Can linear transportation infrastructure verges constitute a habitat and/or a corridor for insects in temperate landscapes? A systematic review

Environmental Evidence

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2018, Pages

  Villemey, Anne ^a   Jeusset, Arzhvaël ^a   Vargac, Marianne ^a   Bertheau, Yves ^b,c   Coulon, Aurélie ^b,d   Touroult, Julien ^a   Vanpeene, Sylvie ^c   Castagneyrol, Bastien ^e,f   Jactel, Hervé ^e,f   Witte, Isabelle ^a   Deniaud, Nadine ^b   Flamerie De Lachapelle, Frédérique ^g   Jaslier, Emmanuel ^g   Roy, Véronique ^b   Guinard, Eric ^h   Le Mitouard, Eric ^h   Rauel, Vanessa ^h   Sordello, Romain ^a  

^a CNRS   (France)

^b MUSÉUM NATIONAL D'HISTOIRE NATURELLE   (France)

^c CEMAGREF   (France)

^d PSL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY   (France)

^e UMR 1202 BIOGECO   (France)

^f UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX   (France)

^g SORBONNE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

^h Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertises sur les Risques l'Environnement   (France)

Author keywords

Coleoptera; Diversity; Green infrastructure; Hymenoptera; Intervention; Invertebrates; Lepidoptera; Movement; Right of way; Roadside

Indexed keywords

EID: 85041601629     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20472382     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s13750-018-0117-3     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Butchart SHM, Walpole M, Collen B, van Strien A, Scharlemann JPW, Almond REA, et al. Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines. Science. 2010;328:1164-8.
2. Dirzo R, Raven PH. Global state of biodiversity and loss. Annu Rev Environ Resour. 2003;28:137-67.
3. Franklin AB, Noon BR, George TL. What is habitat fragmentation? Stud Avian Biol. 2002;25:20-9.
4. European Environment Agency. Landscape fragmentation in Europe: joint EEA-FOEN report. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency; 2011.
5. MacArthur RH, Wilson EO. The theory of island biogeography. REV-Revised. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1967. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt19cc1t2. Accessed 23 June 2017.
6. Krauss J, Bommarco R, Guardiola M, Heikkinen RK, Helm A, Kuussaari M, et al. Habitat fragmentation causes immediate and time-delayed biodiversity loss at different trophic levels. Ecol Lett. 2010;13:597-605.
7. Fahrig L. Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst. 2003;34:487-515.
8. Berg Å. Diversity and abundance of birds in relation to forest fragmentation, habitat quality and heterogeneity. Bird Study. 1997;44:355-66.
9. Davies KF, Margules CR. Effects of habitat fragmentation on carabid beetles: experimental evidence. J Anim Ecol. 1998;67:460-71.
10. van den Berg LJL, Bullock JM, Clarke RT, Langston RHW, Rose RJ. Territory selection by the Dartford warbler (Sylvia undata) in Dorset, England: the role of vegetation type, habitat fragmentation and population size. Biol Conserv. 2001;101:217-28.
11. Cushman SA. Effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on amphibians: a review and prospectus. Biol Conserv. 2006;128:231-40.
12. Zhou Y-B, Yang M-X, Yihuo W, Liu G, Wang H, Wei J-G, et al. Effect of habitat fragmentation on the schistosome-transmitting snail Oncomelania hupensis in a mountainous area of China. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2011;105:189-96.
13. Fischer J, Lindenmayer DB. Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation: a synthesis. Glob Ecol Biogeogr. 2007;16:265-80.
14. Kuussaari M, Bommarco R, Heikkinen RK, Helm A, Krauss J, Lindborg R, et al. Extinction debt: a challenge for biodiversity conservation. Trends Ecol Evol. 2009;24:564-71.
15. Laurance WF, Lovejoy TE, Vasconcelos HL, Bruna EM, Didham RK, Stouffer PC, et al. Ecosystem decay of Amazonian forest fragments: a 22-year investigation. Conserv Biol. 2002;16:605-18.
16. Antrop M. Landscape change and the urbanization process in Europe. Dev Eur Landsc. 2004;67:9-26.
17. Laurance WF, Clements GR, Sloan S, O'Connell CS, Mueller ND, Goosem M, et al. A global strategy for road building. Nature. 2014;513:229-32.
18. Karlson M, Mörtberg U. A spatial ecological assessment of fragmentation and disturbance effects of the Swedish road network. Landsc Urban Plan. 2015;134:53-65.
19. Muñoz PT, Torres FP, Megías AG. Effects of roads on insects: a review. Biodivers Conserv. 2015;24:659-82.
20. Vos CC, Chardon JP. Effects of habitat fragmentation and road density on the distribution pattern of the moor frog Rana arvalis. J Appl Ecol. 1998;35:44-56.
21. Bujoczek M, Ciach M, Yosef R. Road-kills affect avian population quality. Biol Conserv. 2011;144:1036-9.
22. Glista DJ, DeVault TL, DeWoody JA. Vertebrate road mortality predominantly impacts amphibians. Herpetol Conserv Biol. 2008;3:77-87.
23. Rautenstrauch KR, Krausman PR. Preventing mule deer drownings in the Mohawk canal, Arizona. Wildl Soc Bull. 1989;17:280-6.
24. Gerlach G, Musolf K. Fragmentation of landscape as a cause for genetic subdivision in bank voles. Conserv Biol. 2000;14:1066-74.
25. Zachos FE, Althoff C, Steynitz YV, Eckert I, Hartl GB. Genetic analysis of an isolated red deer (Cervus elaphus) population showing signs of inbreeding depression. Eur J Wildl Res. 2007;53:61-7.
26. Keller I, Nentwig W, Largiader CR. Recent habitat fragmentation due to roads can lead to significant genetic differentiation in an abundant flightless ground beetle. Mol Ecol. 2004;13:2983-94.
27. Beier P, Noss RF. Do habitat corridors provide connectivity? Conserv Biol. 1998;12:1241-52.
28. Gilbert-Norton L, Wilson R, Stevens JR, Beard KH. A meta-analytic review of corridor effectiveness. Conserv Biol. 2010;24:660-8.
29. Bennett AF. Linkages in the landscape: the role of corridors and connectivity in wildlife conservation. Cambridge: IUCN Publ; 2003.
30. Heller NE, Zavaleta ES. Biodiversity management in the face of climate change: a review of 22 years of recommendations. Biol Conserv. 2009;142:14-32.
31. Moroń D, Skórka P, Lenda M, Rożej-Pabijan E, Wantuch M, Kajzer-Bonk J, et al. Railway embankments as new habitat for pollinators in an agricultural landscape. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e101297.
32. Bolger DT, Scott TA, Rotenberry JT. Use of corridor-like landscape structures by bird and small mammal species. Biol Conserv. 2001;102:213-24.
33. Benítez-López A, Alkemade R, Verweij PA. The impacts of roads and other infrastructure on mammal and bird populations: a meta-analysis. Biol Conserv. 2010;143:1307-16.
34. Wagner DL, Ascher JS, Bricker NK. A transmission right-of-way as habitat for wild bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) in Connecticut. Ann Entomol Soc Am. 2014;107:1110-20.
35. Tryjanowski P, Sparks TH, Jerzak L, Rosin ZM, Skórka P. A paradox for conservation: electricity pylons may benefit avian diversity in intensive farmland. Conserv Lett. 2014;7:34-40.
36. Clarke DJ, Pearce KA, White JG. Powerline corridors: degraded ecosystems or wildlife havens? Wildl Res. 2006;33:615-26.
37. Trombulak SC, Frissell CA. Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities. Conserv Biol. 2000;14:18-30.
38. Fahrig L, Rytwinski T. Effects of roads on animal abundance: an empirical review and synthesis. Ecol Soc. 2009;14:21.
39. Pullin AS, Stewart GB. Guidelines for systematic review in conservation and environmental management. Conserv Biol. 2006;20:1647-56.
40. Conseil général de la Sarthe. La gestion des dépendances vertes routières. 2010. http://www.cg72.fr/iso-upload/La-gestion-des-D%C3%A9pendances-vertes-light-0.pdf. Accessed 19 June 2015.
41. Jeusset A, Vargac M, Bertheau Y, Coulon A, Deniaud N, Flamerie De Lachapelle F, et al. Can linear transportation infrastructure verges constitute a habitat and/or a corridor for biodiversity in temperate landscapes? A systematic review protocol. Environ Evid. 2016;5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13750-016-0056-9.
42. Rytwinski T, Soanes K, Jaeger JAG, Fahrig L, Findlay CS, Houlahan J, et al. How effective is road mitigation at reducing road-kill? A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0166941.
43. Coffin AW. From roadkill to road ecology: a review of the ecological effects of roads. J Transp Geogr. 2007;15:396-406.
44. Damarad T, Bekker GJ. COST 341 - habitat fragmentation due to transportation infrastructure: findings of the COST action 341. Luxembour: Office for official publications of the European Communities; 2003. http://www.iene.info/wp-content/uploads/COST341-final-report.pdf. Accessed 15 Mar 2017.
45. R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Found Stat Comput; 2016. https://www.R-project.org/.
46. Lajeunesse MJ, Koricheva J, Gurevitch J, Mengersen K. Recovering missing or partial data from studies: a survey of conversions and imputations for meta-analysis. In: Koricheva J, Gurevitch J, Mengersen K, editors. Handbook of meta-analysis in ecology and evolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 2013. p. 195-206.
47. Muskett CJ, Jones MP. The dispersal of lead, cadmium and nickel from motor vehicles and effects on roadside invertebrate macrofauna. Environ Pollut Ser Ecol Biol. 1980;23:231-42.
48. Knapp M, Saska P, Knappová J, Vonička P, Moravec P, Kůrka A, et al. The habitat-specific effects of highway proximity on ground-dwelling arthropods: implications for biodiversity conservation. Biol Conserv. 2013;164:22-9.
49. Samways MJ, Osborn R, Carliel F. Effect of a highway on ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) species composition and abundance, with a recommendation for roadside verge width. Biodivers Conserv. 1997;6:903-13.
50. Mallard F. Développement d'une méthode d'évaluation quantitative des effets des projets d'infrastructures de transport terrestre sur les milieux naturels. Chapitre 4-3. Ecole Centrale de Nantes (ECN); 2014. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01006355/. Accessed 1 Dec 2017.
51. Mallard F. Développement d'une méthode d'évaluation quantitative des effets des projets d'infrastructures de transport terrestre sur les milieux naturels. Chapitre 4-4. Ecole Centrale de Nantes (ECN); 2014. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01006355/. Accessed 1 Dec 2017.
52. Brückmann SV, Krauss J, Steffan-Dewenter I. Butterfly and plant specialists suffer from reduced connectivity in fragmented landscapes. J Appl Ecol. 2010;47:799-809.
53. Hambäck PA, Summerville KS, Steffan-Dewenter I, Krauss J, Englund G, Crist TO. Habitat specialization, body size, and family identity explain lepidopteran density - area relationships in a cross-continental comparison. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2007;104:8368-73.
54. Krämer B, Poniatowski D, Fartmann T. Effects of landscape and habitat quality on butterfly communities in pre-alpine calcareous grasslands. Biol Conserv. 2012;152:253-61.
55. Öckinger E, Bergman K-O, Franzén M, Kadlec T, Krauss J, Kuussaari M, et al. The landscape matrix modifies the effect of habitat fragmentation in grassland butterflies. Landsc Ecol. 2012;27:121-31.
56. Sekar S. A meta-analysis of the traits affecting dispersal ability in butterflies: can wingspan be used as a proxy? J Anim Ecol. 2012;81:174-84.
57. van Swaay C, Warren M, Loïs G. Biotope use and trends of European butterflies. J Insect Conserv. 2006;10:189-209.
58. Bees, wasps & ants recording society. 2013. http://www.bwars.com/index.php?q=bee/apidae. Accessed 19 June 2017.
59. Hopfenmüller S, Steffan-Dewenter I, Holzschuh A. Trait-specific responses of wild bee communities to landscape composition, configuration and local factors. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e104439.
60. Retana J, Arnan X, Cerdá X. A multidimensional functional trait analysis of resource exploitation in European ants. Ecology. 2015;96:2781-93.
61. Bertelsmeier C. Ant profiler - a database of ecological characteristics of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecol News. 2013;18:73-6.
62. Martinson HM, Raupp MJ. A meta-analysis of the effects of urbanization on ground beetle communities. Ecosphere. 2013;4:1-24.
63. Homburg K, Homburg N, Schäfer F, Schuldt A, Assmann T. Carabids.org - a dynamic online database of ground beetle species traits (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Insect Conserv Divers. 2014;7:195-205.
64. Lange M, Türke M, Pašalić E, Boch S, Hessenmöller D, Müller J, et al. Effects of forest management on ground-dwelling beetles (Coleoptera; Carabidae, Staphylinidae) in Central Europe are mainly mediated by changes in forest structure. For Ecol Manag. 2014;329:166-76.
65. Pedley SM, Dolman PM. Multi-taxa trait and functional responses to physical disturbance. J Anim Ecol. 2014;83:1542-52.
66. Noordijk J, Schaffers AP, Sykora KV. Diversity of ground beetles and spiders in roadside verges with grey hair-grass vegetation. Eur J Entomol. 2008;105:257-65.
67. Le Viol I, Mocq J, Julliard R, Kerbiriou C. The contribution of motorway stormwater retention ponds to the biodiversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates. Biol Conserv. 2009;142:3163-71.
68. Gurevitch J, Curtis PS, Jones MH. Meta-analysis in ecology. Adv Ecol Res. 2001;32:199-247.
69. Gleser JJ, Olkin I. Stochastically dependent effect sizes. In: Cooper H, Hedges LV, Valentine JC, editors. The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis. 2nd ed. New York: Russell Sage Foundation; 2009.
70. Rosenberg MS. The file-drawer problem revisited: a general weighted method for calculating fail-safe numbers in meta-analysis. Evolution. 2005;59:464-8.
71. Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. J Stat Softw. 2010;36:1-48.
72. Fell PE, Warren RS, Curtis AE, Steiner EM. Short-term effects on macroinvertebrates and fishes of herbiciding and mowing Phragmites australis-dominated tidal marsh. Northeast Nat. 2006;13:191-212.
73. Gollan JR, de Bruyn LL, Reid N, Smith D, Wilkie L. Can ants be used as ecological indicators of restoration progress in dynamic environments? A case study in a revegetated riparian zone. Ecol Indic. 2011;11:1517-25.
74. Hopwood JL. The contribution of roadside grassland restorations to native bee conservation. Biol Conserv. 2008;141:2632-40.
75. Samways MJ, Sharratt NJ. Recovery of endemic dragonflies after removal of invasive alien trees. Conserv Biol. 2010;24:267-77.
76. Snodgrass GL, Stadelbacher EA. Effect of different grass and legume combinations on spider (Araneae) and ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) populations in roadside habitats in the Mississippi Delta. Environ Entomol. 1989;18:575-81.
77. Wootton JT. River food web response to large-scale riparian zone manipulations. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e51839.
78. Cavaillé P, Dommanget F, Daumergue N, Loucougaray G, Spiegelberger T, Tabacchi E, et al. Biodiversity assessment following a naturality gradient of riverbank protection structures in French prealps rivers. Ecol Eng. 2013;53:23-30.
79. Dymitryszyn I. The effect of the construction and renovation of a highway bypass in Central Poland on the carabid beetle fauna (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Eur J Entomol. 2014;111:655-62.
80. Paetzold A, Yoshimura C, Tockner K. Riparian arthropod responses to flow regulation and river channelization: riparian arthropod responses to river regulation. J Appl Ecol. 2008;45:894-903.
81. Penone C, Kerbiriou C, Julien J-F, Julliard R, Machon N, Le Viol I. Urbanisation effect on Orthoptera: which scale matters? Insect Conserv Divers. 2012;6:319-27.
82. Scher O, Thièry A. Odonata, Amphibia and environmental characteristics in motorway stormwater retention ponds (Southern France). Hydrobiologia. 2005;551:237-51.
83. Noordijk J, Delille K, Schaffers AP, Sýkora KV. Optimizing grassland management for flower-visiting insects in roadside verges. Biol Conserv. 2009;142:2097-103.
84. Noordijk J, Schaffers AP, Heijerman T, Boer P, Gleichman M, Sýkora KV. Effects of vegetation management by mowing on ground-dwelling arthropods. Ecol Eng. 2010;36:740-50.
85. Russell SA, Thorvilson HG, Phillips SA. Red imported fire ant populations in Texas highway roadsides and rest areas. Southwest Entomol. 2001;26:63-71.
86. Skórka P, Lenda M, Moroń D, Martyka R, Tryjanowski P, Sutherland WJ. Biodiversity collision blackspots in Poland: separation causality from stochasticity in roadkills of butterflies. Biol Conserv. 2015;187:154-63.
87. Ward L, Mill PJ. Habitat factors influencing the presence of adult Calopteryx splendens (Odonata: Zygoptera). Eur J Entomol. 2005;102:47-51.
88. Wynhoff I, van Gestel R, van Swaay C, van Langevelde F. Not only the butterflies: managing ants on road verges to benefit Phengaris (Maculinea) butterflies. J Insect Conserv. 2011;15:189-206.
89. Åström M, Pettersson LB, Öckinger E, Hedin J. Habitat preferences and conservation of the marbled jewel beetle Poecilonota variolosa (Buprestidae). J Insect Conserv. 2013;17:1145-54.
90. Major RE, Christie FJ, Gowing G, Cassis G, Reid CA. The effect of habitat configuration on arboreal insects in fragmented woodlands of south-eastern Australia. Biol Conserv. 2003;113:35-48.
91. Major RE, Smith D, Cassis G, Gray M, Colgan DJ. Are roadside strips important reservoirs of invertebrate diversity? A comparison of the ant and beetle faunas of roadside strips and large remnant woodlands. Aust J Zool. 1999;47:611.
92. Noordijk J, Schaffers AP, Heijerman T, Sýkora KV. Using movement and habitat corridors to improve the connectivity for heathland carabid beetles. J Nat Conserv. 2011;19:276-84.
93. Rotholz E, Mandelik Y. Roadside habitats: effects on diversity and composition of plant, arthropod, and small mammal communities. Biodivers Conserv. 2013;22:1017-31.
94. Silverman B, Horn DJ, Purrington FF, Gandhi KJK. Oil pipeline corridor through an intact forest alters ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages in southeastern Ohio. Environ Entomol. 2008;37:725-33.
95. Bailey S. Quelle est la contribution des lisières forestières à la structuration des assemblages d'abeilles sauvages dans les paysages agricoles? Chapitre 6. Université d'Orléans; 2014. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01203346/. Accessed 11 Sep 2016.
96. Collins B, Foré S. Potential role of pollinators in microhabitat structure within a large population of Echinacea laevigata (Asteraceae). J Torrey Bot Soc. 2009;136:445-56.
97. Hanley ME, Wilkins JP. On the verge? Preferential use of road-facing hedgerow margins by bumblebees in agro-ecosystems. J Insect Conserv. 2015;19:67-74.
98. Osgathorpe LM, Park K, Goulson D. The use of off-farm habitats by foraging bumblebees in agricultural landscapes: implications for conservation management. Apidologie. 2012;43:113-27.
99. Russell KN, Ikerd H, Droege S. The potential conservation value of unmowed powerline strips for native bees. Biol Conserv. 2005;124:133-48.
100. ASF. Evolution de la biodiversité des dépendances autoroutières. Etude comparative 1995-2009. CERA Environnement; 2012.
101. Alten B, Bellini R, Caglar SS, Simsek FM, Kaynas S. Species composition and seasonal dynamics of mosquitoes in the Belek region of Turkey. J Vector Ecol. 2000;25:146-54.
102. Braun S, Flückiger W. Increased population of the aphid Aphis pomi at a motorway: part 1 - field evaluation. Environ Pollut Ser Ecol Biol. 1984;33:107-20.
103. Kline DL. Seasonal and spatial abundance of Culicoides spp. larvae in roadside salt marsh areas at Yankeetown, Florida. Fla Entomol. 1989;72:111-7.
104. Loch AD, Zalucki MP. Spatial distribution of pink wax scale, Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (Hemiptera: Coccidae), on umbrella trees in south-eastern Queensland: the pattern of outbreaks. Aust J Zool. 1996;44:599-609.
105. Russell SA, Thorvilson HG, Phillips SA. Red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) populations in Texas highway rights-of-way and adjacent pastures. Environ Entomol. 2001;30:267-73.
106. Vogt JT. Nature and severity of imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) infestations on the Mississippi river Levee. Midsouth Entomol. 2009;2:78-83.
107. Mueller EK, Baum KA. Monarch-parasite interactions in managed and roadside prairies. J Insect Conserv. 2014;18:847-53.
108. Ditsworth TM, Butt SM, Beley JR, Johnson CD, Balda RP. Arthropods, plants, and transmission lines in Arizona: community dynamics during secondary succession in a pinyon-juniper woodland. Southwest Nat. 1982;27:167-81.
109. Freitag A, Dischinger C, Cherix D. Formica pratensis (Hyménoptères: Formicidae) dans le canton de Vaud: état des peuplements et importance des talus de routes comme milieu de substitution. Bull Société Vaudoise Sci Nat. 2008;91:47-68.
110. Itzhak MJ-J. Seed harvester and scavenger ants along roadsides in Northern Israel. Zool Middle East. 2008;44:75-82.
111. Larson KA, Harman DM. Subcortical cavity dimension and inquilines of the larval locust borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Proc Entomol Soc Wash. 2003;105:108-19.
112. Martinez J-JI, Wool D. Sampling bias in roadsides: the case of galling aphids on Pistacia trees. Biodivers Conserv. 2006;15:2109-21.
113. Wilkaniec B, Borowiak-Sobkowiak B, Wilkaniec A, Kubasik W, Kozłowska M, Dolańska-Niedbała E. Aphid migrant activity in refuge habitats of the Wielkopolska agricultural landscape. J Plant Prot Res. 2015;55:69-79.
114. Fleishman E, Austin GT, Brussard PF, Murphy DD. A comparison of butterfly communities in native and agricultural riparian habitats in the Great Basin, USA. Biol Conserv. 1999;89:209-18.
115. Houston WA, Wormington KR, Black RL. Termite (Isoptera) diversity of riparian forests, adjacent woodlands and cleared pastures in tropical eastern Australia. Austral Entomol. 2015;54:221-30.
116. Schipper AM, Wijnhoven S, Leuven RSEW, Ragas AMJ, Jan Hendriks A. Spatial distribution and internal metal concentrations of terrestrial arthropods in a moderately contaminated lowland floodplain along the Rhine River. Environ Pollut. 2008;151:17-26.
117. Brunzel S, Elligsen H, Frankl R. Distribution of the Cinnabar moth Tyria jacobaeae L. at landscape scale: use of linear landscape structures in egg laying on larval hostplant exposures. Landsc Ecol. 2004;19:21-7.
118. Vermeulen HJ. Corridor function of a road verge for dispersal of stenotopic heathland ground beetles Carabidae. Biol Conserv. 1994;69:339-49.
119. Munguira ML, Thomas JA. Use of road verges by butterfly and burnet populations, and the effect of roads on adult dispersal and mortality. J Appl Ecol. 1992;29:316-29.
120. Dallimer M, Rouquette JR, Skinner AMJ, Armsworth PR, Maltby LM, Warren PH, et al. Contrasting patterns in species richness of birds, butterflies and plants along riparian corridors in an urban landscape. Divers Distrib. 2012;18:742-53.
121. Magierowski RH, Davies PE, Read SM, Horrigan N. Impacts of land use on the structure of river macroinvertebrate communities across Tasmania, Australia: spatial scales and thresholds. Mar Freshw Res. 2012;63:762-79.
122. Tagwireyi P, Sullivan SMP. Riverine landscape patch heterogeneity drives riparian ant assemblages in the Scioto River Basin, USA. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0124807.
123. Verboven HAF, Uyttenbroeck R, Brys R, Hermy M. Different responses of bees and hoverflies to land use in an urban-rural gradient show the importance of the nature of the rural land use. Landsc Urban Plan. 2014;126:31-41.
124. Eycott AE, Stewart GB, Buyung-Ali LM, Bowler DE, Watts K, Pullin AS. A meta-analysis on the impact of different matrix structures on species movement rates. Landsc Ecol. 2012;27:1263-78.
125. Severns PM. Road crossing behavior of an endangered grassland butterfly, Icaricia icarioides fenderi Macy (Lycaenidae), between a subdivided population. J Lepidopterists Soc. 2008;62:55-8.
126. Vandevelde J-C, Penone C, Julliard R. High-speed railways are not barriers to Pyronia tithonus butterfly movements. J Insect Conserv. 2012;16:801-3.
127. Noordijk J, Prins D, de Jonge M, Vermeulen R. Impact of a road on the movements of two ground beetle species (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Entomol Fenn. 2006;17:276.
128. Hanski I. Habitat loss, the dynamics of biodiversity, and a perspective on conservation. AMBIO J Hum Environ. 2011;40:248-55.
129. Rytwinski T, Fahrig L. Why are some animal populations unaffected or positively affected by roads? Oecologia. 2013;173:1143-56.
130. Fahrig L. Rethinking patch size and isolation effects: the habitat amount hypothesis. J Biogeogr. 2013;40:1649-63.
131. Kremen C. Reframing the land-sparing/land-sharing debate for biodiversity conservation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2015;1355:52-76.