High particulate iron(II) content in glacially sourced dusts enhances productivity of a model diatom

Science Advances

Volumn 3, Issue 6, 2017, Pages

  Shoenfelt, Elizabeth M ^a,b   Sun, Jing ^a,e   Winckler, Gisela ^a,b   Kaplan, Michael R ^a   Borunda, Alejandra L ^a,b   Farrell, Kayla R ^b,f   Moreno, Patricio I ^c   Gaiero, Diego M ^d   Recasens, Cristina ^a   Sambrotto, Raymond N ^a   Bostick, Benjamin C ^a  

^a International Research Institute for Climate and Society   (United States)

^b Barnard College at Columbia University ^*  (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CHILE   (Chile)

^d UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CÓRDOBA   (Argentina)

^e UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^f Department of Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOCHEMISTRY; CARBON; DUST; IRON OXIDES; MINERALS; OCEANOGRAPHY; SILICATE MINERALS; SILICATES; WEATHERING;

ACCESSIBILITY MODEL; FERTILIZATION EXPERIMENT; GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE; INTERGLACIAL PERIODS; PHAEODACTYLUM TRICORNUTUM; PHOTOSYNTHETIC EFFICIENCY; PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS; SILICATE WEATHERING;

IRON COMPOUNDS;

FERROUS ION; IRON;

ANALYSIS; CHEMISTRY; DIATOM; DUST; GEOGRAPHY; ICE COVER; PARTICULATE MATTER; SEDIMENT;

DIATOMS; DUST; FERROUS COMPOUNDS; GEOGRAPHY; GEOLOGIC SEDIMENTS; ICE COVER; IRON; PARTICULATE MATTER;

EID: 85041745222     PISSN: None     EISSN: 23752548     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700314     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. 2 change: The iron hypothesis. Paleoceanography 5, 1–13 (1990).
2. J. H. Martin, K. H. Coale, K. S. Johnson, S. E. Fitzwater, R. M. Gordon, S. J. Tanner, C. N. Hunter, V. A. Elrod, J. L. Nowicki, T. L. Coley, R. T. Barber, S. Lindley, A. J. Watson, K. Van Scoy, C. S. Law, M. I. Liddicoat, R. Ling, T. Stanton, J. Stockel, C. Collins, A. Anderson, R. Bidigare, M. Ondrusek, M. Latasa, F. J. Millerostar, K. Leestar, W. Yao, J. Z. Zhangstar, G. Friederich, C. Sakamoto, F. Chavez, K. Buck, Z. Kolber, R. Greene, P. Falkowski, S. W. Chisholm, F. Hoge, R. Swift, J. Yungel, S. Turner, P. Nightingale, A. Hatton, P. Liss, N. W. Tindale, Testing the iron hypothesis in ecosystems of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 371, 123–129 (1994).
3. M. P. Hain, D. M. Sigman, G. H. Haug, The biological pump in the past, in Treatise on Geochemistry, vol. 8 (Elsevier, ed. 2, 2014), pp. 485–517.
4. A. Martínez-García, D. M. Sigman, H. Ren, R. F. Anderson, M. Straub, D. A. Hodell, S. L. Jaccard, T. I. Eglinton, G. H. Haug, Iron fertilization of the Subantarctic Ocean during the last ice age. Science 343, 1347–1350 (2014).
5. P. W. Boyd, M. J. Ellwood, The biogeochemical cycle of iron in the ocean. Nat. Geosci. 3, 675–682 (2010).
6. B. P. von der Heyden, A. N. Roychoudhury, T. N. Mtshali, T. Tyliszczak, S. C. B. Myneni, Chemically and geographically distinct solid-phase iron pools in the southern ocean. Science 338, 1199–1201 (2012).
7. A. W. Schroth, J. Crusius, E. R. Sholkovitz, B. C. Bostick, Iron solubility driven by speciation in dust sources to the ocean. Nat. Geosci. 2, 337–340 (2009).
8. J. Crusius, A. W. Schroth, S. Gassó, C. M. Moy, R. C. Levy, M. Gatica, Glacial flour dust storms in the Gulf of Alaska: Hydrologic and meteorological controls and their importance as a source of bioavailable iron. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L06602 (2011).
9. A. Tagliabue, A. R. Bowie, P. W. Boyd, K. N. Buck, K. S. Johnson, M. A. Saito, The integral role of iron in ocean biogeochemistry. Nature 543, 51–59 (2017).
10. N. M. Mahowald, S. Engelstaedter, C. Luo, A. Sealy, P. Artaxo, C. Benitez-Nelson, S. Bonnet, Y. Chen, P. Y. Chuang, D. D. Cohen, F. Dulac, B. Herut, A. M. Johansen, N. Kubilay, R. Losno, W. Maenhaut, A. Paytan, J. M. Prospero, L. M. Shank, R. L. Siefert, Atmospheric iron deposition: Global distribution, variability, and human perturbations. Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci. 1, 245–278 (2009).
11. S. Albani, N. M. Mahowald, L. N. Murphy, R. Raiswell, J. K. Moore, R. F. Anderson, D. McGee, L. I. Bradtmiller, B. Delmonte, P. P. Hess, P. A. Mayewski, Paleodust variability since the Last Glacial Maximum and implications for iron inputs to the ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 3944–3954 (2016).
12. A. R. Baker, M. French, K. L. Linge, Trends in aerosol nutrient solubility along a west-east transect of the Saharan dust plume. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L07805 (2006).
13. R. L. Siefert, A. M. Johansen, M. R. Hoffmann, Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the southwest monsoon and intermonsoon seasons over the Arabian Sea: Labile-Fe(II) and other trace metals. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 3511–3526 (1999).
14. Y. Chen, R. L. Siefert, Seasonal and spatial distributions and dry deposition fluxes of atmospheric total and labile iron over the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 109, D09305 (2004).
15. A. M. Aguilar-Islas, J. Wu, R. Rember, A. M. Johansen, L. M. Shank, Dissolution of aerosol-derived iron in seawater: Leach solution chemistry, aerosol type, and colloidal iron fraction. Mar. Chem. 120, 25–33 (2010).
16. E. V. Armbrust, J. A. Berges, C. Bowler, B. R. Green, D. Martinez, N. H. Putnam, S. Zhou, A. E. Allen, K. E. Apt, M. Bechner, M. A. Brzezinski, B. K. Chaal, A. Chiovitti, A. K. Davis, M. S. Demarest, J. C. Detter, T. Glavina, D. Goodstein, M. Z. Hadi, U. Hellsten, M. Hildebrand, B. D. Jenkins, J. Jurka, V. V. Kapitonov, N. Kröger, W. W. Lau, T. W. Lane, F. W. Larimer, J. C. Lippmeier, S. Lucas, M. Medina, A. Montsant, M. Obornik, M. S. Parker, B. Palenik, G. J. Pazour, P. M. Richardson, T. A. Rynearson, M. A. Saito, D. C. Schwartz, K. Thamatrakoln, K. Valentin, A. Vardi, F. P. Wilkerson, D. S. Rokhsar, The genome of the diatom Thalassiosira Pseudonana: Ecology, evolution, and metabolism. Science 306, 79–86 (2004).
17. L. Tirichine, A. Rastogi, C. Bowler, Recent progress in diatom genomics and epigenomics. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 36, 46–55 (2017).
18. D. M. Nelson, P. Tréguer, M. A. Brzezinksi, A. Leynaert, B. Quéguiner, Production and dissolution of biogenic silica in the ocean: Revised global estimates, comparison with regional data and relationship to biogenic sedimentation. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 9, 359–372 (1995).
19. C. B. Field, M. J. Behrenfeld, J. T. Randerson, P. Falkowski, Primary production of the biosphere: Integrating terrestrial and oceanic components. Science 281, 237–240 (1998).
20. ? depletion in the glacial Southern Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 10.1029/2001GLO14349 (2002).
21. H. W. Rich, F. M. M. Morel, Availability of well-defined iron colloids to the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35, 652–662 (1990).
22. H. Lis, Y. Shaked, C. Kranzler, N. Keren, F. M. M. Morel, Iron bioavailability to phytoplankton: An empirical approach. ISME J. 9, 1003–1013 (2015).
23. M. Rubin, I. Berman-Frank, Y. Shaked, Dust- and mineral-iron utilization by the marine dinitrogen-fixer Trichodesmium. Nat. Geosci. 4, 529–534 (2011).
24. K. Kuma, K. Matsunaga, Availability of colloidal ferric oxides to coastal marine phytoplankton. Mar. Biol. 122, 1–11 (1995).
25. R. M. Boiteau, D. R. Mende, N. J. Hawco, M. R. McIlvin, J. N. Fitzsimmons, M. A. Saito, P. N. Sedwick, E. F. DeLong, D. J. Repeta, Siderophore-based microbial adaptations to iron scarcity across the eastern Pacific Ocean. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 113, 14237–14242 (2016).
26. S. A. Amin, M. S. Parker, E. V. Armbrust, Interactions between diatoms and bacteria. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 76, 667–684 (2012).
27. S. Gili, D. M. Gaiero, S. L. Goldstein, F. Chemale Jr., E. Koester, J. Jweda, P. Vallelonga, M. R. Kaplan, Provenance of dust to Antarctica: A lead isotopic perspective. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 2291–2298 (2016).
28. B. Delmonte, I. Basile-Doelsch, J.-R. Petit, V. Maggi, M. Revel-Rolland, A. Michard, E. Jagoutz, F. Grousset, Comparing the EPICA and Vostok dust records during the last 220,000 years: Stratigraphical correlation and provenance in glacial periods. Earth Sci. Rev. 66, 63–87 (2004).
29. A. E. Allen, J. Laroche, U. Maheswari, M. Lommer, N. Schauer, P. J. Lopez, G. Finazzi, A. R. Fernie, C. Bowler, Whole-cell response of the pennate diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum to iron starvation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 10438–10443 (2008).
30. C. Bowler, A. E. Allen, J. H. Badger, J. Grimwood, K. Jabbari, A. Kuo, U. Maheswari, C. Martens, F. Maumus, R. P. Otillar, E. Rayko, A. Salamov, K. Vandepoele, B. Beszteri, A. Gruber, M. Heijde, M. Katinka, T. Mock, K. Valentin, F. Verret, J. A. Berges, C. Brownlee, J.-P. Cadoret, A. Chiovitti, C. J. Choi, S. Coesel, A. De Martino, J. C. Detter, C. Durkin, A. Falciatore, J. Fournet, M. Haruta, M. J. J. Huysman, B. D. Jenkins, K. Jiroutova, R. E. Jorgensen, Y. Joubert, A. Kaplan, N. Kröger, P. G. Kroth, J. La Roche, E. Lindquist, M. Lommer, V. Martin–Jézéquel, P. J. Lopez, S. Lucas, M. Mangogna, K. McGinnis, L. K. Medlin, A. Montsant, M.-P. Oudot–Le Secq, C. Napoli, M. Obornik, M. S. Parker, J.-L. Petit, B. M. Porcel, N. Poulsen, M. Robison, L. Rychlewski, T. A. Rynearson, J. Schmutz, H. Shapiro, M. Siaut, M. Stanley, M. R. Sussman, A. R. Taylor, A. Vardi, P. von Dassow, W. Vyverman, A. Willis, L. S. Wyrwicz, D. S. Rokhsar, J. Weissenbach, E. V. Armbrust, B. R. Green, Y. Van de Peer, I. V. Grigoriev, The Phaeodactylum genome reveals the evolutionary history of diatom genomes. Nature 456, 239–244 (2008).
31. M.-P. Oudot-Le Secq, J. Grimwood, H. Shapiro, E. V. Armbrust, C. Bowler, B. R. Green, Chloroplast genomes of the diatoms Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Thalassiosira pseudonana: Comparison with other plastid genomes of the red lineage. Mol. Genet. Genomics 277, 427–439 (2007).
32. A. B. Kustka, A. E. Allen, F. M. M. Morel, Sequence analysis and transcriptional regulation of iron acquisition genes in two marine diatoms. J. Phycol. 43, 715–729 (2007).
33. J. Morrissey, R. Sutak, J. Paz-Yepes, A. Tanaka, A. Moustafa, A. Veluchamy, Y. Thomas, H. Botebol, F. Y. Bouget, J. B. McQuaid, L. Tirichine, A. E. Allen, E. Lesuisse, C. Bowler, A novel protein, ubiquitous in marine phytoplankton, concentrates iron at the cell surface and facilitates uptake. Curr. Biol. 25, 364–371 (2015).
34. 2 levels. mSystems 2, e00142-00116 (2017).
35. A. Marchetti, M. T. Maldonado, E. S. Lane, P. J. Harrison, Iron requirements of the pennate diatom Pseudo-nitzschia: Comparison of oceanic (high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll waters) and coastal species. Limnol. Oceanogr. 51, 2092–2101 (2006).
36. T. J. Ryan-Keogh, A. I. Macey, M. C. Nielsdóttir, M. I. Lucas, S. S. Steigenberger, M. C. Stinchcombe, E. P. Achterberg, T. S. Bibby, C. M. Moore, Spatial and temporal development of phytoplankton iron stress in relation to bloom dynamics in the high-latitude North Atlantic Ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr. 58, 533–545 (2013).
37. R. F. Strzepek, P. J. Harrison, Photosynthetic architecture differs in coastal and oceanic diatoms. Nature 431, 689–692 (2004).
38. E. V. Armbrust, The life of diatoms in the world’s oceans. Nature 459, 185–192 (2009).
39. A. Marchetti, D. M. Schruth, C. A. Durkin, M. S. Parker, R. B. Kodner, C. T. Berthiaume, R. Morales, A. E. Allen, E. V. Armbrust, Comparative metatranscriptomics identifies molecular bases for the physiological responses of phytoplankton to varying iron availability. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, E317–E325 (2012).
40. P. D. Chappell, L. A. P. Whitney, J. R. Wallace, A. I. Darer, S. Jean-Charles, B. D. Jenkins, Genetic indicators of iron limitation in wild populations of Thalassiosira oceanica from the northeast Pacific Ocean. ISME J. 9, 592–602 (2014).
41. W. G. Sunda, Bioavailability and bioaccumulation of iron in the sea, in The Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater, D. R. Turner, K. A. Hunter, Eds. (John Wiley & Sons, 2001).
42. N. M. Price, N. M. Price, G. I. Harrison, J. G. Hering, R. J. Hudson, P. M. V. Nirel, B. Palenik, F. M. M. Morel, Preparation and chemistry of the artificial algal culture medium Aquil. Biol. Oceanogr. 6, 443–461 (1989).
43. M. J. Behrenfeld, A. J. Bale, Z. S. Kolber, J. Aiken, P. G. Falkowski, Confirmation of iron limitation of phytoplankton photosynthesis in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 383, 508–511 (1996).
44. R. M. Greene, R. J. Geider, Z. Kolber, P. G. Falkowski, Iron-induced changes in light harvesting and photochemical energy conversion processes in eukaryotic marine algae. Plant Physiol. 100, 565–575 (1992).
45. R. J. Geider, J. L. Roche, R. M. Greene, M. Olaizola, Response of the photosynthetic apparatus of Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae) to nitrate, phosphate, or iron starvation. J. Phycol. 29, 755–766 (1993).
46. J. Monod, The growth of bacterial cultures. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 3, 371–394 (1949).
47. L. M. Nodwell, N. M. Price, Direct use of inorganic colloidal iron by marine mixotrophic phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr. 46, 765–777 (2001).
48. J. P. Gustafsson, Visual MINTEQ, ver. 3.1 (2016).
49. W. G. Sunda, N. M. Price, F. M. M. Morel, Trace metal ion buffers and their use in culture studies, in Algal Culturing Techniques, R. A. Anderson, Ed. (Elsevier Academic Press, 2005), pp. 35–63.
50. E. Mawji, M. Gledhill, J. A. Milton, G. A. Tarran, S. Ussher, A. Thompson, G. A. Wolff, P. J. Worsfold, E. P. Achterberg, Hydroxamate siderophores: Occurrence and importance in the Atlantic Ocean. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42, 8675–8680 (2008).
51. J. Wu, E. Boyle, W. Sunda, L.-S. Wen, Soluble and colloidal iron in the oligotrophic North Atlantic. Science 293, 847–849 (2001).
52. B. M. Hopkinson, F. M. M. Morel, The role of siderophores in iron acquisition by photosynthetic marine microorganisms. Biometals 22, 659–669 (2009).
53. G. A. Pearson, A. Lago-Leston, F. Cánovas, C. J. Cox, F. Verret, S. Lasternas, C. M. Duarte, S. Agusti, E. A. Serrão, Metatranscriptomes reveal functional variation in diatom communities from the Antarctic Peninsula. ISME J. 9, 2275–2289 (2015).
54. T. Mock, R. P. Otillar, J. Strauss, M. McMullan, P. Paajanen, J. Schmutz, A. Salamov, R. Sanges, A. Toseland, B. J. Ward, A. E. Allen, C. L. Dupont, S. Frickenhaus, F. Maumus, A. Veluchamy, T. Wu, K. W. Barry, A. Falciatore, M. I. Ferrante, A. E. Fortunato, G. Glöckner, A. Gruber, R. Hipkin, M. G. Janech, P. G. Kroth, F. Leese, E. A. Lindquist, B. R. Lyon, J. Martin, C. Mayer, M. Parker, H. Quesneville, J. A. Raymond, C. Uhlig, R. E. Valas, K. U. Valentin, A. Z. Worden, E. V. Armbrust, M. D. Clark, C. Bowler, B. R. Green, V. Moulton, C. van Oosterhout, I. V. Grigoriev, Evolutionary genomics of the cold-adapted diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus. Nature 541, 536–540 (2017).
55. Z. Kolber, P. G. Falkowski, Use of active fluorescence to estimate phytoplankton photosynthesis in situ. Limnol. Oceanogr. 38, 1646–1665 (1993).
56. 14C measurements. J. Phycol. 42, 51–60 (2005).
57. R. F. Strzepek, K. A. Hunter, R. D. Frew, P. J. Harrison, P. W. Boyd, Iron-light interactions differ in Southern Ocean phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr. 57, 1182–1200 (2012).
58. C. J. M. Hoppe, C. S. Hassler, C. D. Payne, P. D. Tortell, B. Rost, S. Trimborn, Iron limitation modulates ocean acidification effects on Southern Ocean phytoplankton communities. PLOS ONE 8, e79890 (2013).
59. P. Boyd, A. J. Watson, C. S. Law, E. R. Abraham, T. Trull, R. Murdoch, D. C. E. Bakker, A. R. Bowie, K. O. Buesseler, H. Chang, M. Charette, P. Croot, K. Downing, R. Frew, M. Gall, M. Hadfield, J. Hall, M. Harvey, G. Jameson, J. LaRoche, M. Liddicoat, R. Ling, M. T. Maldonado, R. M. McKay, S. Nodder, S. Pickmere, R. Pridmore, S. Rintoul, K. Safi, P. Sutton, R. Strzepek, K. Tanneberger, S. Turner, A. Waite, J. Zeldis, A mesoscale phytoplankton bloom in the polar Southern Ocean stimulated by iron fertilization. Nature 407, 695–702 (2000).
60. V. Smetacek, C. Klaas, V. H. Strass, P. Assmy, M. Montresor, B. Cisewski, N. Savoye, A. Webb, F. d’Ovidio, J. M. Arrieta, U. Bathmann, R. Bellerby, G. M. Berg, P. Croot, S. Gonzalez, J. Henjes, G. J. Herndl, L. J. Hoffmann, H. Leach, M. Losch, M. M. Mills, C. Neill, I. Peeken, R. Röttgers, O. Sachs, E. Sauter, M. M. Schmidt, J. Schwarz, A. Terbrüggen, D. Wolf-Gladrow, Deep carbon export from a Southern Ocean iron-fertilized diatom bloom. Nature 487, 313–319 (2012).
61. S. E. Green, R. N. Sambrotto, Plankton community structure and export of C, N, P and Si in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Deep Sea Res. Pt. II 53, 620–643 (2006).
62. D. J. Hinz, M. C. Nielsdóttir, R. E. Korb, M. J. Whitehouseb, A. J. Poulton, C. M. Moore, E. P. Achterberg, T. S. Bibby, Responses of microplankton community structure to iron addition in the Scotia Sea. Deep Sea Res. Pt. II 59-60, 36–46 (2012).
63. S. Gassó, A. F. Stein, Does dust from Patagonia reach the sub-Antarctic Atlantic Ocean? Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L01801 (2007).
64. P. D. Neff, N. A. N. Bertler, Trajectory modeling of modern dust transport to the Southern Ocean and Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 120, 9303–9322 (2015).
65. A. F. Longo, Y. Feng, B. Lai, W. M. Landing, R. U. Shelley, A. Nenes, N. Mihalopoulos, K. Violaki, E. D. Ingall, Influence of atmospheric processes on the solubility and composition of iron in Saharan dust. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 6912–6920 (2016).
66. D. E. Sugden, R. D. McCulloch, A. J.-M. Bory, A. S. Hein, Influence of Patagonian glaciers on Antarctic dust deposition during the last glacial period. Nat. Geosci. 2, 281–285 (2009).
67. I. Basile, F. W. Grousset, M. Revel, J. R. Petit, P. E. Biscaya, N. I. Barkov, Patagonian origin of glacial dust deposited in East Antarctica (Vostok and Dome C) during glacial stages 2, 4, and 6. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 146, 573–589 (1997).
68. D. M. Gaiero, F. Brunet, J.-L. Probst, P. J. Depetris, A uniform isotopic and chemical signature of dust exported from Patagonia: Rock sources and occurrence in southern environments. Chem. Geol. 238, 107–120 (2007).
69. N. M. Mahowald, D. R. Muhs, S. Levis, P. J. Rasch, M. Yoshioka, C. S. Zender, C. Luo, Change in atmospheric mineral aerosols in response to climate: Last glacial period, preindustrial, modern, and doubled carbon dioxide climates. J. Geophys. Res. 111, D10202 (2006).
70. R. S. Lampitt, B. J Bett, K. Kiriakoulakis, E. E. Popova, O. Ragueneau, A. Vangriesheim, G. A. Wolff, Material supply to the abyssal seafloor in the Northeast Atlantic. Prog. Oceanogr. 50, 27–63 (2001).
71. J. A. Strelin, M. A. Kaplan, M. J. Vandergoes, G. H. Denton, J. M. Schaefer, Holocene glacier history of the Lago Argentino basin, Southern Patagonian Icefield. Quat. Sci. Rev. 101, 124–145 (2014).
72. M. R. Kaplan, C. J. Fogwill, D. E. Sugden, N. R. J. Hulton, P. W. Kubik, S. P. H. T. Freeman, Southern Patagonian glacial chronology for the Last Glacial period and implications for Southern Ocean climate. Quat. Sci. Rev. 27, 284–294 (2008).
73. S. Stine, M. Stine, A record from Lake Cardiel of climate change in southern South America. Nature 345, 705–708 (1990).
74. V. A. Ramos, Geología de la región del lago Cardiel, provincia de Santa Cruz. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. 37, 23–49 (1982).
75. T. Ressler, J. Wong, J. Roos, I. L. Smith, Quantitative speciation of Mn-bearing particulates emitted from autos burning (methylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl-added gasolines using XANES spectroscopy. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 950–958 (2000).
76. A. C. Scheinost, R. Kretzschmar, S. Pfister, Combining selective sequential extractions, x-ray absorption spectroscopy, and principal component analysis for quantitative zinc speciation in soil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 5021–5028 (2002).
77. S. M. Webb, SIXPack: A graphical user interface for XAS analysis using IFEFFIT. Phys. Scr. T115, 1011–1014 (2005).
78. M. R. Droop, A procedure for routine purification of algal cultures with antibiotics. Br. Phycol. Bull. 3, 295–297 (1967).
79. R. J. M. Hudson, F. M. M. Morel, Iron transport in marine phytoplankton: Kinetics of cellular and medium coordination reactions. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35, 1002–1020 (1990).
80. F. M. M. Morel, J. G. Reuter, D. M. Anderson, R. R. L. Guillard, Aquil: A chemically defined phytoplankton culture medium for trace metal studies. J. Phycol. 15, 135–141 (1979).
81. R. M. Greene, R. J. Geider, P. G. Falkowsski, Effect of iron limitation on photosynthesis in a marine diatom. Limnol. Oceanogr. 36, 1772–1782 (1991).
82. G. Faure, Principles and Applications of Geochemistry (Prentice Hall, 1998).
83. 10], based on new calorimetric measurements. Eur. J. Mineral. 27, 603–616 (2015).
84. E. Zen, An oxygen buffer for some peraluminous granites and metamorphic rocks. Am. Mineral. 70, 65–73 (1985).
85. E. A. Sagredo, P. I. Moreno, R. Villa-Martinez, M. R. Kaplan, P. W. Kubik, C. R. Stern, Fluctuations of the Ultima Esperanza ice lobe (52 degrees S), Chilean Patagonia, during the last glacial maximum and termination 1. Geomorphology 125, 92–108 (2011).
86. J.-L. Garcia, B. L. Hall, M. R. Kaplan, R. M. Vega, J. A. Strelin, Glacial geomorphology of the Torres del Paine region (southern Patagonia): Implications for glaciation, deglaciation, and paleolake history. Geomorphology 204, 599–616 (2014).
87. M. R. Kaplan, J. M. Schaefer, J. A. Strelin, G. H. Denton, R. F. Anderson, M. J. Vandergoes, R. C. Finkel, R. Schwartz, S. G. Travis, J. L. Garcia, M. A. Martini, S. H. H. Nielsen, Patagonian and southern South Atlantic view of Holocene climate. Quat. Sci. Rev. 141, 112–125 (2016).
88. J. G. Bockheim, D. C. Douglass, Origin and significance of calcium carbonate in soils of southwestern Patagonia. Geoderma 136, 751–762 (2006).
89. D. McGee, G. Winckler, A. Borunda, S. Serno, R. F. Anderson, C. Recasens, A. Bory, D. Gaiero, S. L. Jaccard, M. Kaplan, J. F. McManus, Tracking eolian dust with helium and thorium: Impacts of grain size and provenance. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 175, 47–67 (2016).