguyen YT, Graitcer SB, Nguyen TH, et al. National surveillance for influenza and influenza-like illness in Vietnam, 2006-2010. Vaccine. 2013;31:4368-4374.
60. Tallo VL, Kamigaki T, Tan AG, et al. Estimating influenza outpatients’ and inpatients’ incidences from 2009 to 2011 in a tropical urban setting in the Philippines. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2014;8:159-168.
61. Otomaru H, Kamigaki T, Tamaki R, et al. Influenza and other respiratory viruses detected by influenza-like illness surveillance in Leyte Island, the Philippines, 2010-2013. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0123755.
62. Chow A, Ma S, Ling AE, Chew SK. Influenza-associated deaths in tropical Singapore. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:114-121.
63. Yang L, Ma S, Chen PY, et al. Influenza associated mortality in the subtropics and tropics: results from three Asian cities. Vaccine. 2011;29:8909-8914.
64. Tan AL, Virk RK, Tambyah PA, et al. Surveillance and clinical characterization of influenza in a university cohort in Singapore. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0119485.
65. Virk RK, Tambyah PA, Inoue M, et al. Prospective surveillance and molecular characterization of seasonal influenza in a university cohort in Singapore. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e88345.
66. Tan XQ, Zhao X, Lee VJ, et al. Respiratory viral pathogens among Singapore military servicemen 2009-2012: epidemiology and clinical characteristics. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:204.
67. Yap J, Tan CH, Cook AR, et al. Differing clinical characteristics between influenza strains among young healthy adults in the tropics. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12:12.
68. Seah SG-K, Lim EA-S, Kok-Yong S, et al. Viral agents responsible for febrile respiratory illnesses among military recruits training in tropical Singapore. J Clin Virol. 2010;47:289-292.
69. Seo YB, Cheong HJ, Song JY, et al. Epidemiologic differences of four major respiratory viruses between children, adolescents, and adults in Korea. J Infect Chemother. 2014;20:672-677.
70. Chen Y-W, Huang Y-C, Ho T-H, Huang C-G, Tsao K-C, Lin T-Y. Viral etiology of bronchiolitis among pediatric inpatients in northern Taiwan with emphasis on newly identified respiratory viruses. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2014;47:116-121.
71. Lo Y-C, Chuang J-H, Kuo H-W, et al. Surveillance and vaccine effectiveness of an influenza epidemic predominated by vaccine-mismatched influenza B/Yamagata-lineage viruses in Taiwan, 2011-12 season. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e58222.
72. Chittaganpitch M, Supawat K, Olsen SJ, et al. Influenza viruses in Thailand: 7 years of sentinel surveillance data, 2004-2010. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2012;6:276-283.
73. Tewawong N, Suwannakarn K, Prachayangprecha S, et al. Molecular epidemiology and phylogenetic analyses of influenza B virus in Thailand during 2010 to 2014. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0116302.
74. Simmerman JM, Chittaganpitch M, Levy J, et al. Incidence, seasonality and mortality associated with influenza pneumonia in Thailand: 2005-2008. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e7776.
75. Takahashi K, Suzuki M, Minh LN, et al. The incidence and aetiology of hospitalised community-acquired pneumonia among Vietnamese adults: a prospective surveillance in Central Vietnam. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:296.
76. Song JY, Cheong HJ, Choi SH, et al. Hospital-based influenza surveillance in Korea: hospital-based influenza morbidity and mortality study group. J Med Virol. 2013;85:910-917.
77. Kim YK, Nyambat B, Hong YS, Lee CG, Lee JW, Kilgore PE. Burden of viral respiratory disease hospitalizations among children in a community of Seoul, Republic of Korea, 1995–2005. Scand J Infect Dis. 2008;40:946-953.
78. Yun BY, Kim MR, Park JY, Choi EH, Lee HJ, Yun CK. Viral etiology and epidemiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in Korean children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1995;14:1054-1059.
79. Tsai HP, Kuo PH, Liu CC, Wang JR. Respiratory viral infections among pediatric inpatients and outpatients in Taiwan from 1997 to 1999. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:111-118.
80. Lin T-Y, Huang Y-C, Ning H-C, Tsao K-C. Surveillance of respiratory viral infections among pediatric outpatients in northern Taiwan. J Clin Virol. 2004;30:81-85.
81. Khor C-S, Sam I-C, Hooi P-S, Quek K-F, Chan Y-F. Epidemiology and seasonality of respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: a retrospective study of 27 years. BMC Pediatr. 2012;12:32.
82. Chew FT, Doraisingham S, Ling AE, Kumarasinghe G, Lee BW. Seasonal trends of viral respiratory tract infections in the tropics. Epidemiol Infect. 1998;121:121-128.
83. Baggett HC, Chittaganpitch M, Thamthitiwat S, et al. Incidence and epidemiology of hospitalized influenza cases in rural Thailand during the influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 pandemic, 2009-2010. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e48609.
84. Olsen SJ, Thamthitiwat S, Chantra S, et al. Incidence of respiratory pathogens in persons hospitalized with pneumonia in two provinces in Thailand. Epidemiol Infect. 2010;138:1811-1822.
85. Review of the 2013 influenza season in the southern hemisphere. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2013;88:509-520.
86. Jefferson T, Di PC, Rivetti A, Bawazeer GA, Al-Ansary LA, Ferroni E. Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;CD001269.
87. Su S, Chaves SS, Perez A, et al. Comparing clinical characteristics between hospitalized adults with laboratory-confirmed influenza A and B virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:252-255.
88. Tran D, Vaudry W, Moore D, et al. Hospitalization for influenza A versus B. Pediatrics. 2016;138:e20154643.
89. Sočan M, Prosenc K, Učakar V, Berginc N. A comparison of the demographic and clinical characteristics of laboratory-confirmed influenza B Yamagata and Victoria lineage infection. J Clin Virol. 2014;61:156-160.
90. Tan Y, Guan W, Lam TT-Y, et al. Differing epidemiological dynamics of influenza B virus lineages in Guangzhou, southern China, 2009-2010. J Virol. 2013;87:12447-12456.
91. Vijaykrishna D, Holmes EC, Joseph U, et al. The contrasting phylodynamics of human influenza B viruses. eLife 2015;4:e05055.
92. van dVE, Ip DKM, Cowling BJ, et al. Outcomes and susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors in individuals infected with different influenza b lineages: the influenza resistance information study. J Infect Dis. 2015;213:183-190.
93. Barr IG, Vijaykrishna D, Sullivan SG. Differential age susceptibility to influenza B/Victoria lineage viruses in the 2015 Australian influenza season. Euro Surveill Bull. 2016;21: pii:30118.
94. Cowling BJ, Wu P, Lo JYC, et al. Population-based hospitalization burden of lineage specific influenza B children in Hong Kong, 2004-2014. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65:300-307.
95. Australian Government Department of Health. Australian Influenza Surveillance Report and Activity Updates. http://www.health.gov.au/flureport#nat-scheme. Accessed May 16, 2016.
96. Immunise Australia Program. Vaccination Data. http://www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/vaccination-data#newspoll. Accessed May 16, 2016.
97. Timmermans A, Melendrez MC, Se Y, et al. Human sentinel surveillance of influenza and other respiratory viral pathogens in border areas of Western Cambodia. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0152529.
98. Members of the Western Pacific Region Global Influenza Surveillance Response System, Dwyer D, Barr I, et al. Seasonal influenza vaccine policies, recommendations and use in the World Health Organization's Western Pacific Region. West Pac Surveill Response J. 2013;4:51-59.
99. Ruan N, Nguyen T, Khor K. China's Sasonal influenza vaccination policy in a post-health care reform era. Asia Pac Policy Stud. 2015;2:214-226.
100. Gupta V, Dawood FS, Muangchana C, et al. Influenza vaccination guidelines and vaccine sales in southeast Asia: 2008-2011. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e52842.
101. Rashid ZZ, Jasme H, Liang HJ, et al. Influenza vaccination uptake among healthcare workers at a Malaysian teaching hospital. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2015;46:215-225.
102. New Zealand Ministry of Health. Public Health Surveillance. https://surv.esr.cri.nz/public_health_surveillance/influenza.php. Accessed May 16, 2016.
103. Ministry of Health NZ. Influenza. Minist. Health NZ. http://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/diseases-and-conditions/influenza. Accessed May 16, 2016.
104. Philippine National Influenza Center. Research Institute for Tropical Medicine. http://ritm.gov.ph/reference-laboratories/national-reference-laboratories/philippine-national-influenza-center/. Accessed May 9, 2016.
105. Influenza. Singapore Ministry of Health. https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/home/diseases_and_conditions/i/influenza.html. Accessed May 9, 2016.
106. Tan EK, Lim LH, Teoh YL, Ong G, Bock HL. Influenza and seasonal influenza vaccination among diabetics in Singapore: knowledge, attitudes and practices. Singapore Med J. 2010;51:623-630.
107. Kee SY, Lee JS, Cheong HJ, et al. Influenza vaccine coverage rates and perceptions on vaccination in South Korea. J Infect. 2007;55:273-281.
108. Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Korean Influenza Surveillance Scheme. Overview of KISS. http://www.cdc.go.kr/CDC/eng/contents/CdcEngContentView.jsp?cid=18174&menuIds=HOME002-MNU0826-MNU0827. Accessed May 6, 2016.
109. Yang HJ, Cho S-I. Influenza vaccination coverage among adults in Korea: 2008-2009 to 2011-2012 seasons. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11:12162-12173.
110. Hong K-W, Cheong HJ, Choi WS, et al. Clinical courses and outcomes of hospitalized adult patients with seasonal influenza in Korea, 2011-2012: hospital-based Influenza Morbidity & Mortality (HIMM) surveillance. J Infect Chemother. 2014;20:9-14.
111. Established vaccine supply hotline between Disease Control Division, vaccine provider and Ilshin Medical Center. http://www.cdc.go.kr/CDC/notice/CdcKrIntro0201.jsp?menuIds=HOME001-MNU1154-MNU0005-MNU0011&fid=21&q_type=&q_value=&cid=72461&pageNum. Accessed January 21, 2017.
112. Chuang J-H, Huang AS, Huang W-T, et al. Nationwide surveillance of influenza during the pandemic (2009-10) and post-pandemic (2010-11) periods in Taiwan. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e36120.
113. Taiwan CDC urges prompt flu shots to reduce risk of flu and flu-related complications. http://english.doh.gov.taipei/ct.asp?xItem=38245755&ctNode=15405&mp=109002. Accessed May 7, 2016.
114. Dawood FS, Prapasiri P, Areerat P, et al. Effectiveness of the 2010 and 2011 Southern Hemisphere trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines against hospitalization with influenza-associated acute respiratory infection among Thai adults aged ≥ 50 years. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2014;8:463-468.
115. Kittikraisak W, Suntarattiwong P, Levy J, et al. Influenza vaccination coverage and effectiveness in young children in Thailand, 2011-2013. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2015;9:85-93.
116. Thai National Influenza Center. 2013. http://www.thainihnic.org/SenServ.asp. Accessed May 9, 2016.
117. Roche P, Halliday L, O'Brien E, Spencer J. The laboratory virology and serology reporting scheme, 1991 to 2000. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2002;26:323-374.
118. Teichtahl H, Buckmaster N, Pertnikovs E. The incidence of respiratory tract infection in adults requiring hospitalization for asthma. Chest. 1997;112:591-596.
119. Moore HC, de Klerk N, Richmond P, et al. Seasonality of respiratory viral identification varies with age and Aboriginality in metropolitan Western Australia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28:598-603.
120. Kelly H, Murphy A, Leong W, et al. Laboratory-supported influenza surveillance in Victorian sentinel general practices. Commun Dis Intell. 2000;24:379-383.
121. Grant K, Franklin L, Kaczmarek M, et al. Continued dominance of pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 influenza in Victoria, Australia in 2010. West Pac Surveill Response J. 2011;2:10-18.
122. Macesic N, Kotsimbos TC, Kelly P, Cheng AC. Hospital-acquired influenza in an Australian sentinel surveillance system. Med J Aust. 2013;198:370-372.
123. Sullivan SG, Chilver MB-N, Higgins G, Cheng AC, Stocks NP. Influenza vaccine effectiveness in Australia: results from the Australian Sentinel Practices Research Network. Med J Aust. 2014;201:109-111.
124. Jennings Z, Carter I, McPhie K, Kok J, Dwyer DE. Increased prevalence of influenza B/Victoria lineage viruses during early stages of the 2015 influenza season in New South Wales, Australia: implications for vaccination and planning. Euro Surveill. 2015;20:20201.
125. Kasper MR, Blair PJ, Touch S, et al. Infectious etiologies of acute febrile illness among patients seeking health care in south-central Cambodia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;86:246-253.
126. Tang LF, Wang TL, Tang HF, Chen ZM. Viral pathogens of acute lower respiratory tract infection in China. Indian Pediatr. 2008;45:971-975.
127. Yang Y, Wang Z, Ren L, et al. Influenza A/H1N1 2009 pandemic and respiratory virus infections, Beijing, 2009-2010. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e45807.
128. Ji W, Zhang T, Zhang X, et al. The epidemiology of hospitalized influenza in children, a two year population-based study in the People's Republic of China. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010;10:82.
129. Guo R, Zheng H, Huang L, et al. Epidemiologic and economic burden of influenza in the outpatient setting: a prospective study in a subtropical area of China. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e41403.
130. Peng J, Kong W, Guo D, et al. The epidemiology and etiology of influenza-like illness in Chinese children from 2008 to 2010. J Med Virol. 2012;84:672-678.
131. Lu Y, Tong J, Pei F, et al. Viral aetiology in adults with acute upper respiratory tract infection in Jinan, Northern China. Clin Dev Immunol. 2013;2013:869521.
132. Zhu N, Li P, Yu J, et al. Molecular characterization of influenza B viruses isolated in east-central China in 2009-2010. Virus Genes. 2013;46:28-38.
133. Li H, Wei Q, Tan A, Wang L. Epidemiological analysis of respiratory viral etiology for influenza-like illness during 2010 in Zhuhai, China. Virol J. 2013;10:143.
134. Huo X, Qin Y, Qi X, et al. Surveillance of 16 respiratory viruses in patients with influenza-like illness in Nanjing, China. J Med Virol. 2012;84:1980-1984.
135. Chen J-F, Sun B-C, Yuan J, Zhang R-S, Ou X-H. Surveillance of influenza virus during 2010-2012 in Changsha, China. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2014;45:319-325.
136. Wang H, Fu C, Li K, et al. Influenza associated mortality in Southern China, 2010-2012. Vaccine. 2014;32:973-978.
137. Yu X, Lu R, Wang Z, et al. Etiology and clinical characterization of respiratory virus infections in adult patients attending an emergency department in Beijing. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e32174.
138. Fu Y, Pan L, Sun Q, et al. The clinical and etiological characteristics of influenza-like illness (ILI) in outpatients in Shanghai, China, 2011 to 2013. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0119513.
139. Ju X, Fang Q, Zhang J, Xu A, Liang L, Ke C. Viral etiology of influenza-like illnesses in Huizhou, China, from 2011 to 2013. Arch Virol. 2014;159:2003-2010.
140. Wang D, Chen L, Ding Y, et al. Viral etiology of medically attended influenza-like illnesses in children less than five years old in Suzhou, China, 2011 to 2014. J Med Virol. 2016;88:1334-1340.
141. Chan PW, Goh AY, Chua KB, Kharullah NS, Hooi PS. Viral aetiology of lower respiratory tract infection in young Malaysian children. J Paediatr Child Health. 1999;35:287-290.
142. Sam I-C, Su YCF, Chan YF, et al. Evolution of Influenza B Virus in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, between 1995 and 2008. J Virol. 2015;89:9689-9692.
143. Sam I-C, Abdul-Murad A, Karunakaran R, et al. Clinical features of Malaysian children hospitalized with community-acquired seasonal influenza. Int J Infect Dis. 2010;14(Suppl 3):e36-e40.
144. Laing R, Slater W, Coles C, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in Christchurch and Waikato 1999-2000: microbiology and epidemiology. N Z Med J. 2001;114:488-492.
145. Jennings LC, Anderson TP, Werno AM, Beynon KA, Murdoch DR. Viral etiology of acute respiratory tract infections in children presenting to hospital: role of polymerase chain reaction and demonstration of multiple infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23:1003-1007.
146. Turner N, Pierse N, Bissielo A, et al. Effectiveness of seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in preventing influenza hospitalisations and primary care visits in Auckland, New Zealand, in 2013. Euro Surveill. 2014;19: pii: 20884.
147. Suzuki A, Lupisan S, Furuse Y, et al. Respiratory viruses from hospitalized children with severe pneumonia in the Philippines. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12:267.
148. Lee J-S, Shin K-C, Na B-K, et al. Influenza surveillance in Korea: establishment and first results of an epidemiological and virological surveillance scheme. Epidemiol Infect. 2007;135:1117-1123.
149. Choi S-H, Hong S-B, Ko G-B, et al. Viral infection in patients with severe pneumonia requiring intensive care unit admission. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186:325-332.
150. Noh JY, Song JY, Cheong HJ, et al. Laboratory surveillance of influenza-like illness in seven teaching hospitals, South Korea: 2011-2012 season. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e64295.
151. Wie S-H, So BH, Song JY, et al. A comparison of the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of adult patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza A or B during the 2011-2012 influenza season in Korea: a multi-center study. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e62685.
152. Seo YB, Song JY, Cheong HJ, et al. Hospital-based influenza morbidity and mortality surveillance system for influenza-like illnesses: a comparison with national influenza surveillance systems. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2014;8:17-20.
153. Choi WS, Noh JY, Baek JH, et al. Suboptimal effectiveness of the 2011-2012 seasonal influenza vaccine in adult Korean populations. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0098716.
154. Ahn M, Choi S, Chung J, Kim H. Utilization of the respiratory virus multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction test for adult patients at a Korean tertiary care center. Korean J Intern Med. 2015;30:96-103.
155. Huang Y-C, Li W-C, Tsao K-C, Huang C-G, Chiu C-H, Lin T-Y. Influenza-associated central nervous system dysfunction in Taiwanese children: clinical characteristics and outcomes with and without administration of oseltamivir. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28:647-648.
156. Hu J-J, Kao C-L, Lee P-I, et al. Clinical features of influenza A and B in children and association with myositis. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2004;37:95-98.
157. Shih S-R, Chen G-W, Yang C-C, et al. Laboratory-based surveillance and molecular epidemiology of influenza virus in Taiwan. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:1651-1661.
158. Chi C-Y, Wang S-M, Lin C-C, et al. Clinical features of children infected with different strains of influenza B in southern Taiwan. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27:640-645.
159. Jian J-W, Lai C-T, Kuo C-Y, et al. Genetic analysis and evaluation of the reassortment of influenza B viruses isolated in Taiwan during the 2004-2005 and 2006-2007 epidemics. Virus Res. 2008;131:243-249.
160. Lin Y-K, Chang C-K, Chang S-C, Chen P-S, Lin C, Wang Y-C. Temperature, nitrogen dioxide, circulating respiratory viruses and acute upper respiratory infections among children in Taipei, Taiwan: a population-based study. Environ Res. 2013;120:109-118.
161. Jian J-W, Chen G-W, Lai C-T, et al. Genetic and epidemiological analysis of influenza virus epidemics in Taiwan during 2003 to 2006. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46:1426-1434.
162. Wang C-C, Chen P-Y, Wang J-D, Liu F-C, Huang F-L, Lee C-Y. Clinical and laboratory analysis of influenza B infection in children in Taichung, Taiwan during the 2006-2007 flu season. Pediatr Neonatol. 2009;50:54-58.
163. Suzuki H, Eiumtrakul S, Ariya T, et al. Antigenic analysis of influenza viruses isolated in Thailand between 1991 and 1994. New Microbiol. 1997;20:207-214.
164. Sirivichayakul C, Sabcharoen A, Chanthavanich P, et al. Incidence and clinical manifestations of influenza in nurse assistant students. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2000;31:57-61.
165. Thawatsupha P, Waicharoen S, Maneewong P, Prasittikhet K, Chittaganapitch M, Sawanpanyalert P. Isolation and identification of influenza virus strains circulating in Thailand in 2001. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2003;34:94-97.
166. Suntarattiwong P, Sian-nork C, Thongtipa P, Thawatsupha P, Kitphati R, Chotpitayasunondh T. Influenza-associated hospitalization in urban Thai children. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2007;1:177-182.
167. Hara K, Yahara K, Gotoh K, et al. Clinical study concerning the relationship between community-acquired pneumonia and viral infection in northern Thailand. Intern Med Tokyo Jpn. 2011;50:991-998.
168. Prachayangprecha S, Makkoch J, Suwannakarn K, et al. Epidemiology of seasonal influenza in Bangkok between 2009 and 2012. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2013;7:734-740.
169. Do AHL, van Doorn HR, Nghiem MN, et al. Viral etiologies of acute respiratory infections among hospitalized Vietnamese children in Ho Chi Minh City, 2004-2008. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e18176.
170. Surveillance WPRGI, System R. Epidemiological and virological characteristics of influenza in the Western Pacific Region of the World Health Organization, 2006-2010. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e37568.
171. Korean Influenza Surveillance Scheme. Influenza weekly report. http://www.cdc.go.kr/CDC/eng/info/CdcEngInfo0101.jsp?menuIds=HOME002-MNU0826-MNU0825&fid=2099&q_type=&q_value=&pageNum=5. Accessed December 14, 2014.
172. Centers for Disease Control, R.O.C Taiwan. Influenza express. http://www.cdc.gov.tw/english/index.aspx. Accessed May 18, 2016.
173. Environmental Science and Research Ltd. New Zealand Ministry of Health. Public Health Surveillance. Information for New Zealand Public Health Action. Influenza annual reports. 2014; published online Oct 21. https://surv.esr.cri.nz/virology/influenza_annual_report.php. Accessed October 21, 2014.