Organic Spintronics

Comprehensive Nanoscience and Technology

Volumn 1-5, Issue , 2011, Pages 109-142

  Majumdar, S ^a   Majumdar, H S ^a   Osterbacka R ^a  

^a ÅBO AKADEMI UNIVERSITY   (Finland)

Author keywords

Magnetic tunnel junctions; Organic light emitting diodes; Organic magnetoresistance; Organic semiconductors; Spin valves; Spintronics

Indexed keywords

EID: 85042792201     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-374396-1.00023-4     Document Type: Chapter

References (124)

1. Baibich M.N., Broto J.M., Fert A., et al. Giant magnetoresistance of (001)Fe/(001)Cr magnetic superlattices. Physical Review Letters 1988, 61:2472-2475.
2. Prinz G.A. Magnetoelectronics. Science 1998, 282:1660-1663.
3. Moodera J.S., Kinder L.R., Wong T.M., Meservey R. Large magnetoresistance at room temperature in ferromagnetic thin film tunnel junctions. Physical Review Letters 1995, 74:3273-3276.
4. Zutic I., Fabian J., Sarma S.D. Spintronics: Fundamentals and applications. Review of Modern Physics 2004, 76:323-410.
5. Tang H.X., Monzon F.G., Jedema F.J., Filip A.T., van Wees B.J., Roukes M.L. Spin injection and transport in micro- and nanoscale devices. Semiconductor Spintronics and Quantum Computation 2002, 31-92. Springer, New York. D. Awschalom, D. Loss, N. Samarth (Eds.).
6. Ruden P.P., Smith D.L. Theory of spin injection into conjugated organic semiconductors. Journal of Applied Physics 2004, 95:4898-4904.
7. Rocha A.R., García-suárez V.M., Bailey S.W., Lambert C.J., Ferrer J., Sanvito S. Towards molecular spintronics. Nature Materials 2005, 4:335-339.
8. Dediu V.A., Murgia M., Matacotta F.C., Taliani C., Barbanera S. Room temperature spin polarized injection in organic semiconductor. Solid State Communication 2002, 122:181-184.
9. Xiong Z.H., Wu D., Valy Vardeny Z., Shi J. Giant magnetoresistance in organic spin-valves. Nature (London) 2004, 427:821-824.
10. Majumdar S., Laiho R., Laukkanen P., Väyrynen I.J., Majumdar H.S., Österbacka R. Application of regioregular polythiophene in spintronic devices: Effect of interface. Applied Physics Letters 2006, 89:122114.1-122114.3.
11. 3-π-conjugated semiconducting polymer heterostructure. Solid State Communication 2006, 138:422-425.
12. Kalinowski J., Cocchi M., Virgili D., Fattori V., Di Marco P. Magnetic field effects on organic electrophosphorescence. Physical Review B 2004, 70:205303-205309.
13. Francis T.L., Mermer ö., Veeraraghavan G., Wohlgenannt M. Large magnetoresistance at room temperature in semiconducting polymer sandwich devices. New Journal of Physics 2004, 6. 185-1-185-8.
14. Santos T.S., Lee J.S., Migdal P., Lekshmi I.C., Satpati B., Moodera J.S. Room-temperature tunnel magnetoresistance and spin-polarized tunneling through an organic semiconductor barrier. Physical Review Letters 2007, 98:16601-16604.
15. Sanvito S. Spintronics goes plastic. Nature Materials 2007, 6:803-804.
16. Mott N.F. The electrical conductivity of transition metals. Proceedings Royal Society London, Series A 1936, 153:699-717.
17. Mott N.F. The resistance and thermoelectric power of transition metals. Proceedings Royal Society London, Series A 1936, 156:368-382.
18. Fert A., Campbell I.A. Two current conduction in nickel. Physical Review Letters 1968, 21:1190-1192.
19. Aronov A.G. Spin injection in metals and polarization of nuclei. JETP Letters 1976, 24:32-34.
20. Aronov A.G., Pikus G.E. Spin injection into semiconductors. Soviet Physics of Semiconductors 1976, 10:698-700.
21. Masterov V.F., Makovskii L.L. Spin-dependent recombination on injection of electrons from a ferromagnet into a semiconductor. Soviet Physics of Semiconductors 1979, 13:1192-1193.
22. Johnson M., Silsbee R.H. Thermodynamic analysis of interfacial transport and of the thermomagnetoelectric system. Physical Review B 1987, 35:4959-4972.
23. Johnson M., Silsbee R.H. Coupling of electronic charge and spin at a ferromagnetic-paramagnetic metal interface. Physical Review B 1988, 37:5312-5325.
24. van Son P.C., van Kempen H., Wyder P. Boundary resistance of the ferromagnetic-nonferromagnetic metal interface. Physical Review Letters 1987, 58:2271-2273.
25. Valet T., Fert A. Theory of perpendicular magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayers. Physical Review B 1993, 48:7099-7113.
26. Hershfield S., Zhao H.L. Charge and spin transport through a metallic ferromagnetic-paramagnetic-ferromagnetic junction. Physical Review B 1997, 56:3296-3305.
27. Rashba E.I. Theory of electrical spin injection: Tunnel contacts as a solution of the conductivity mismatch problem. Physical Review B 2000, 62:R16267-R16270.
28. Rashba E.I. Spintronics: Sources and challenge. Journal of Superconductivity 2002, 15:13-17.
29. Filip AT (2002) Spin Polarised Electron Transport in Mesoscopic Hybrid Devices. PhD Thesis, University of Groningen The Netharlands.
30. Sanvito S., Rocha A.R. Molecular-spintronics: The art of driving spin through molecules. Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 2006, 3:624-642.
31. Dresselhaus G. Spin orbit coupling effects in zinc blende structures. Physical Review 1955, 100:580-586.
32. D'yakonov M.I., Perel V.I. Spin orientation of electrons associated with the interband absorption of light in semiconductors. Soviet Physics - JETP 1971, 33:1053-1059.
33. Rashba E.I. Properties of semiconductors with an extremum loop. 1. Cyclotron and combinational resonance in a magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the loop. Soviet Physics - Solid State 1960, 2:1224-1238.
34. Bychkov Y.A., Rashba E.I. Properties of a 2D electron-gas with lifted spectral degeneracy. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters 1984, 39:78-81.
35. Elliot R.J. Theory of the effect of spin-orbit coupling on magnetic resonance in some semiconductors. Physical Review 1954, 96:266-279.
36. Pramanik S., et al. Normal and inverse spin-valve effect in organic semiconductor nanowires and the background monotonic magnetoresistance. Physical Review B 2006, 74. 235329-1-235329-7.
37. Pramanik S., Bandyopadhyay S., Garre K., Cahay M. Observation of extremely long spin relaxation times in an organic nanowire spin valve. Nature Nanotechnology 2007, 2:216-219.
38. Bir G.L., Aronov A.G., Pikus G.E. Spin relaxation of electrons due to scattering by holes. Soviet Physics - JETP 1976, 42:705-712.
39. Merkulov I.A., Efros A.L., Rosen M. Electron spin relaxation by nuclei in semiconductor quantum dots. Physical Review B 2002, 65. 205309-1-205309-8.
40. Khaetskii A.V., Loss D., Glazman L. Electron spin decoherence in quantum dots due to interaction with nuclei. Physical Review Letters 2002, 88. 186802-1-186802-4.
41. Crooker S.A., Garlid E.S., Chantis A.N., et al. Bias-controlled sensitivity of ferromagnet/semiconductor electrical spin detectors. Physical Review B 2009, 80(4):041305. (arXiv: 0809.1120v1).
42. Julliere M. Tunneling between ferromagnetic films. Physics Letters 1975, 21:225-226.
43. Maekawa S., Gäfvert U. Electron tunneling between ferromagnetic films. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 1982, 18:707-708.
44. Binasch G., Grünberg P., Saurenbach F., Zinn W. Enhanced magnetoresistance in layered magnetic structures. Physical Review B 1989, 39:4828-4830.
45. Nguyen T.D., Sheng Y., Wohlgenannt M., Anthopoulos T.D. On the role of hydrogen in organic magnetoresistance: A study of C60 devices. Synthetic Metals 2007, 157:930-934.
46. de Groot R.A., Mueller F.M. New class of materials: Half-metallic ferromagnets. Physical Review Letters 1983, 50:2024-2027.
47. Park J.-H., Vescovo E., Kim H.-J., Kwon C., Ramesh R., Venkatesan T. Direct evidence for a half-metallic ferromagnet. Nature (London) 1998, 392:794-796.
48. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000 2000, The Nobel Foundation, (accessed October 2009). http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2000/index.html.
49. Tour, Reinerth W.A., Jones L. Recent advances in molecular scale electronics. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1998, 852:197-204.
50. Bredas J.L., Calbert J.P., da Silva Filho D.A., Cornil J. Organic semiconductors: A theoretical characterization of the basic parameters governing charge transport. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences 2002, 99:5804-5809.
51. Burroughes J.H., Bradley D.D.C., Brown A.R., et al. Light-emitting diodes based on conjugated polymers. Nature (London) 1990, 347:539-541.
52. Friend R.H., Gymer R.W., Holmes A.B. Electroluminescence in conjugated polymers. Nature (London) 1999, 397:121-128.
53. Organic Photovoltaics: Mechanisms, Materials, and Devices (Optical Engineering) 2005, CRC Press/Taylor&Francis, Boca Raton, FL. S.-S. Sun, N.S. Sariciftci (Eds.).
54. Mayer A., Scully S.R., Hardin B.E., Rowell M.W., McGehee M.D. Polymer-based solar cells. Materials Today 2007, 10(11):28-33.
55. Harowitz G. Field-effect transistors based on short organic molecules. Journal of Materials Chemistry 1999, 9:2021-2026.
56. Dodabalapur A. Organic and polymer transistors for electronics. Materials Today 2006, 9(4):24-30.
57. Katz H.E., Johnson J., Lovinger A.J., Li W. Naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide-based n-channel transistor semiconductors: Structural variation and thiol-enhanced gold contacts. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2000, 122:7787-7792.
58. Bao Z., Lovinger A.J., Brown J. New air-stable n-channel organic thin film transistors. Journal of American Chemical Society 1998, 120:207-208.
59. Chua L.-L., Zaumseil J., Chang J.-F. General observation of n-type field-effect behaviour in organic semiconductors. Nature 2005, 434:194-198.
60. Bolto B.A., McNeill R., Weiss D.E. Electronic conduction in polymers. III. Electronic properties of polypyrrole. Australian Journal of Chemistry 1963, 16:1090-1103.
61. Chiang C.K. Electrical conductivity in doped polyacetylene. Physical Review Letters 1977, 39:1098-1101.
62. Dhoot A.S., Yuen J.D., Heeney M., McCulloch I., Moses D., Heeger A.J. Beyond the metal-insulator transition in polymer electrolyte gated polymer field-effect transistors. Proceedings of National Academy of Science of the United States of America 2006, 103(32):11834-11837.
63. Printed Organic and Molecular Electronics 2004, Kluwer Academic Publisher, Boston, MA. D. Gamota, P. Brazis, K. Kalyanasundaram, J. Zhang (Eds.).
64. Wang G., Swensen J., Moses D., Heeger A.J. Increased mobility from regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) field-effect transistors. Journal of Applied Physics 2003, 93:6137-6141.
65. de Boer R.W.I., Gershenson M.E., Morpurgo A.F., Podzorov V. Organic single-crystal field-effect transistors. Physica Status Solidi A 2004, 201:1302-1331.
66. Sundar V.C., Zaumseil J., Podzorov V. Elastomeric transistor stamps: Reversible probing of charge transport in organic crystals. Science 2004, 303:1644-1646.
67. Jurchescu O.D., Baas J., Palstra T.T.M. Effect of impurities on the mobility of single crystal pentacene. Applied Physics Letters 2004, 84:3061-3063.
68. Podzorov V., Menard E., Borissov A., Kiryukhin V., Rogers J.A., Gershenson M.E. Intrinsic charge transport on the surface of organic semiconductors. Physical Review Letters 2004, 93. 086602-1-086602-4.
69. Cleve B., Hartenstein B., Baranovskii S.D., Scheidler M., Thomas P., Baessler H. High-field hopping transport in band tails of disordered semiconductors. Physical Review B 1995, 51:16705-16713.
70. Bässler H. Charge transport in disordered organic photoconductors a Monte Carlo simulation study. Physica Status Solidi B 1993, 175:15-56.
71. Garstein Y.N., Conwell E.M. High-field hopping mobility in molecular systems with spatially correlated energetic disorder. Chemical Physics Letters 1995, 245:351-358.
72. Dunlap D.H., Parris P.E., Kenkre V.M. Charge-dipole model for the universal field dependence of mobilities in molecularly doped polymers. Physical Review Letters 1996, 77:542-545.
73. Novikov S.V., et al. Essential role of correlations in governing charge transport in disordered organic materials. Physical Review Letters 1998, 81:4472-4475.
74. Karl N. Charge carrier transport in organic semiconductors. Synthetic Metals 2003, 133:649-657.
75. Brazovskii S.A., Kirova N.N. Excitons, polarons and bipolarons in conducting polymers. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters 1981, 33:4-8.
76. Chance R.R., Brédas J.L., Silbey R. Bipolaron transport in doped conjugated polymers. Physical Review B 1984, 29:4491-4495.
77. Cheng Y.C., Silbey R. A unified theory for charge-carrier transport in organic crystals. Journal of Chemical Physics 2008, 128. 114713-1-114713-18.
78. Silinsh E.A., Čapek V. Organic Molecular Crystals: Interaction, Localization, and Transport Phenomena 1994, AIP Press, New York.
79. Pope M., Swenberg C.E. Electronic Processes in Organic Crystals 1982, Oxford University Press, New York.
80. Scott J.C. Metal-organic interface and charge injection in organic electronic devices. Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A 2003, 21:521-531.
81. Baldo M.A., Forrest S.R. Interface limited injection in amorphous organic semiconductors. Physical Review B 2001, 64:085201.
82. Hwang J., Wau A., Kahu A. Energetics of metal-organic interfaces: New experiments and assessment of the field. Materials Science and Engineering R 2009, 64:1-31.
83. Bennati M., Németh K., Surján P.R., Mehring M. Zero-field-splitting and π-electron spin densities in the lowest excited triplet state of oligothiophenes. Journal of Chemical Physics 1996, 105:4441-4447.
84. Min H., Hill J.E., Sinitsyn N.A., Sahu B.R., Kleinman L., MacDonald A.H. Intrinsic and Rashba spin-orbit interactions in graphene sheets. Physical Review B 2006, 74. 165310-1-165310-5.
85. Prigodin V.N., Bergeson J.D., Lincoln D.M., Epstein A.J. Anomalous room temperature magnetoresistance in organic semiconductors. Synthetic Metals 2006, 156:757-761.
86. Sheng Y., Nguyen T.D., Veeraraghavan G., Mermer ö., Wohlgenannt M. Effect of spin-orbit coupling on magnetoresistance in organic semiconductors. Physical Review B 2007, 75. 035202-1-035202-6.
87. Bobbert P.A., Wagemans W., van Oost F.W.A., Koopmans B., Wohlgenannt M. Theory for spin diffusion in disordered organic semiconductors. Physical Review Letters 2009, 102. 156604-1-156604-4.
88. Naber W.J.M., Faez S., van der Wiel W.G. Organic spintronics. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 2007, 40:R205-R228.
89. Grobosch M., Dörr K., Gangineni R.B., Knupfer M. Energy level alignment and interactions at potential contacts for spin injection into organic semiconductors. Advanced Engineering Materials 2009, 11:285-290.
90. 3 interface for organic spintronic devices. Physical Review B 2007, 76. 045406-1-045406-5.
91. 3 electrodes on organic spin valves. Journal of Applied Physics 2008, 104. 033910-1-033910-6.
92. 3-based hybrid devices. Physical Review B 2008, 78. 115203-1-115203-6.
93. 3/organic molecule/Co junctions. Applied Physics Letters 2007, 90:72506-72508.
94. 3. Physical Review B 2008, 77. 035303-1-035303-7.
95. Drew A.J., Hoppler J., Schulz L. Direct measurement of the electronic spin diffusion length in a fully functional organic spin valve by low-energy muon spin rotation. Nature Materials 2009, 8:109-114.
96. Vardeny V. Organics strike back. Nature Materials 2009, 8:91-93.
97. Cinchetti M., Heimer K., Wüstenberg J.-P. Determination of spin injection and transport in a ferromagnet/organic semiconductor heterojunction by two-photon photoemission. Nature Materials 2009, 8:115-119.
98. 3 electrodes. Physical Review B 2007, 75:245324-245330.
99. Pramanik S, Kanchibotla B, and Bandyopadhyay S (in press) Spins in organic semiconductor nanostructures. In: Sattler K (ed.) Handbook of Nanophysics.
100. 3/Co junctions with organic spacer layers. Journal of Applied Physics 2008, 103. 093720-1-093720-5.
101. Majumdar S., Majumdar H.S., Laiho R., Österbacka R. Organic spin-valves: Effect of magnetic impurities on the spin transport properties of polymer spacers. New Journal of Physics 2009, 11. 013022-1-013022-11.
102. Mukhopadhyay S., Das I. Inversion of magnetoresistance in magnetic tunnel junctions: Effect of pinhole nanocontacts. Physical Review Letters 2006, 96. 026601-1-026601-4.
103. Lin L., Pang Z.Y., Wang F.G., Lv M.S., Yang T.L., Ye L.N., Han S.H. The origination of ill-defined layer in organic spin valves. Applied Surface Science 2009, 255:5682-5685.
104. Shim J.H., Wang S., Xia K. Large spin diffusion length in an amorphous organic semiconductor. Chemical Physics Letters 2008, 100. 226603-1-226603-4.
105. Arisi E., Bergenti I., Dediu V. Organic light emitting diodes with spin polarized electrodes. Journal of Applied Physics 2003, 93:7682-7683.
106. Bergenti I., Dediu V., Arisi E. Spin polarised electrodes for organic light emitting diodes. Organic Electronics 2004, 5:309-314.
107. Tsukagoshi K., Alphenaar B., Ago H. Coherent transport of electron spin in a ferromagnetically contacted carbon nanotube. Nature 1999, 401:572-574.
108. Tombros N., Jozsa C., Popinciuc M., Jonkman H.T., van Wees B.J. Electronic spin transport and spin precession in single graphene layers at room temperature. Nature 2007, 448:571-574.
109. Tombros N., Tanabe S., Veligura A., Jozsa C., Popinciuc M., Jonkman H.T., van Wees B.J. Anisotropic spin relaxation in graphene. Physical Review Letters 2008, 101. 046601-1-046601-4.
110. Frankevich E.L., Lymarev A.A., Sokolik I., Karasz F.E., Blumstengel S., Baughman R.H., Hörhold H.H. Polaron-pair generation in poly(phenylene vinylenes). Physical Review B 1992, 46:9320-9324.
111. Tang C.W., VanSlyke S.A. Organic electroluminiscent diodes. Applied Physics Letters 1987, 51:913-915.
112. Mermer ö., Veeraraghavan G., Francis T.L., et al. Large magnetoresistance in nonmagnetic π-conjugated semiconductor thin film devices. Physical Review B 2005, 72. 205202-1-205202-12.
113. Yu Y., Hu B. Metal electrode effects on spin-orbital coupling and magnetoresistance in organic semiconductor devices. Applied Physics Letters 2006, 89. 203510-1-203510-3.
114. 3-based OLEDs. Physical Review B 2007, 75. 094423-1-094423-5.
115. Bloom F.L., Wagemans W., Kemerink M., Koopmans B. Separating positive and negative magnetoresistance in organic semiconductor devices. Physical Review Letters 2007, 99. 257201-1-257201-4.
116. Reufer M., Walter M.J., Lagoudakis P.G. Spin-conserving carrier recombination in conjugated polymers. Nature Materials 2005, 4:340-346.
117. Majumdar S., Majumdar H.S., Aarnio H., Vanderzande D., Laiho R., Österbacka R. Role of electron-hole pair formation in organic magnetoresistance. Physical Review B 2009, 79:201202(R).
118. Majumdar S., Majumdar H.S., Aarnio H., Laiho R., Österbacka R. Magnetoresistance in Poly(3-hexylthiophene) based diodes and bulk heterojunction Solar Cells. Interface Controlled Organic Thin Films. Springer Proceedings in Physics 2009, Vol. 129:127-131. Springer, Heidelberg. H.-G. Rubahn, H. Sitter, G. Horowitz, K. Al-Shamery (Eds.).
119. Wang F.J., Bässler H., Valy Vardeny Z. Magnetic field effects in pi-conjugated polymer-fullerene blends: Evidence for multiple components. Physical Review Letters 2008, 101:236805.1-236805.4.
120. Niedermeier U., Vieth M., Pätzold R., Sarfert W., von Seggern H. Enhancement of organic magnetoresistance by electrical conditioning. Applied Physics Letters 2008, 92. 193309-1-193309-3.
121. Hu B., Wu Y. Tuning magnetoresistance between positive and negative values in organic semiconductors. Nature Materials 2007, 6:985-991.
122. Bobbert P.A., Nguyen T.D., van Oost F.W.A., Koopmans B., Wohlgenannt M. Bipolaron mechanism for organic magnetoresistance. Physical Review Letters 2007, 99. 216801-1-216801-4.
123. McCamey D.R., Seipel H.A., Paik S.-Y., Walter M.J., Borys N.J., Lupton J.M., Boehme C. Spin Rabi flopping in the photocurrent of a polymer light-emitting diode. Nature Materials 2008, 7:723-728.
124. Majumdar S., Majumdar H.S., Aarnio H., Österbacka R. Hysteretic magnetoresistance in polymeric diodes. Physica Status Solidi - Rapid Research Letters 2009, 3(7):242-244.