메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 5, Issue , 2017, Pages

Trial by fire: On the terminology and methods used in pyrogenic organic carbon research

Author keywords

Artifacts; Biochar; Black carbon; Pyrogenic carbon; Quantification; Ring trial

Indexed keywords

ARTIFACTS; BIO CHARS; BLACK CARBON; QUANTIFICATION; RING TRIAL;

EID: 85041040664     PISSN: None     EISSN: 22966463     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/feart.2017.00095     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (37)

References (121)
  • 1
    • 85013420137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing soil carbon vulnerability in the Western USA by geospatial modeling of pyrogenic and particulate carbon stocks
    • Ahmed, Z. U., Woodbury, P. B., Sanderman, J., Hawke, B., Jauss, V., Solomon, D., et al. (2017). Assessing soil carbon vulnerability in the Western USA by geospatial modeling of pyrogenic and particulate carbon stocks. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 122, 354-369. doi: 10.1002/2016JG003488
    • (2017) J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. , vol.122 , pp. 354-369
    • Ahmed, Z.U.1    Woodbury, P.B.2    Sanderman, J.3    Hawke, B.4    Jauss, V.5    Solomon, D.6
  • 2
    • 33846454758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire impact on C and N losses and charcoal production in a scrub oak ecosystem
    • Alexis, M. A., Rasse, D. P., Rumpel, C., Bardoux, G., Pechot, N., Schmalzer, P., et al. (2007). Fire impact on C and N losses and charcoal production in a scrub oak ecosystem. Biogeochemistry 82, 201-216. doi: 10.1007/s10533-006-9063-1
    • (2007) Biogeochemistry , vol.82 , pp. 201-216
    • Alexis, M.A.1    Rasse, D.P.2    Rumpel, C.3    Bardoux, G.4    Pechot, N.5    Schmalzer, P.6
  • 3
    • 85029381083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerosols as a source of dissolved black carbon to the ocean
    • Bao, H. Y., Niggemann, J., Luo, L., Dittmar, T., and Kao, S. J. (2017). Aerosols as a source of dissolved black carbon to the ocean. Nat. Commun. 8, 1-7. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-00437-3
    • (2017) Nat. Commun. , vol.8 , pp. 1-7
    • Bao, H.Y.1    Niggemann, J.2    Luo, L.3    Dittmar, T.4    Kao, S.J.5
  • 4
    • 0031839506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of carbonaceous aerosols: Interlaboratory comparison
    • Birch, M. E. (1998). Analysis of carbonaceous aerosols: interlaboratory comparison. Analyst 123, 851-857. doi: 10.1039/a800028j
    • (1998) Analyst , vol.123 , pp. 851-857
    • Birch, M.E.1
  • 7
    • 85041138775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion
    • Bond, T. C., Streets, D. G., Yarber, K. F., Nelson, S. M., Woo, J. H., and Klimont, Z. (2004). A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion. J. Geophys. Res. 109: D14203. doi: 10.1029/2003JD003697
    • (2004) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.109
    • Bond, T.C.1    Streets, D.G.2    Yarber, K.F.3    Nelson, S.M.4    Woo, J.H.5    Klimont, Z.6
  • 8
    • 53249113121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid assessment of black carbon in soil organic matter using mid-infrared spectroscopy
    • Bornemann, L., Welp, G., Brodowski, S., Rodionov, A., and Amelung, W. (2008). Rapid assessment of black carbon in soil organic matter using mid-infrared spectroscopy. Org. Geochem. 39, 1537-1544. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.07.012
    • (2008) Org. Geochem. , vol.39 , pp. 1537-1544
    • Bornemann, L.1    Welp, G.2    Brodowski, S.3    Rodionov, A.4    Amelung, W.5
  • 9
    • 23944434207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revised black carbon assessment using benzene polycarboxylic acids
    • Brodowski, S., Rodionov, A., Haumaier, L., Glaser, B., and Amelung, W. (2005). Revised black carbon assessment using benzene polycarboxylic acids. Org. Geochem. 36, 1299-1310. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.03.011
    • (2005) Org. Geochem. , vol.36 , pp. 1299-1310
    • Brodowski, S.1    Rodionov, A.2    Haumaier, L.3    Glaser, B.4    Amelung, W.5
  • 10
    • 85041079705 scopus 로고
    • Study of prehistoric charcoal- preparation of thin sections and structural analysis- French- Couvert, M
    • Camps, G. (1971). Study of prehistoric charcoal- preparation of thin sections and structural analysis- French- Couvert, M. Anthropologie 75, 282-283.
    • (1971) Anthropologie , vol.75 , pp. 282-283
    • Camps, G.1
  • 11
    • 84866610491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of wood chars produced at different temperatures using advanced solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopic techniques
    • Cao, X., Pignatello, J. J., Li, Y., Lattao, C., Chappell, M. A., Chen, N., et al. (2012). Characterization of wood chars produced at different temperatures using advanced solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopic techniques. Energy Fuels 26, 5983-5991. doi: 10.1021/ef300947s
    • (2012) Energy Fuels , vol.26 , pp. 5983-5991
    • Cao, X.1    Pignatello, J.J.2    Li, Y.3    Lattao, C.4    Chappell, M.A.5    Chen, N.6
  • 12
    • 84969277825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Production of black carbon-like and aliphatic molecules from terrestrial dissolved organic matter in the presence of sunlight and iron
    • Chen, H. M., Abdulla, H. A. N., Sanders, R. L., Myneni, S. C. B., Mopper, K., and Hatcher, P. G. (2014). Production of black carbon-like and aliphatic molecules from terrestrial dissolved organic matter in the presence of sunlight and iron. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 1, 399-404. doi: 10.1021/ez5002598
    • (2014) Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. , vol.1 , pp. 399-404
    • Chen, H.M.1    Abdulla, H.A.N.2    Sanders, R.L.3    Myneni, S.C.B.4    Mopper, K.5    Hatcher, P.G.6
  • 13
    • 84983426396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantification of pyrogenic carbon in the environment: An integration of analytical approaches
    • Cotrufo, M. F., Boot, C., Abiven, S., Foster, E. J., Haddix, M., Reisser, M., et al. (2016). Quantification of pyrogenic carbon in the environment: an integration of analytical approaches. Org. Geochem. 100, 42-50. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2016.07.007
    • (2016) Org. Geochem. , vol.100 , pp. 42-50
    • Cotrufo, M.F.1    Boot, C.2    Abiven, S.3    Foster, E.J.4    Haddix, M.5    Reisser, M.6
  • 14
    • 0025198563 scopus 로고
    • Interlaboratory analysis of carbonaceous aerosol samples
    • Countess, R. J. (1990). Interlaboratory analysis of carbonaceous aerosol samples. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 12, 114-121. doi: 10.1080/02786829008959331
    • (1990) Aerosol Sci. Technol. , vol.12 , pp. 114-121
    • Countess, R.J.1
  • 15
    • 84964900591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Area-volume relationships for fossil charcoal and their relevance for fire history reconstruction
    • Crawford, A. J., and Belcher, C. M. (2016). Area-volume relationships for fossil charcoal and their relevance for fire history reconstruction. Holocene 26, 822-826. doi: 10.1177/0959683615618264
    • (2016) Holocene , vol.26 , pp. 822-826
    • Crawford, A.J.1    Belcher, C.M.2
  • 16
    • 0036579471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A critical evaluation of interlaboratory data on total, elemental, and isotopic carbon in the carbonaceous particle reference material, NIST SRM 1649a
    • Currie, L. A., Benner, B. A. Jr., Kessler, J. D., Klinedinst, D. B., Klouda, G. A., Marolf, J. V. et al. (2002). A critical evaluation of interlaboratory data on total, elemental, and isotopic carbon in the carbonaceous particle reference material, NIST SRM 1649a. J. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 107, 279-298. doi: 10.6028/jres.107.022
    • (2002) J. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. , vol.107 , pp. 279-298
    • Currie, L.A.1    Benner, B.A.2    Kessler, J.D.3    Klinedinst, D.B.4    Klouda, G.A.5    Marolf, J.V.6
  • 18
    • 0033793042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of water-soluble organic compounds in atmospheric aerosol: A new approach
    • Decesari, S., Facchini, M. C., Fuzzi, S., and Tagliavini, E. (2000). Characterization of water-soluble organic compounds in atmospheric aerosol: a new approach. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 105, 1481-1489. doi: 10.1029/1999JD900950
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. , vol.105 , pp. 1481-1489
    • Decesari, S.1    Facchini, M.C.2    Fuzzi, S.3    Tagliavini, E.4
  • 19
    • 0035206321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of some important families of refractory macromolecules: Composition, origin, and fate in soils and sediments
    • Derenne, S., and Largeau, C. (2001). A review of some important families of refractory macromolecules: composition, origin, and fate in soils and sediments. Soil Sci. 166, 833-847. doi: 10.1097/00010694-200111000-00008
    • (2001) Soil Sci. , vol.166 , pp. 833-847
    • Derenne, S.1    Largeau, C.2
  • 20
    • 84957989629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential origin and formation for molecular components of humic acids in soils
    • DiDonato, N., Chen, H. M., Waggoner, D., and Hatcher, P. G. (2016). Potential origin and formation for molecular components of humic acids in soils. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 178, 210-222. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2016.01.013
    • (2016) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.178 , pp. 210-222
    • DiDonato, N.1    Chen, H.M.2    Waggoner, D.3    Hatcher, P.G.4
  • 21
    • 84900819557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental dynamics of dissolved black carbon in wetlands
    • Ding, Y., Cawley, K. M., da Cunha, C. N., and Jaffe, R. (2014). Environmental dynamics of dissolved black carbon in wetlands. Biogeochemistry 119, 259-273. doi: 10.1007/s10533-014-9964-3
    • (2014) Biogeochemistry , vol.119 , pp. 259-273
    • Ding, Y.1    Cawley, K.M.2    da Cunha, C.N.3    Jaffe, R.4
  • 22
    • 84875812936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dissolved black carbon in grassland streams: Is there an effect of recent fire history?
    • Ding, Y., Yamashita, Y., Dodds, W. K., and Jaffe, R. (2013). Dissolved black carbon in grassland streams: is there an effect of recent fire history? Chemosphere 90, 2557-2562. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.098
    • (2013) Chemosphere , vol.90 , pp. 2557-2562
    • Ding, Y.1    Yamashita, Y.2    Dodds, W.K.3    Jaffe, R.4
  • 23
    • 84925507723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dissolved black carbon in boreal forest and glacial rivers of central Alaska: Assessment of biomass burning versus anthropogenic sources
    • Ding, Y., Yamashita, Y., Jones, J., and Jaffe, R. (2015). Dissolved black carbon in boreal forest and glacial rivers of central Alaska: assessment of biomass burning versus anthropogenic sources. Biogeochemistry 123, 15-25. doi: 10.1007/s10533-014-0050-7
    • (2015) Biogeochemistry , vol.123 , pp. 15-25
    • Ding, Y.1    Yamashita, Y.2    Jones, J.3    Jaffe, R.4
  • 24
    • 42049116113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The molecular level determination of black carbon in marine dissolved organic matter
    • Dittmar, T. (2008). The molecular level determination of black carbon in marine dissolved organic matter. Org. Geochem. 39, 396-407. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.01.015
    • (2008) Org. Geochem. , vol.39 , pp. 396-407
    • Dittmar, T.1
  • 25
    • 84865793881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuous flux of dissolved black carbon from a vanished tropical forest biome
    • Dittmar, T., de Rezende, C. E., Manecki, M., Niggemann, J., Ovalle, A. R. C., Stubbins, A., et al. (2012a). Continuous flux of dissolved black carbon from a vanished tropical forest biome. Nat. Geosci. 5, 618-622. doi: 10.1038/ngeo1541
    • (2012) Nat. Geosci. , vol.5 , pp. 618-622
    • Dittmar, T.1    de Rezende, C.E.2    Manecki, M.3    Niggemann, J.4    Ovalle, A.R.C.5    Stubbins, A.6
  • 26
    • 84860826553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discharge of dissolved black carbon from a fire-affected intertidal system
    • Dittmar, T., Paeng, J., Gihring, T. M., Suryaputra, I., and Huettel, M. (2012b). Discharge of dissolved black carbon from a fire-affected intertidal system. Limnol. Oceanogr. 57, 1171-1181. doi: 10.4319/lo.2012.57.4.1171
    • (2012) Limnol. Oceanogr. , vol.57 , pp. 1171-1181
    • Dittmar, T.1    Paeng, J.2    Gihring, T.M.3    Suryaputra, I.4    Huettel, M.5
  • 27
    • 0035089730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating levoglucosan as an indicator of biomass burning in Carajas, Amazonia: A comparison to the charcoal record
    • Elias, V. O., Simoneit, B. R. T., Cordeiro, R. C., and Turcq, B. (2001). Evaluating levoglucosan as an indicator of biomass burning in Carajas, Amazonia: a comparison to the charcoal record. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65, 267-272. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00522-6
    • (2001) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.65 , pp. 267-272
    • Elias, V.O.1    Simoneit, B.R.T.2    Cordeiro, R.C.3    Turcq, B.4
  • 28
    • 33748848309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinct oxidative stabilities of char versus soot black carbon: Implications for quantification and environmental recalcitrance
    • Elmquist, M., Cornelissen, G., Kukulska, Z., and Gustafsson, Ö. (2006). Distinct oxidative stabilities of char versus soot black carbon: implications for quantification and environmental recalcitrance. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle 20: GB2009. doi: 10.1029/2005GB002629
    • (2006) Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle , vol.20
    • Elmquist, M.1    Cornelissen, G.2    Kukulska, Z.3    Gustafsson, Ö.4
  • 29
    • 0034519638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of charcoal analysis as a tool for assessing quaternary and tertiary environments: Achievements and limits
    • Figueiral, I., and Mosbrugger, V. (2000). A review of charcoal analysis as a tool for assessing quaternary and tertiary environments: achievements and limits. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 164, 397-407. doi: 10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00195-4
    • (2000) Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. , vol.164 , pp. 397-407
    • Figueiral, I.1    Mosbrugger, V.2
  • 30
    • 0006585495 scopus 로고
    • Note sur un charbon quaternaire de Chataignier
    • Fliche, P. (1907). Note sur un charbon quaternaire de Chataignier. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 54, 132-136. doi: 10.1080/00378941.1907.10831239
    • (1907) Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. , vol.54 , pp. 132-136
    • Fliche, P.1
  • 31
    • 63649155947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black carbon in marine particulate organic carbon: Inputs and cycling of highly recalcitrant organic carbon in the Gulf of Maine
    • Flores-Cervantes, D. X., Plata, D. L., MacFarlane, J. K., Reddy, C. M., and Gschwend, P. M. (2009a). Black carbon in marine particulate organic carbon: inputs and cycling of highly recalcitrant organic carbon in the Gulf of Maine. Mar. Chem. 113, 172-181. doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2009.01.012
    • (2009) Mar. Chem. , vol.113 , pp. 172-181
    • Flores-Cervantes, D.X.1    Plata, D.L.2    MacFarlane, J.K.3    Reddy, C.M.4    Gschwend, P.M.5
  • 32
    • 67650002633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inferring black carbon concentrations in particulate organic matter by observing pyrene fluorescence losses
    • Flores-Cervantes, D. X., Reddy, C. M., and Gschwend, P. M. (2009b). Inferring black carbon concentrations in particulate organic matter by observing pyrene fluorescence losses. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 4864-4870. doi: 10.1021/es900043c
    • (2009) Environ. Sci. Technol. , vol.43 , pp. 4864-4870
    • Flores-Cervantes, D.X.1    Reddy, C.M.2    Gschwend, P.M.3
  • 33
    • 33748799431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formation, transformation and transport of black carbon (charcoal) in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
    • Forbes, M. S., Raison, R. J., and Skjemstad, J. O. (2006). Formation, transformation and transport of black carbon (charcoal) in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Sci. Total Environ. 370, 190-206. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.06.007
    • (2006) Sci. Total Environ. , vol.370 , pp. 190-206
    • Forbes, M.S.1    Raison, R.J.2    Skjemstad, J.O.3
  • 34
    • 0012939649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pyrogenic carbon in native grassland soils along a climosequence in North America
    • Glaser, B., and Amelung, W. (2003). Pyrogenic carbon in native grassland soils along a climosequence in North America. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle 17, 1064. doi: 10.1029/2002GB002019
    • (2003) Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle , vol.17 , pp. 1064
    • Glaser, B.1    Amelung, W.2
  • 35
    • 0032446924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black carbon in soils: The use of benzenecarboxylic acid as specific markers
    • Glaser, B., Haumaier, L., Guggenberger, G., and Zech, W. (1998). Black carbon in soils: the use of benzenecarboxylic acid as specific markers. Org. Geochem. 29, 811-819. doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00194-6
    • (1998) Org. Geochem. , vol.29 , pp. 811-819
    • Glaser, B.1    Haumaier, L.2    Guggenberger, G.3    Zech, W.4
  • 36
    • 41549097847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isotopic evidence for condensed aromatics from non-pyrogenic sources in soils- implications for current methods for quantifying soil black carbon
    • Glaser, B., and Knorr, K. H. (2008). Isotopic evidence for condensed aromatics from non-pyrogenic sources in soils- implications for current methods for quantifying soil black carbon. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 22, 935-942. doi: 10.1002/rcm.3448
    • (2008) Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. , vol.22 , pp. 935-942
    • Glaser, B.1    Knorr, K.H.2
  • 37
    • 0037928320 scopus 로고
    • Prehistoric charcoals as evidence of former vegetation, soil and climate
    • Godwin, H., and Tansley, A. G. (1941). Prehistoric charcoals as evidence of former vegetation, soil and climate. J. Ecol. 29, 117-126. doi: 10.2307/2256222
    • (1941) J. Ecol. , vol.29 , pp. 117-126
    • Godwin, H.1    Tansley, A.G.2
  • 39
    • 84955201394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terrestrial pyrogenic carbon export to fluvial ecosystems: Lessons learned from theWhite Nile watershed of East Africa
    • Guerena, D. T., Lehmann, J., Walter, T., Enders, A., Neufeldt, H., Odiwour, H., et al. (2015). Terrestrial pyrogenic carbon export to fluvial ecosystems: lessons learned from theWhite Nile watershed of East Africa. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle 29, 1911-1928. doi: 10.1002/2015GB005095
    • (2015) Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle , vol.29 , pp. 1911-1928
    • Guerena, D.T.1    Lehmann, J.2    Walter, T.3    Enders, A.4    Neufeldt, H.5    Odiwour, H.6
  • 40
    • 0021282651 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between optical attenuation and black carbon concentration for ambient and source particles
    • Gundel, L. A., Dod, R. L., Rosen, H., and Novakov, T. (1984). The relationship between optical attenuation and black carbon concentration for ambient and source particles. Sci. Total Environ. 36, 197-202. doi: 10.1016/0048-9697(84)90266-3
    • (1984) Sci. Total Environ. , vol.36 , pp. 197-202
    • Gundel, L.A.1    Dod, R.L.2    Rosen, H.3    Novakov, T.4
  • 41
    • 0035696274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a protocol for the quantification of black carbon in sediments, soils, and aquatic sediments
    • Gustafsson, O., Bucheli, T. D., Kululska, M., Andersson, C., Largeau, C., Rouzard, J.N., et al. (2001). Evaluation of a protocol for the quantification of black carbon in sediments, soils, and aquatic sediments. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle 15, 881-890. doi: 10.1029/2000GB001380
    • (2001) Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle , vol.15 , pp. 881-890
    • Gustafsson, O.1    Bucheli, T.D.2    Kululska, M.3    Andersson, C.4    Largeau, C.5    Rouzard, J.N.6
  • 42
    • 0031021011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantification of the dilute sedimentary soot phase: Implications for PAH speciation and bioavailability
    • Gustafsson, O., Haghseta, F., Chan, C., MacFarlane, J., and Gschwend, P. M. (1997). Quantification of the dilute sedimentary soot phase: implications for PAH speciation and bioavailability. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 203-209. doi: 10.1021/es960317s
    • (1997) Environ. Sci. Technol. , vol.31 , pp. 203-209
    • Gustafsson, O.1    Haghseta, F.2    Chan, C.3    MacFarlane, J.4    Gschwend, P.M.5
  • 43
    • 36749022108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of quantification methods to measure fire-derived (black/elemental) carbon in soils and sediments using reference materials from soil, water, sediment and the atmosphere
    • Hammes, K., Schmidt, M.W. I., Smernik, R. J., Currie, L. A., Ball, W. P., Nguyen, T. H., et al. (2007). Comparison of quantification methods to measure fire-derived (black/elemental) carbon in soils and sediments using reference materials from soil, water, sediment and the atmosphere. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle 21: GB3016. doi: 10.1029/2006GB002914
    • (2007) Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle , vol.21
    • Hammes, K.1    Schmidt, M.W.I.2    Smernik, R.J.3    Currie, L.A.4    Ball, W.P.5    Nguyen, T.H.6
  • 44
    • 84927716527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A non-thermogenic source of black carbon in peat and coal
    • Hartman, B. E., Chen, H. M., and Hatcher, P. G. (2015). A non-thermogenic source of black carbon in peat and coal. Int. J. Coal Geol. 144, 15-22. doi: 10.1016/j.coal.2015.03.011
    • (2015) Int. J. Coal Geol. , vol.144 , pp. 15-22
    • Hartman, B.E.1    Chen, H.M.2    Hatcher, P.G.3
  • 45
    • 0034305148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The molecularly-uncharacterized component of nonliving organci matter in natural environments
    • Hedges, J. I., Eglinton, G., Hatcher, P. G., Kirchman, D. L., Arnosti, C., Derenne, S., et al. (2000). The molecularly-uncharacterized component of nonliving organci matter in natural environments. Org. Geochem. 31, 945-958. doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00096-6
    • (2000) Org. Geochem. , vol.31 , pp. 945-958
    • Hedges, J.I.1    Eglinton, G.2    Hatcher, P.G.3    Kirchman, D.L.4    Arnosti, C.5    Derenne, S.6
  • 46
    • 85041061803 scopus 로고
    • On extraction by casein of trypsin, adsorbed by charcoal
    • Hedin, S. G. (1907). On extraction by casein of trypsin, adsorbed by charcoal. Biochem. J. 2, 81-88. doi: 10.1042/bj0020081
    • (1907) Biochem. J. , vol.2 , pp. 81-88
    • Hedin, S.G.1
  • 48
    • 0034667815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of condensed tannin monomers in environmental samples by capillary gas chromatography of acid depolymerization extracts
    • Hernes, P. J., and Hedges, J. I. (2000). Determination of condensed tannin monomers in environmental samples by capillary gas chromatography of acid depolymerization extracts. Anal. Chem. 72, 5115-5124. doi: 10.1021/ac991301y
    • (2000) Anal. Chem. , vol.72 , pp. 5115-5124
    • Hernes, P.J.1    Hedges, J.I.2
  • 49
    • 85041046817 scopus 로고
    • Cenozoic charcoal flux increase to North Pacific sediments
    • Herring, J. R. (1976). Cenozoic charcoal flux increase to North Pacific sediments. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 57, 259-259.
    • (1976) Trans. Am. Geophys. Union , vol.57 , pp. 259
    • Herring, J.R.1
  • 50
    • 78650832694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Degradation of grass-derived pyrogenic organic material, transport of the residues within a soil column and distribution in soil organic matter fractions during a 28 month microcosmexperiment
    • Hilscher, A., and Knicker, H. (2011). Degradation of grass-derived pyrogenic organic material, transport of the residues within a soil column and distribution in soil organic matter fractions during a 28 month microcosmexperiment. Org. Geochem. 42, 42-54. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2010.10.005
    • (2011) Org. Geochem. , vol.42 , pp. 42-54
    • Hilscher, A.1    Knicker, H.2
  • 52
    • 33750347272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intercomparison of thermal and optical measurement methods for elemental carbon and black carbon at an urban location
    • Hitzenberger, R., Petzold, A., Bauer, H., Ctyroky, P., Pouresmaeil, P., Laskus, L., et al. (2006). Intercomparison of thermal and optical measurement methods for elemental carbon and black carbon at an urban location. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 6377-6383. doi: 10.1021/es051228v
    • (2006) Environ. Sci. Technol. , vol.40 , pp. 6377-6383
    • Hitzenberger, R.1    Petzold, A.2    Bauer, H.3    Ctyroky, P.4    Pouresmaeil, P.5    Laskus, L.6
  • 54
    • 84876311439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global charcoal mobilization from soils via dissolution and riverine transport to the oceans
    • Jaffe, R., Ding, Y., Niggemann, J., Vahatalo, A. V., Stubbins, A., Spencer, R. G. M., et al. (2013). Global charcoal mobilization from soils via dissolution and riverine transport to the oceans. Science 340, 345-347. doi: 10.1126/science.1231476
    • (2013) Science , vol.340 , pp. 345-347
    • Jaffe, R.1    Ding, Y.2    Niggemann, J.3    Vahatalo, A.V.4    Stubbins, A.5    Spencer, R.G.M.6
  • 55
    • 33947632013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prediction of soil carbon fractions using mid-infrared-partial least square analysis
    • Janik, L. J., Skjemstad, J. O., Shepherd, K. D., and Spouncer, L. R. (2007). The prediction of soil carbon fractions using mid-infrared-partial least square analysis. Aust. J. Soil Res. 45, 73-81. doi: 10.1071/SR06083
    • (2007) Aust. J. Soil Res. , vol.45 , pp. 73-81
    • Janik, L.J.1    Skjemstad, J.O.2    Shepherd, K.D.3    Spouncer, L.R.4
  • 56
    • 84907264768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pyrogenic carbon controls across a soil catena in the PacificNorthwest
    • Jauss, V., Johnson, M., Krull, E., Daub, M., and Lehmann, J. (2015). Pyrogenic carbon controls across a soil catena in the PacificNorthwest. Catena 124, 53-59. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2014.09.001
    • (2015) Catena , vol.124 , pp. 53-59
    • Jauss, V.1    Johnson, M.2    Krull, E.3    Daub, M.4    Lehmann, J.5
  • 57
    • 84880797949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of biochar on soil properties and erosion potential in a highly weathered soil
    • Jien, S.-H., and Wang, C.-S. (2013). Effects of biochar on soil properties and erosion potential in a highly weathered soil. Catena 110, 225-233. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2013.06.021
    • (2013) Catena , vol.110 , pp. 225-233
    • Jien, S.-H.1    Wang, C.-S.2
  • 58
    • 84957603678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black carbon assessment using benzene polycarboxylic acids: Limitations for organicrich matrices
    • Kappenberg, A., Blaesing, M., Lehndorff, E., and Amelung, W. (2016). Black carbon assessment using benzene polycarboxylic acids: limitations for organicrich matrices. Org. Geochem. 94, 47-51. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2016.01.009
    • (2016) Org. Geochem. , vol.94 , pp. 47-51
    • Kappenberg, A.1    Blaesing, M.2    Lehndorff, E.3    Amelung, W.4
  • 59
    • 77956513441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catechol and humic acid sorption onto a range of laboratory-produced black carbons (biochars)
    • Kasozi, G. N., Zimmerman, A. R., Nkedi-Kizza, P., and Gao, B. (2010). Catechol and humic acid sorption onto a range of laboratory-produced black carbons (biochars). Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 6189-6195. doi: 10.1021/es1014423
    • (2010) Environ. Sci. Technol. , vol.44 , pp. 6189-6195
    • Kasozi, G.N.1    Zimmerman, A.R.2    Nkedi-Kizza, P.3    Gao, B.4
  • 60
    • 33846552454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controlled generation of black carbon particles from a diffusion flame and applications in evaluating black carbon measurement methods
    • Kirchstetter, T. W., and Novakov, T. (2007). Controlled generation of black carbon particles from a diffusion flame and applications in evaluating black carbon measurement methods. Atmos. Environ. 41, 1874-1888. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.10.067
    • (2007) Atmos. Environ. , vol.41 , pp. 1874-1888
    • Kirchstetter, T.W.1    Novakov, T.2
  • 61
    • 47849109310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new conceptual model for the structural properties of char produced during vegetation fires
    • Knicker, H., Hilscher, A., Gonzalez-Vila, F. J., and Almendros, G. (2008). A new conceptual model for the structural properties of char produced during vegetation fires. Org. Geochem. 39, 935-939. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.03.021
    • (2008) Org. Geochem. , vol.39 , pp. 935-939
    • Knicker, H.1    Hilscher, A.2    Gonzalez-Vila, F.J.3    Almendros, G.4
  • 62
    • 34748915149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How useful is chemical oxidation with dichromate for the determination of “black carbon” in fire-affected soils?
    • Knicker, H., Muffler, P., and Hilscher, A. (2007). How useful is chemical oxidation with dichromate for the determination of “black carbon” in fire-affected soils? Geoderma 142, 178-196. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.08.010
    • (2007) Geoderma , vol.142 , pp. 178-196
    • Knicker, H.1    Muffler, P.2    Hilscher, A.3
  • 63
    • 25144474533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Condensation degree of burnt peat and plant residues and the reliability of solid-state VACP MAS C-13 NMR spectra obtained from pyrogenic humic material
    • Knicker, H., Totsche, K. U., Almendros, G., and Gonzalez-Vila, F. J. (2005). Condensation degree of burnt peat and plant residues and the reliability of solid-state VACP MAS C-13 NMR spectra obtained from pyrogenic humic material. Org. Geochem. 36, 1359-1377. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.06.006
    • (2005) Org. Geochem. , vol.36 , pp. 1359-1377
    • Knicker, H.1    Totsche, K.U.2    Almendros, G.3    Gonzalez-Vila, F.J.4
  • 64
    • 0000230664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black carbon, the global carbon cycle, and atmospheric carbon dioxide
    • ed J. Levine (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press), Chapter 16
    • Kuhlbusch, T., and Crutzen, P. (1996). “Black carbon, the global carbon cycle, and atmospheric carbon dioxide,” in Biomass Burning and Global Change, ed J. Levine (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press), Chapter 16, 160-169.
    • (1996) Biomass Burning and Global Change , pp. 160-169
    • Kuhlbusch, T.1    Crutzen, P.2
  • 65
    • 85009410516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of biochar on dispersibility of colloids in agricultural soils
    • Kumari, K., Moldrup, P., Paradelo, M., Elsgaard, L., and de Jonge, L. W. (2017). Effects of biochar on dispersibility of colloids in agricultural soils. J. Environ. Qual. 46, 143-152. doi: 10.2134/jeq2016.08.0290
    • (2017) J. Environ. Qual. , vol.46 , pp. 143-152
    • Kumari, K.1    Moldrup, P.2    Paradelo, M.3    Elsgaard, L.4    de Jonge, L.W.5
  • 66
    • 51249085635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can levoglucosan be used to characterize and quantify char/charcoal black carbon in environmental media?
    • Kuo, L. J., Herbert, B. E., and Louchouarn, P. (2008). Can levoglucosan be used to characterize and quantify char/charcoal black carbon in environmental media? Org. Geochem. 39, 1466-1478. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.04.026
    • (2008) Org. Geochem. , vol.39 , pp. 1466-1478
    • Kuo, L.J.1    Herbert, B.E.2    Louchouarn, P.3
  • 67
    • 34548481502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bio-energy in the black
    • Lehmann, J. (2007a). Bio-energy in the black. Front. Ecol. Environ. 5, 381-387. doi: 10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[381: BITB]2.0.CO;2
    • (2007) Front. Ecol. Environ. , vol.5 , pp. 381-387
    • Lehmann, J.1
  • 68
    • 34248598566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A handful of carbon
    • Lehmann, J. (2007b). A handful of carbon. Nature 447, 143-144. doi: 10.1038/447143a
    • (2007) Nature , vol.447 , pp. 143-144
    • Lehmann, J.1
  • 69
    • 70849111813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biochar for environmental management: An introduction
    • eds J. Lehmann, and S. Joseph (London: Earthscan)
    • Lehmann, J., and Joseph, S. (2015). “Biochar for environmental management: an introduction,” in Environmental Management: Science, Technology and Implementation, eds J. Lehmann, and S. Joseph (London: Earthscan), 235.
    • (2015) Environmental Management: Science, Technology and Implementation , pp. 235
    • Lehmann, J.1    Joseph, S.2
  • 70
    • 0038233685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Slash and char: A feasible alternative for soil fertility management in the central amazon?
    • ed S. T1UoS (Bangkok: International Union of Soil Sciences)
    • Lehmann, J., da Silva, J. P. Jr., Rondon, M., Cravo, M., Greenwood, J., Hehls, B. et al. (2002). “Slash and char: a feasible alternative for soil fertility management in the central amazon?” in 17th World Conference of Soil Science, ed S. T1UoS (Bangkok: International Union of Soil Sciences), 449, 1-12.
    • (2002) 17th World Conference of Soil Science , vol.449 , pp. 1-12
    • Lehmann, J.1    da Silva, J.P.2    Rondon, M.3    Cravo, M.4    Greenwood, J.5    Hehls, B.6
  • 71
    • 85026920247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Production of benzene carboxylic acids and small-molecule fatty acids fromlignite by two-stage alkalioxygen
    • Li, W. B., Hou, Y. C., Yang, F., and Wu, W. Z. (2017). Production of benzene carboxylic acids and small-molecule fatty acids fromlignite by two-stage alkalioxygen. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 56, 1971-1978. doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b04562
    • (2017) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , vol.56 , pp. 1971-1978
    • Li, W.B.1    Hou, Y.C.2    Yang, F.3    Wu, W.Z.4
  • 72
    • 0030465577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of black carbon by chemical oxidation and thermal treatment in recent marine and lake sediments and cretaceous-tertiary clays
    • Lim, B., and Cachier, H. (1996). Determination of black carbon by chemical oxidation and thermal treatment in recent marine and lake sediments and cretaceous-tertiary clays. Chem. Geol. 131, 143-154. doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(96)00031-9
    • (1996) Chem. Geol. , vol.131 , pp. 143-154
    • Lim, B.1    Cachier, H.2
  • 73
    • 9644270975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New directions in black carbon organic geochemistry
    • Masiello, C. A. (2004). New directions in black carbon organic geochemistry. Mar. Chem. 92, 201-213. doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2004.06.043
    • (2004) Mar. Chem. , vol.92 , pp. 201-213
    • Masiello, C.A.1
  • 74
    • 33751285251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbonaceous aerosols over the Indian ocean during the Indian ocean experiment (INDOEX): Chemical characterization, optical properties, and probable sources
    • Mayol-Bracero, O. L., Gabriel, R., Andreae, M. O., Kirchstetter, T. W., Novakov, T., Ogren, J., et al. (2002). Carbonaceous aerosols over the Indian ocean during the Indian ocean experiment (INDOEX): chemical characterization, optical properties, and probable sources. J. Geophys. Res. 107, 8030. doi: 10.1029/2000JD000039
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107 , pp. 8030
    • Mayol-Bracero, O.L.1    Gabriel, R.2    Andreae, M.O.3    Kirchstetter, T.W.4    Novakov, T.5    Ogren, J.6
  • 75
    • 80053435313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of the aromaticity and the degree of aromatic condensation of a thermosequence of wood charcoal usingNMR
    • McBeath, A. V., Smernik, R. J., Schneider, M. P. W., Schmidt, M. W. I., and Plant, E. L. (2011). Determination of the aromaticity and the degree of aromatic condensation of a thermosequence of wood charcoal usingNMR. Org. Geochem. 42, 1194-1202. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2011.08.008
    • (2011) Org. Geochem. , vol.42 , pp. 1194-1202
    • McBeath, A.V.1    Smernik, R.J.2    Schneider, M.P.W.3    Schmidt, M.W.I.4    Plant, E.L.5
  • 76
    • 84867057759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of hydropyrolysis as a method for the quantification of black carbon using standard reference materials
    • Meredith, W., Ascough, P. L., Bird, M. I., Large, D. J., Snape, C. E., Sun, Y., et al. (2012). Assessment of hydropyrolysis as a method for the quantification of black carbon using standard reference materials. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 97, 131-147. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2012.08.037
    • (2012) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.97 , pp. 131-147
    • Meredith, W.1    Ascough, P.L.2    Bird, M.I.3    Large, D.J.4    Snape, C.E.5    Sun, Y.6
  • 77
    • 19844373041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating the molecular composition of a diverse range of natural organic materials from solid-state 13C NMR and elemental analyses
    • Nelson, P. N., and Baldock, J. A. (2005). Estimating the molecular composition of a diverse range of natural organic materials from solid-state 13C NMR and elemental analyses. Biogeochemistry 72, 1-34. doi: 10.1007/s10533-004-0076-3
    • (2005) Biogeochemistry , vol.72 , pp. 1-34
    • Nelson, P.N.1    Baldock, J.A.2
  • 78
    • 67649803094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black carbon decomposition under varying water regimes
    • Nguyen, B. T., and Lehmann, J. (2009). Black carbon decomposition under varying water regimes. Org. Geochem. 40, 846-853. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.05.004
    • (2009) Org. Geochem. , vol.40 , pp. 846-853
    • Nguyen, B.T.1    Lehmann, J.2
  • 79
    • 0002708695 scopus 로고
    • Microchemical characterization of aerosols
    • eds H. Malissa, M. Grasserbauer, and R. Belcher (Graz: Springer)
    • Novakov, T. (1981). “Microchemical characterization of aerosols,” in Proceedings of the 8th International Microchemical Symposium, eds H. Malissa, M. Grasserbauer, and R. Belcher (Graz: Springer), 141-165.
    • (1981) Proceedings of the 8th International Microchemical Symposium , pp. 141-165
    • Novakov, T.1
  • 80
    • 0021282644 scopus 로고
    • The role of soot and primary oxidants in atmospheric chemistry
    • Novakov, T. (1984). The role of soot and primary oxidants in atmospheric chemistry. Sci. Total Environ. 36, 1-10. doi: 10.1016/0048-9697(84)90241-9
    • (1984) Sci. Total Environ. , vol.36 , pp. 1-10
    • Novakov, T.1
  • 81
    • 84891531379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The black carbon story: Early history and new perspectives
    • Novakov, T., and Rosen, H. (2013). The black carbon story: early history and new perspectives. Ambio 42, 840-851. doi: 10.1007/s13280-013-0392-8
    • (2013) Ambio , vol.42 , pp. 840-851
    • Novakov, T.1    Rosen, H.2
  • 82
    • 85029000793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multi-technique approach to assess the fate of biochar in soil and to quantify its effect on soil organic matter composition
    • Paetsch, L., Mueller, C. W., Rumpel, C., Angst, Š., Wiesheu, A. C., Girardin, C., et al. (2017). A multi-technique approach to assess the fate of biochar in soil and to quantify its effect on soil organic matter composition. Organ. Geochem. 112, 177-186. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2017.06.012
    • (2017) Organ. Geochem. , vol.112 , pp. 177-186
    • Paetsch, L.1    Mueller, C.W.2    Rumpel, C.3    Angst, Š.4    Wiesheu, A.C.5    Girardin, C.6
  • 83
    • 33748847530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black (pyrogenic) carbon: A synthesis of current knowledge and uncertainties with special consideration of boreal regions
    • Preston, C. M., and Schmidt, M. W. I. (2006). Black (pyrogenic) carbon: a synthesis of current knowledge and uncertainties with special consideration of boreal regions. Biogeosciences 3, 397-420. doi: 10.5194/bg-3-397-2006
    • (2006) Biogeosciences , vol.3 , pp. 397-420
    • Preston, C.M.1    Schmidt, M.W.I.2
  • 85
    • 84994666923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pyrogenic carbon in soils: A literature-based inventory and a global estimation of its content in soil organic carbon and stocks
    • Reisser, M., Purves, R. S., Schmidt, M. W. I., and Abiven, S. (2016). Pyrogenic carbon in soils: a literature-based inventory and a global estimation of its content in soil organic carbon and stocks. Front. Earth Sci. 4: 80. doi: 10.3389/feart.2016.00080
    • (2016) Front. Earth Sci. , vol.4 , pp. 80
    • Reisser, M.1    Purves, R.S.2    Schmidt, M.W.I.3    Abiven, S.4
  • 86
    • 0017328347 scopus 로고
    • Raman scattering and the characterisation of atmospheric aerosol particles
    • Rosen, H., and Novakov, T. (1977). Raman scattering and the characterisation of atmospheric aerosol particles. Nature 266, 708-710. doi: 10.1038/266708a0
    • (1977) Nature , vol.266 , pp. 708-710
    • Rosen, H.1    Novakov, T.2
  • 87
    • 70450225040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Erosion budget and process selectivity of black carbon at meter scale
    • Rumpel, C., Ba, A., Darboux, F., Chaplot, V., and Planchon, O. (2009). Erosion budget and process selectivity of black carbon at meter scale. Geoderma 154, 131-137. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.10.006
    • (2009) Geoderma , vol.154 , pp. 131-137
    • Rumpel, C.1    Ba, A.2    Darboux, F.3    Chaplot, V.4    Planchon, O.5
  • 89
    • 0035116148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Results of the “carbon conference” international aerosol carbon round robin test stage I
    • Schmid, H., Laskus, L., Abraham, H. J., Baltensperger, U., Lavanchy, V., Bizjak, M., et al. (2001). Results of the “carbon conference” international aerosol carbon round robin test stage I. Atmos. Environ. 35, 2111-2121. doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00493-3
    • (2001) Atmos. Environ. , vol.35 , pp. 2111-2121
    • Schmid, H.1    Laskus, L.2    Abraham, H.J.3    Baltensperger, U.4    Lavanchy, V.5    Bizjak, M.6
  • 90
    • 3242743513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Final recommendations for reference materials in black carbon analysis
    • Schmidt, M. W. I., Masiello, C. A., and Skjemstad, J. O. (2003). Final recommendations for reference materials in black carbon analysis. Eos Trans. AGU 84, 582-583. doi: 10.1029/2003EO520006
    • (2003) Eos Trans. AGU , vol.84 , pp. 582-583
    • Schmidt, M.W.I.1    Masiello, C.A.2    Skjemstad, J.O.3
  • 91
    • 0033761807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black carbon in soils and sediments: Analysis, distribution, implications, and current challenges
    • Schmidt, M. W. I., and Noack, A. G. (2000). Black carbon in soils and sediments: analysis, distribution, implications, and current challenges. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle 14, 777-793. doi: 10.1029/1999GB001208
    • (2000) Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle , vol.14 , pp. 777-793
    • Schmidt, M.W.I.1    Noack, A.G.2
  • 93
    • 0002531372 scopus 로고
    • Modes of fossil preservation
    • Schopf, J. M. (1975). Modes of fossil preservation. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 20, 27-53. doi: 10.1016/0034-6667(75)90005-6
    • (1975) Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. , vol.20 , pp. 27-53
    • Schopf, J.M.1
  • 94
    • 78449248953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Charcoal: Taphonomy and significance in geology, botany and archaeology
    • Scott, A. C., and Damblon, F. (2010). Charcoal: taphonomy and significance in geology, botany and archaeology. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 291, 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.03.044
    • (2010) Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. , vol.291 , pp. 1-10
    • Scott, A.C.1    Damblon, F.2
  • 95
    • 0019210295 scopus 로고
    • Estimates of gross and net fluxes of carbon between the biosphere and the atmosphere from biomass burning
    • Seiler, W., and Crutzen, P. J. (1980). Estimates of gross and net fluxes of carbon between the biosphere and the atmosphere from biomass burning. Clim. Change 2, 207-247. doi: 10.1007/BF00137988
    • (1980) Clim. Change , vol.2 , pp. 207-247
    • Seiler, W.1    Crutzen, P.J.2
  • 96
    • 3042786292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of black carbon in natural organic matter by chemical oxidation and solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
    • Simpson, M. J., and Hatcher, P. G. (2004). Determination of black carbon in natural organic matter by chemical oxidation and solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Org. Geochem. 35, 923-935. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.04.004
    • (2004) Org. Geochem. , vol.35 , pp. 923-935
    • Simpson, M.J.1    Hatcher, P.G.2
  • 97
    • 84864614817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire-derived organic carbon in soil turns over on a centennial scale
    • Singh, N., Abiven, S., Torn, M. S., and Schmidt, M. W. I. (2012). Fire-derived organic carbon in soil turns over on a centennial scale. Biogeosciences 9, 2847-2857. doi: 10.5194/bg-9-2847-2012
    • (2012) Biogeosciences , vol.9 , pp. 2847-2857
    • Singh, N.1    Abiven, S.2    Torn, M.S.3    Schmidt, M.W.I.4
  • 98
    • 0001084053 scopus 로고
    • Elemental carbon in marine sediments- baseline for burning
    • Smith, D.M., Griffin, J. J., and Goldberg, E. D. (1973). Elemental carbon in marine sediments- baseline for burning. Nature 241, 268-270. doi: 10.1038/241268a0
    • (1973) Nature , vol.241 , pp. 268-270
    • Smith, D.M.1    Griffin, J.J.2    Goldberg, E.D.3
  • 99
    • 0000874851 scopus 로고
    • Spectrometric method for the quantitative determination of elemental carbon
    • Smith, D. M., Griffin, J. J., and Goldberg, E. D. (1975). Spectrometric method for the quantitative determination of elemental carbon. Anal. Chem. 47, 233-238. doi: 10.1021/ac60352a032
    • (1975) Anal. Chem. , vol.47 , pp. 233-238
    • Smith, D.M.1    Griffin, J.J.2    Goldberg, E.D.3
  • 100
    • 84857883373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anthropogenic aerosols as a source of ancient dissolved organic matter in glaciers
    • Stubbins, A., Hood, E., Raymond, P. A., Aiken, G. R., Sleighter, R. L., Hernes, P. J., et al. (2012). Anthropogenic aerosols as a source of ancient dissolved organic matter in glaciers. Nat. Geosci. 5, 198-201. doi: 10.1038/ngeo1403
    • (2012) Nat. Geosci. , vol.5 , pp. 198-201
    • Stubbins, A.1    Hood, E.2    Raymond, P.A.3    Aiken, G.R.4    Sleighter, R.L.5    Hernes, P.J.6
  • 101
    • 77955599038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Illuminated darkness: Molecular signatures of Congo river dissolved organic matter and its photochemical alteration as revealed by ultrahigh precision mass spectrometry
    • Stubbins, A., Spencer, R. G. M., Chen, H. M., Hatcher, P. G., Mopper, K., Hernes, P. J., et al. (2010). Illuminated darkness: molecular signatures of Congo river dissolved organic matter and its photochemical alteration as revealed by ultrahigh precision mass spectrometry. Limnol. Oceanogr. 55, 1467-1477. doi: 10.4319/lo.2010.55.4.1467
    • (2010) Limnol. Oceanogr. , vol.55 , pp. 1467-1477
    • Stubbins, A.1    Spencer, R.G.M.2    Chen, H.M.3    Hatcher, P.G.4    Mopper, K.5    Hernes, P.J.6
  • 102
    • 0002755014 scopus 로고
    • Environmental changes during the past 2000 years in northcentral Wisconsin: Analysis of pollen, charcoal, and seeds from varved lake sediments
    • Swain, A. M. (1978). Environmental changes during the past 2000 years in northcentral Wisconsin: analysis of pollen, charcoal, and seeds from varved lake sediments. Quat. Res. 10, 55-68. doi: 10.1016/0033-5894(78)90013-3
    • (1978) Quat. Res. , vol.10 , pp. 55-68
    • Swain, A.M.1
  • 103
  • 104
    • 1842836811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • INTERCOMP2000: The comparability of methods in use in Europe for measuring the carbon content of aerosol
    • ten Brink, H., Maenhaut, W., Hitzenberger, R., Gnauk, T., Spindler, G., Even, A., et al. (2004). INTERCOMP2000: the comparability of methods in use in Europe for measuring the carbon content of aerosol. Atmos. Environ. 38, 6507-6519. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.08.027
    • (2004) Atmos. Environ. , vol.38 , pp. 6507-6519
    • ten Brink, H.1    Maenhaut, W.2    Hitzenberger, R.3    Gnauk, T.4    Spindler, G.5    Even, A.6
  • 105
    • 77957266484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combining charcoal and elemental black carbon analysis in sedimentary archives: Implications for past fire regimes, the pyrogenic carbon cycle, and the human-climate interactions
    • Thevenon, F., Williamson, D., Bard, E., Anselmetti, F. S., Beaufort, L., and Cachier, H. (2010). Combining charcoal and elemental black carbon analysis in sedimentary archives: implications for past fire regimes, the pyrogenic carbon cycle, and the human-climate interactions. Glob. Planet. Change 72, 381-389. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.01.014
    • (2010) Glob. Planet. Change , vol.72 , pp. 381-389
    • Thevenon, F.1    Williamson, D.2    Bard, E.3    Anselmetti, F.S.4    Beaufort, L.5    Cachier, H.6
  • 106
    • 3643059045 scopus 로고
    • The present status of the development of instrumentation from the study of air pollution
    • Thomas, M. D. (1952). The present status of the development of instrumentation from the study of air pollution. Proc. Natl. Air Pollut. Sympos. 2, 16-23.
    • (1952) Proc. Natl. Air Pollut. Sympos. , vol.2 , pp. 16-23
    • Thomas, M.D.1
  • 108
    • 84925411819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formation of black carbon-like and alicyclic aliphatic compounds by hydroxyl radical initiated degradation of lignin
    • Waggoner, D. C., Chen, H. M., Willoughby, A. S., and Hatcher, P. G. (2015). Formation of black carbon-like and alicyclic aliphatic compounds by hydroxyl radical initiated degradation of lignin. Org. Geochem. 82, 69-76. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2015.02.007
    • (2015) Org. Geochem. , vol.82 , pp. 69-76
    • Waggoner, D.C.1    Chen, H.M.2    Willoughby, A.S.3    Hatcher, P.G.4
  • 109
    • 85032949736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new perspective on the apparent solubility of dissolved black carbon
    • Wagner, S., Ding, Y., and Jaffé, R. (2017). A new perspective on the apparent solubility of dissolved black carbon. Front. Earth Sci. 5: 75. doi: 10.3389/feart.2017.00075
    • (2017) Front. Earth Sci. , vol.5 , pp. 75
    • Wagner, S.1    Ding, Y.2    Jaffé, R.3
  • 110
    • 84948469536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking the molecular signature of heteroatomic dissolved organic matter to watershed characteristics in world rivers
    • Wagner, S., Riedel, T., Niggemann, J., Vähätalo, A. V., Dittmar, T., and Jaffé, R. (2015). Linking the molecular signature of heteroatomic dissolved organic matter to watershed characteristics in world rivers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49, 13798-13806. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00525
    • (2015) Environ. Sci. Technol. , vol.49 , pp. 13798-13806
    • Wagner, S.1    Riedel, T.2    Niggemann, J.3    Vähätalo, A.V.4    Dittmar, T.5    Jaffé, R.6
  • 111
    • 85019487191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biochar additions can enhance soil structure and the physical stabilization of C in aggregates
    • Wang, D. Y., Fonte, S. J., Parikh, S. J., Six, J., and Scow, K. M. (2017). Biochar additions can enhance soil structure and the physical stabilization of C in aggregates. Geoderma 303, 110-117. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2017. 05.027
    • (2017) Geoderma , vol.303 , pp. 110-117
    • Wang, D.Y.1    Fonte, S.J.2    Parikh, S.J.3    Six, J.4    Scow, K.M.5
  • 112
    • 84869428369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Production of benzene polycarboxylic acids from lignite by alkali-oxygen oxidation
    • Wang, W. H., Hou, Y. C., Wu, W. Z., Niu, M. G., and Liu, W.N. (2012). Production of benzene polycarboxylic acids from lignite by alkali-oxygen oxidation. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 51, 14994-15003. doi: 10.1021/ie3021297
    • (2012) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , vol.51 , pp. 14994-15003
    • Wang, W.H.1    Hou, Y.C.2    Wu, W.Z.3    Niu, M.G.4    Liu, W.N.5
  • 113
    • 30344446472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Summary of organic and elemental carbon/black carbon analysis methods and intercomparisons
    • Watson, J. G., Chow, J. C., and Chen, L. W. A. (2005). Summary of organic and elemental carbon/black carbon analysis methods and intercomparisons. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 5, 65-102. doi: 10.4209/aaqr.2005.06.0006
    • (2005) Aerosol Air Qual. Res. , vol.5 , pp. 65-102
    • Watson, J.G.1    Chow, J.C.2    Chen, L.W.A.3
  • 115
    • 84979315530 scopus 로고
    • Air pollution aspects of the London fog of december 1952-discussion
    • Wilkins, E. T. (1954). Air pollution aspects of the London fog of december 1952-discussion. Q. J. Royal Meteorol. Soc. 80, 267-271. doi: 10.1002/qj.49708 034420
    • (1954) Q. J. Royal Meteorol. Soc. , vol.80 , pp. 267-271
    • Wilkins, E.T.1
  • 116
    • 8844242593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An improved ruthenium tetroxide oxidation of marine and lacustrine kerogens: Possible origin of low molecular weight acids and benzenecarboxylic acids
    • Yoshioka, H., and Ishiwatari, R. (2005). An improved ruthenium tetroxide oxidation of marine and lacustrine kerogens: possible origin of low molecular weight acids and benzenecarboxylic acids. Org. Geochem. 36, 83-94. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.07.002
    • (2005) Org. Geochem. , vol.36 , pp. 83-94
    • Yoshioka, H.1    Ishiwatari, R.2
  • 117
    • 84985997692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced immobilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in contaminated soil using forest wood-derived biochar and activated carbon under saturated conditions, and the importance of biochar particle size
    • Zand, A. D., and Grathwohl, P. (2016). Enhanced immobilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in contaminated soil using forest wood-derived biochar and activated carbon under saturated conditions, and the importance of biochar particle size. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 25, 427-441. doi: 10.15244/pjoes/60160
    • (2016) Pol. J. Environ. Stud. , vol.25 , pp. 427-441
    • Zand, A.D.1    Grathwohl, P.2
  • 118
    • 77149121826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abiotic and microbial oxidation of laboratoryproduced black carbon (biochar)
    • Zimmerman, A. (2010). Abiotic and microbial oxidation of laboratoryproduced black carbon (biochar). Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 1295-1301. doi: 10.1021/es903140c
    • (2010) Environ. Sci. Technol. , vol.44 , pp. 1295-1301
    • Zimmerman, A.1
  • 119
    • 79954633897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positive and negative carbon mineralization priming effects among a variety of biochar-amended soils
    • Zimmerman, A. R., Gao, B., and Ahn, M.-Y. (2011). Positive and negative carbon mineralization priming effects among a variety of biochar-amended soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 43, 1169-1179. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.02.005
    • (2011) Soil Biol. Biochem. , vol.43 , pp. 1169-1179
    • Zimmerman, A.R.1    Gao, B.2    Ahn, M.-Y.3
  • 120
    • 84983471041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantification of black carbon in marine systems using the benzene polycarboxylic acid method: A mechanistic and yield study
    • Ziolkowski, L. A., Chamberlin, A. R., Greaves, J., and Druffel, E. R. M. (2011). Quantification of black carbon in marine systems using the benzene polycarboxylic acid method: a mechanistic and yield study. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 9, 140-149. doi: 10.4319/lom.2011.9.140
    • (2011) Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods , vol.9 , pp. 140-149
    • Ziolkowski, L.A.1    Chamberlin, A.R.2    Greaves, J.3    Druffel, E.R.M.4
  • 121
    • 77955759522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aged black carbon identified in marine dissolved organic carbon
    • Ziolkowski, L. A., and Druffel, E. R. M. (2010). Aged black carbon identified in marine dissolved organic carbon. Geophys. Res. Lett. 37: L16601. doi: 10.1029/2010GL043963
    • (2010) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.37
    • Ziolkowski, L.A.1    Druffel, E.R.M.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.