Pyrogenic carbon in soils: A literature-based inventory and a global estimation of its content in soil organic carbon and stocks

Frontiers in Earth Science

Volumn 4, Issue , 2016, Pages

  Reisser, Moritz ^a   Purves, Ross S ^a   Schmidt, Michael W I ^a   Abiven, Samuel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Database; Fire derived organic matter; Global carbon cycle; Global distribution; Pyrogenic carbon; Soil organic carbon; Soil organic matter stabilization processes

Indexed keywords

ALKALINITY; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; DATABASE SYSTEMS; DISTRIBUTED DATABASE SYSTEMS; ECOSYSTEMS; FIRES; LAND USE; REMOTE SENSING; SOILS; STABILIZATION;

EXPLANATORY VARIABLES; GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE; GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION; HETEROGENEOUS DISTRIBUTIONS; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; SITE-SPECIFIC INFORMATION; SOIL ORGANIC CARBON; STABILIZATION PROCESS;

ORGANIC CARBON;

ESTIMATION METHOD; ORGANIC CARBON; REMOTE SENSING; SOIL ANALYSIS; SOIL CARBON; SOIL ORGANIC MATTER;

EID: 84994666923     PISSN: None     EISSN: 22966463     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/feart.2016.00080     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Aciego Pietri, J. C., and Brookes, P. C. (2008). Relationships between soil pH and microbial properties in a UKarable soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 40, 1856–1861. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.03.020
2. Archibald, S., Lehmann, C. E. R., Gómez-Dans, J. L., and Bradstock, R. A. (2013). Defining pyromes and global syndromes of fire regimes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110, 6442–6447. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1211466110
3. Ascough, P. L., Bird, M. I., Francis, S. M., Thornton, B., Midwood, A. J., Scott, A. C., et al. (2011). Variability in oxidative degradation of charcoal: influence of production conditions and environmental exposure. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 75, 2361–2378. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2011.02.002
4. Biederman, L. A., and Harpole, W. S. (2013). Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling: a meta-analysis. GCB Bioenergy 5, 202–214. doi: 10.1111/gcbb.12037
5. Bird, M. (2014). “Test procedures for biochar analysis in soils,” in Biochar for Environmental Management - Science, Technology and Implementation, eds J. Lehmann and S. Joseph (London: Routledge), 677–714.
6. Bird, M. I., Moyo, C., Veenendaal, E. M., Lloyd, J., and Frost, P. (1999). Stability of elemental carbon in a savanna soil. Geoderma 13, 923–932. doi: 10.1029/1999gb900067
7. Bird, M. I., Wynn, J. G., Saiz, G., Wurster, C. M., and McBeath, A. (2015). The pyrogenic carbon cycle. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 43, 273–298. doi: 10.1146/annurev-earth-060614-105038
8. Bowman, D. M. J. S., Murphy, B. P., Williamson, G. J., and Cochrane, M. A. (2014). Pyrogeographic models, feedbacks and the future of global fire regimes. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 23, 821–824. doi: 10.1111/geb.12180
9. Braadbaart, F., Poole, I., and van Brussel, A. A. (2009). Preservation potential of charcoal in alkaline environments: an experimental approach and implications for the archaeological record. J. Archaeol. Sci. 36, 1672–1679. doi: 10.1016/ j.jas.2009.03.006
10. Bucheli, T. D., Blum, F., Desaules, A., and Gustafsson, O. (2004). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, black carbon, and molecular markers in soils of Switzerland. Chemosphere 56, 1061–1076. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere. 2004.06.002
11. Caria, G., Arrouays, D., Dubromel, E., Jolivet, C., Ratié, C., Bernoux, M., et al. (2011). Black carbon estimation in French calcareous soils using chemo-thermal oxidation method. Soil Use Manag. 27, 333–339. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2011.00349.x
12. Crane-Droesch, A., Abiven, S., Jeffery, S., and Torn, M. S. (2013). Heterogeneous global crop yield response to biochar: a meta-regression analysis. Environ. Res. Lett. 8:044049. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/044049
13. Czimczik, C. I., Preston, C. M., Schmidt, M. W. I., and Schulze, E.-D. (2003). How surface fire in Siberian Scots pine forests affects soil organic carbon in the forest floor: stocks, molecular structure, and conversion to black carbon (charcoal). Global Biogeochem. Cycles 17, 1–14. doi: 10.1029/2002GB001956
14. Danielson, J. J., and Gesch, D. B. (2011). Global Multi-Resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 (GMTED2010). U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011– 1073, 26. Available online at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1073
15. DeLaune, R. D., Patrick, J. W. H., and Casselman, M. E. (1981). Effect of sediment pH and redox conditions on degradation of benzo(a)pyrene. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 12, 251–253. doi: 10.1016/0025-326X(81)90366-0
16. Dinel, H., Schnitzer, M., and Meyhuys, G. R. (1990). “Soil lipids: origin, nature, content, decomposition, and effect on soil physical properties,” in Soil Biochemistry, 6th Edn., eds J. M. Bollag and G. Stotzky (New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc.), 397–429.
17. Dwyer, E., Pinnock, S., Gregoire, J.-M., and Pereira, J. M. C. (2000). Global spatial and temporal distribution of vegetation fire as determined from satellite observations. Int. J. Remote Sens. 21, 1289–1302. doi: 10.1080/ 014311600210182
18. Eckmeier, E., Rosch, M., Ehrmann, O., Schmidt, M. W. I., Schier, W., and Gerlach, R. (2007). Conversion of biomass to charcoal and the carbon mass balance from a slash-and-burn experiment in a temperate deciduous forest. Holocene 17, 539–542. doi: 10.1177/0959683607077041
19. ESRI (2016). ArcGIS Online. Available online at: www.arcgis.com
20. FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC(2012). Harmonized World Soil Database (Version 1.2). Rome; Laxenburg: FAO; IIASA.
21. Forbes, M. S., Raison, R. J., and Skjemstad, J. O. (2006). Formation, transformation and transport of black carbon (charcoal) in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Sci. Total Environ. 370, 190–206. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.06.007
22. Friedl, M. A., Sulla-Menashe, D., Tan, B., Schneider, A., Ramankutty, N., Sibley, A., et al. (2010). MODIS Collection 5 global land cover: algorithmrefinements and characterization of new datasets. Remote Sens. Environ. 114, 168–182. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2009.08.016
23. Glaser, B., Haumaier, L., Guggenberger, G., and Zech, W. (1998). Black carbon in soils: the use of benzenecarboxylic acids as specific markers. Org. Geochem. 29, 811–819. doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00194-6
24. Gustafsson, O., Bucheli, D., Kukulska, Z., Andersson, M., Largeau, C., Rouzaud, J.-N., et al. (2001). Evaluation of a protocol for the quantification of black carbon in sediments. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 15, 881–890. doi: 10.1029/2000GB001380
25. Gustafsson, O., Haghseta, F., Chan, C., Macfarlane, J., and Gschwend, P. M. (1997). Quantification of the dilute sedimentary soot phase: implications for PAH speciation and bioavailability. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 203–209. doi: 10.1021/es960317s
26. Hammes, K., and Abiven, S. (2013). “Identification of black carbon in the earth system,” in Fire Phenomena and the Earth System, ed C. M. Belcher (Chichester, UK: John Wiley &Sons), 157–176.
27. Hammes, K., Schmidt, M. W. I., Smernik, R. J., Currie, L. A., Ball, W. P., Nguyen, T. H., et al. (2007). Comparison of quantification methods to measure fire-derived (black/elemental) carbon in soils and sediments using reference materials from soil, water, sediment and the atmosphere. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 21, 1–18. doi: 10.1029/2006GB002914
28. Hassink, J. (1997). The capacity of soils to preserve organic C and N by their association with clay and silt particles. Plant Soil 191, 77–87. doi: 10.1023/A:1004213929699
29. Kemmitt, S. J., Wright, D., Goulding, K. W. T., and Jones, D. L. (2006). pH regulation of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in two agricultural soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 38, 898–911. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.08.006
30. Knicker, H., Wiesmeier, M., and Dick, D. P. (2008). A simplified method for the quantification of pyrogenic organic matter in grassland soils via chemical oxidation. Geoderma 147, 69–74. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2008. 07.008
31. Kottek, M., Grieser, J., Beck, C., Rudolf, B., and Rubel, F. (2006). World map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorol. Zeitschrift 15, 259–263. doi: 10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130
32. Lehmann, J., Skjemstad, J., Sohi, S., Carter, J., Barson, M., Falloon, P., et al. (2008). Australian climate–carbon cycle feedback reduced by soil black carbon. Nat. Geosci. 1, 832–835. doi: 10.1038/ngeo358
33. Liang, B., Lehmann, J., Solomon, D., Sohi, S., Thies, J. E., Skjemstad, J. O., et al. (2008). Stability of biomass-derived black carbon in soils. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 72, 6069–6078. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2008.09.028
34. Lowe, L. E. (1978). “Carbohydrates distribution in soil,” in Soil Organic Matter, eds M. Schnitzer and S. U. Khan (Amsterdam: Elsevier), 67–74.
35. McBeath, A. V., Wurster, C. M., and Bird, M. I. (2015). Influence of feedstock properties and pyrolysis conditions on biochar carbon stability as determined by hydrogen pyrolysis. Biomass Bioenergy 73, 155–173. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.12.022
36. Merckx, R., den Hartog, A., and van Veen, J. A. (1985). Turnover of root-derived material and related microbial biomass formation in soils of different texture. Soil Biol. Biochem. 17, 565–569. doi: 10.1016/0038-0717(85)90026-4
37. Nelson, P. N., and Baldock, J. A. (2005). Estimating the molecular composition of a diverse range of natural organic materials from solid-state 13C NMR and elemental analyses. Biogeochemistry 72, 1–34. doi: 10.1007/s10533-004-0076-3
38. New, M., Lister, D., Hulme, M., and Makin, I. (2002). A high-resolution data set of surface climate over global land areas. Clim. Res. 21, 1–25. doi: 10.3354/ cr021001
39. Nocentini, C., Certini, G., Knicker, H., Francioso, O., and Rumpel, C. (2010). Nature and reactivity of charcoal produced and added to soil during wildfire are particle-size dependent. Org. Geochem. 41, 682–689. doi: 10.1016/ j.orggeochem.2010.03.010
40. Peters, W. J., and Neuenschwander, L. F. (1988). Slash and Burn. Farming in the Third World Forest. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho Press.
41. Pignatello, J. J., Uchimiya, M., Abiven, S., and Schmidt, M. W. I. (2015). “Evolution of biochar properties in soil,” in Biochar for Environmental Management - Science, Technology and Implementation, eds J. Lehmann and S. Joseph (London: Routledge), 195–233.
42. Preston, C. M., and Schmidt, M. W. I. (2006). Black (pyrogenic) carbon: a synthesis of current knowledge and uncertainties with special consideration of boreal regions. Biogeosciences 3, 397–420. doi: 10.5194/bg,-3-397-2006
43. QGIS Development Team(2015). QGIS Geographic Information System. Available online at: http://qgis.osgeo.org
44. Randerson, J. T., Chen, Y., van der Werf, G. R., Rogers, B. M., and Morton, D. C. (2012). Global burned area and biomass burning emissions from small fires. J. Geophys. Res. 117, G04012. doi: 10.1029/2012JG002128
45. R Core Team (2015). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Available online at: https://www.r-project.org
46. Rubel, F., and Kottek, M. (2010). Observed and projected climate shifts 1901-2100 depicted by world maps of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Meteorol. Zeitschrift 19, 135–141. doi: 10.1127/0941-2948/2010/0430
47. Saiz, G., Goodrick, I., Wurster, C. M., Zimmermann, M., Nelson, P. N., and Bird, M. I. (2014). Charcoal re-combustion efficiency in tropical savannas. Geoderma 219–220, 40–45. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.12.019
48. Santín, C., Doerr, S. H., Kane, E. S., Masiello, C. A., Ohlson, M., de la Rosa, J. M., et al. (2016). Towards a global assessment of pyrogenic carbon fromvegetation fires. Glob. Chang. Biol. 22, 76–91. doi: 10.1111/gcb.12985
49. Santín, C., Doerr, S. H., Preston, C., and Bryant, R. (2013). Consumption of residual pyrogenic carbon by wildfire. Int. J. Wildl. Fire 22, 1072–1077. doi: 10.1071/WF12190
50. Santín, C., Doerr, S. H., Preston, C. M., and González-Rodríguez, G. (2015). Pyrogenic organic matter production from wildfires: a missing sink in the global carbon cycle. Glob. Chang. Biol. 21, 1621–1633. doi: 10.1111/gcb.12800
51. Schmidt, M. W. I., Skjemstad, J. O., Czimczik, C. I., Glaser, B., Prentice, K. M., Gelinas, Y., et al. (2001). Comparative analysis of black carbon in soils. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 15, 163–167. doi: 10.1029/2000GB001284
52. Schneider, M. P. W., Hilf, M., Vogt, U. F., and Schmidt, M. W. I. (2010). The benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) pattern of wood pyrolyzed between 200◦ C and 1000 ◦ C. Org. Geochem. 41, 1082–1088. doi: 10.1016/ j.orggeochem.2010.07.001
53. Schneider, M. P. W., Smittenberg, R. H., Dittmar, T., and Schmidt, M. W. I. (2011). Comparison of gas with liquid chromatography for the determination of benzenepolycarboxylic acids as molecular tracers of black carbon. Org. Geochem. 42, 275–282. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2011.01.003
54. Singh, N., Abiven, S., Torn, M. S., and Schmidt, M. W. I. (2012). Fire-derived organic carbon in soil turns over on a centennial scale. Biogeosciences 9, 2847–2857. doi: 10.5194/bg-9-2847-2012
55. Six, J., Conant, R. T., Paul, E. A., and Paustian, K. (2002). Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter: implications for C-saturatin of soils. Plant Soil 241, 155–176. doi: 10.1023/A:1016125726789
56. Skjemstad, J. O., Clarke, P., Taylor, J. A., Oades, J. M., and McClure, S. G. (1996). The chemistry and nature of protected carbon in soil. Aust. J. Soil Res. 34, 251–271. doi: 10.1071/SR9960251
57. Sørensen, L. H. (1972). Stabilization of newly formed amino acid metabolites in soil by clay minerals. Soil Sci. 114, 5–11. doi: 10.1097/00010694-197207000-00002
58. Thevenot, M., Dignac, M. F., and Rumpel, C. (2010). Fate of lignins in soils: a review. Soil Biol. Biochem. 42, 1200–1211. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2010. 03.017
59. Tinkham, W. T., Smith, A. M. S., Higuera, P. E., Hatten, J. A., Brewer, N. W., and Doerr, S. H. (2016). Replacing time with space: using laboratory fires to explore the effects of repeated burning on black carbon degradation. Int. J. Wildl. Fire 25, 242–248. doi: 10.1071/WF15131
60. Wiedemeier, D. B., Hilf, M. D., Smittenberg, R. H., Haberle, S. G., and Schmidt, M. W. I. (2013). Improved assessment of pyrogenic carbon quantity and quality inenvironmental samples by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 1304, 246–250. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.012
61. Wiedner, K., and Glaser, B. (2015). “Traditional use of biochar,” in BIochar for Environmental Management - Science and Technology, eds J. Lehmann and S. Joseph (London: Routledge), 15–37.
62. Zhao, M., Heinsch, F. A., Nemani, R. R., and Running, S. W. (2005). Improvements of the MODIS terrestrial gross and net primary production global data set. Remote Sens. Environ. 95, 164–176. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2004.12.011