Cardiac troponins: From myocardial infarction to chronic disease

Cardiovascular Research

Volumn 113, Issue 14, 2017, Pages 1708-1718

  Park, Kyung Chan ^a,b   Gaze, David C ^c,d   Collinson, Paul O ^c   Marber, Michael S ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c ST GEORGE'S UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Biomarker; Cardiac troponin; Chronic disease; Prognosis; Release mechanism

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; TROPONIN C; TROPONIN I; TROPONIN T;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; BIOLOGY; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; CHRONIC DISEASE; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; HEART FUNCTION; HEART MUSCLE INJURY; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HUMAN; MYOCARDIAL STRAIN; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; REVIEW; ANIMAL; BLOOD; CARDIAC MUSCLE; HEART INFARCTION; METABOLISM;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ANIMALS; BIOMARKERS; CHRONIC DISEASE; HUMANS; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; MYOCARDIUM; TROPONIN T;

EID: 85040112054     PISSN: 00086363     EISSN: 17553245     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx183     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Greaser ML, Gergely J. Purification and properties of the components from troponin. J Biol Chem 1973;248:2125-2133.
2. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Simoons ML, Chaitman BR, White HD, Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD, Jaffe AS, Katus HA, Apple FS, Lindahl B, Morrow DA, Chaitman BA, Clemmensen PM, Johanson P, Hod H, Underwood R, Bax JJ, Bonow RO, Pinto F, Gibbons RJ, Fox KA, Atar D, Newby LK, Galvani M, Hamm CW, Uretsky BF, Steg PG, Wijns W, Bassand JP, Menasche P, Ravkilde J, Ohman EM, Antman EM, Wallentin LC, Armstrong PW, Simoons ML, Januzzi JL, Nieminen MS, Gheorghiade M, Filippatos G, Luepker RV, Fortmann SP, Rosamond WD, Levy D, Wood D, Smith SC, Hu D, Lopez-Sendon JL, Robertson RM, Weaver D, Tendera M, Bove AA, Parkhomenko AN, Vasilieva EJ, Mendis S. Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force for the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. Third universal definition of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2012;33:2551-2567.
3. Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet J-P, Mueller C, Valgimigli M, Andreotti F, Bax JJ, Borger MA, Brotons C, Chew DP, Gencer B, Hasenfuss G, Kjeldsen K, Lancellotti P, Landmesser U, Mehilli J, Mukherjee D, Storey RF, Windecker S, Baumgartner H, Gaemperli O, Achenbach S, Agewall S, Badimon L, Baigent C, Bueno H, Bugiardini R, Carerj S, Casselman F, Cuisset T, Erol C, Fitzsimons D, Halle M, Hamm C, Hildick-Smith D, Huber K, Iliodromitis E, James S, Lewis BS, Lip GYH, Piepoli MF, Richter D, Rosemann T, Sechtem U, Steg PG, Vrints C, Luis Zamorano J. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2016;37:267-315.
4. Giannitsis E, Katus HA. Cardiac troponin level elevations not related to acute coronary syndromes. Nat Rev Cardiol 2013;10:623-634.
5. Tobacman LS. Thin filament-mediated regulation of cardiac contraction. Annu Rev Physiol 1996;58:447-481.
6. Baker JO, Reinhold J, Redwood S, Marber MS. Troponins: redefining their limits. Heart 2011;97:447-452.
7. Hartshorne DJ, Mueller H. Fractionation of troponin into two distinct proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1968;31:647-653.
8. Greaser ML, Gergely J. Reconstitution of troponin activity from three protein components. J Biol Chem 1971;246:4226-4233.
9. Collinson PO, Boa FG, Gaze DC. Measurement of cardiac troponins. Ann Clin Biochem 2001;38:423-449.
10. Farah CS, Reinach FC. The troponin complex and regulation of muscle contraction. Faseb J 1995;9:755-767.
11. Parmacek MS, Solaro RJ. Biology of the troponin complex in cardiac myocytes. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2004;47:159-176.
12. Hunkeler NM, Kullman J, Murphy AM. Troponin I isoform expression in human heart. Circ Res 1991;69:1409-1414.
13. Sasse S, Brand NJ, Kyprianou P, Dhoot GK, Wade R, Arai M, Periasamy M, Yacoub MH, Barton PJ. Troponin I gene expression during human cardiac development and in end-stage heart failure. Circ Res 1993;72:932-938.
14. Anderson PA, Malouf NN, Oakeley AE, Pagani ED, Allen PD. Troponin T isoform expression in humans. A comparison among normal and failing adult heart, fetal heart, and adult and fetal skeletal muscle. Circ Res 1991;69:1226-1233.
15. Nadal-Ginard B, Mahdavi V. Molecular basis of cardiac performance. Plasticity of the myocardium generated through protein isoform switches. J Clin Invest 1989;84:1693-1700.
16. Thygesen K, Mair J, Katus H, Plebani M, Venge P, Collinson P, Lindahl B, Giannitsis E, Hasin Y, Galvani M, Tubaro M, Alpert JS, Biasucci LM, Koenig W, Mueller C, Huber K, Hamm C, Jaffe AS. Recommendations for the use of cardiac troponin measurement in acute cardiac care. Eur Heart J 2010;31:2197-2204.
17. Jaffe AS, Vasile VC, Milone M, Saenger AK, Olson KN, Apple FS. Diseased skeletal muscle: a noncardiac source of increased circulating concentrations of cardiac troponin T. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:1819-1824.
18. Nishii K, Morimoto S, Minakami R, Miyano Y, Hashizume K, Ohta M, Zhan DY, Lu QW, Shibata Y. Targeted disruption of the cardiac troponin T gene causes sarcomere disassembly and defects in heartbeat within the early mouse embryo. Dev Biol 2008;322:65-73.
19. Huang X, Pi Y, Lee KJ, Henkel AS, Gregg RG, Powers PA, Walker JW. Cardiac troponin I gene knockout: a mouse model of myocardial troponin I deficiency. Circ Res 1999;84:1-8.
20. Grand RJA, Wilkinson JM, Mole LE. The amino acid sequence of rabbit cardiac troponin I. Biochem J 1976;159:633-641.
21. Pearlstone JR, Carpenter MR, Smillie LB. Amino acid sequence of rabbit cardiac troponin T. J Biol Chem 1986;261:16795-16810.
22. Vallins WJ, Brand NJ, Dabhade N, Butler-Browne G, Yacoub MH, Barton PJR. Molecular cloning of human cardiac troponin I using polymerase chain reaction. FEBS Lett 1990;270:57-61.
23. Townsend PJ, Farza H, MacGeoch C, Spurr NK, Wade R, Gahlmann R, Yacoub MH, Barton PJ. Human cardiac troponin T: identification of fetal isoforms and assignment of the TNNT2 locus to chromosome 1q. Genomics 1994;21:311-316.
24. Alpert JS, Thygesen K, Antman EM, Bassand JP. Myocardial infarction redefined-A consensus document of The Joint ESC/ACC Committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2000;21:1502-1513.
25. Collinson PO, Garrison L, Christenson RH. Cardiac biomarkers-A short biography. Clin Biochem 2015;48:197-200.
26. Bernard R, Corday E, Eliasch H, Gonin A. Nomenclature and criteria for diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease. Circulation 1979;59:607-609.
27. Cummins B, Auckland ML, Cummins P. Cardiac-specific troponin-I radioimmunoassay in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1987;113:1333-1344.
28. Katus HA, Remppis A, Looser S, Hallermeier K, Scheffold T, Kubler W. Enzyme linked immuno assay of cardiac troponin T for the detection of acute myocardial infarction in patients. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1989;21:1349-1353.
29. Wu AH, Apple FS, Gibler WB, Jesse RL, Warshaw MM, Valdes R Jr, National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Standards of Laboratory Practice: recommendations for the use of cardiac markers in coronary artery diseases. Clin Chem 1999;45: 1104-1121.
30. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD, Jaffe AS, Apple FS, Galvani M, Katus HA, Newby LK, Ravkilde J, Chaitman B, Clemmensen PM, Dellborg M, Hod H, Porela P, Underwood R, Bax JJ, Beller GA, Bonow R, Van Der Wall EE, Bassand J-P, Wijns W, Ferguson TB, Steg PG, Uretsky BF, Williams DO, Armstrong PW, Antman EM, Fox KA, Hamm CW, Ohman EM, Simoons ML, Poole-Wilson PA, Gurfinkel EP, Lopez-Sendon J-L, Pais P, Mendis S, Zhu J-R, Wallentin LC, Fernandez-Aviles F, Fox KM, Parkhomenko AN, Priori SG, Tendera M, Voipio-Pulkki L-M, Vahanian A, Camm AJ, De Caterina R, Dean V, Dickstein K, Filippatos G, Funck-Brentano C, Hellemans I, Kristensen SD, McGregor K, Sechtem U, Silber S, Tendera M, Widimsky P, Zamorano JL, Morais J, Brener S, Harrington R, Morrow D, Sechtem U, Lim M, Martinez-Rios MA, Steinhubl S, Levine GN, Gibler WB, Goff D, Tubaro M, Dudek D, Al-Attar N. Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force for the Redefinition of Myocardial Infarction. Universal definition of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2007;28:2525-2538.
31. Melanson SE, Tanasijevic MJ, Jarolim P. Cardiac troponin assays: a view from the clinical chemistry laboratory. Circulation 2007;116:e501-e504.
32. Amundson BE, Apple FS. Cardiac troponin assays: a review of quantitative point-ofcare devices and their efficacy in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Clin Chem Lab Med 2015;53:665-676.
33. Apple FS, Collinson PO. Analytical characteristics of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays. Clin Chem 2012;58:54-61.
34. Gaze DC, Collinson PO. Multiple molecular forms of circulating cardiac troponin: analytical and clinical significance. Ann Clin Biochem 2008;45:349-355.
35. Wu AH, Feng YJ, Moore R, Apple FS, McPherson PH, Buechler KF, Bodor G. Characterization of cardiac troponin subunit release into serum after acute myocardial infarction and comparison of assays for troponin T and I. Clin Chem 1998;44: 1198-1208.
36. Jaffe AS, Babuin L, Apple FS. Biomarkers in acute cardiac disease: the present and the future. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:1-11.
37. Yellon DM, Hausenloy DJ. Myocardial reperfusion injury. N Engl J Med 2007;357: 1121-1135.
38. Heusch G, Gersh BJ. The pathophysiology of acute myocardial infarction and strategies of protection beyond reperfusion: a continual challenge. Eur Heart J 2017;38: 774-784.
39. Katus HA, Remppis A, Scheffold T, Diederich KW, Kuebler W. Intracellular compartmentation of cardiac troponin T and its release kinetics in patients with reperfused and nonreperfused myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1991;67:1360-1367.
40. Bleier J, Vorderwinkler KP, Falkensammer J, Mair P, Dapunt O, Puschendorf B, Mair J. Different intracellular compartmentations of cardiac troponins and myosin heavy chains: a causal connection to their different early release after myocardial damage. Clin Chem 1998;44:1912-1918.
41. Remppis A, Scheffold T, Greten J, Haass M, Greten T, Kubler W, Katus HA. Intracellular compartmentation of troponin T: release kinetics after global ischemia and calcium paradox in the isolated perfused rat heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1995;27: 793-803.
42. Agewall S, Giannitsis E, Jernberg T, Katus H. Troponin elevation in coronary vs. non-coronary disease. Eur Heart J 2011;32:404-411b.
43. Vasile VC, Jaffe AS. The biological basis of troponin in heart disease: possible uses for troponin fragmentology. Heart Metab 2009;43:5-8.
44. Nishida K, Yamaguchi O, Otsu K. Degradation systems in heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015;84:212-222.
45. McDonough JL, Van Eyk JE. Developing the next generation of cardiac markers: disease-induced modifications of troponin I. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2004;47:207-216.
46. Heusch G. Myocardial ischemia: lack of coronary blood flow or myocardial oxygen supply/demand imbalance? Circ Res 2016;119:194-196.
47. Collinson PO, Gaze DC. Biomarkers of cardiovascular damage. Med Princ Pract 2007;16:247-261.
48. Heusch G, Kleinbongard P, Bose D, Levkau B, Haude M, Schulz R, Erbel R. Coronary microembolization: from bedside to bench and back to bedside. Circulation 2009;120:1822-1836.
49. Jesse RL. On the relative value of an assay versus that of a test: a history of troponin for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:2125-2128.
50. Wu AH, Lu QA, Todd J, Moecks J, Wians F. Short-and long-term biological variation in cardiac troponin I measured with a high-sensitivity assay: implications for clinical practice. Clin Chem 2009;55:52-58.
51. Collinson PO, Heung YM, Gaze D, Boa F, Senior R, Christenson R, Apple FS. Influence of population selection on the 99th percentile reference value for cardiac troponin assays. Clin Chem 2012;58:219-225.
52. Wildi K, Gimenez MR, Twerenbold R, Reichlin T, Jaeger C, Heinzelmann A, Arnold C, Nelles B, Druey S, Haaf P, Hillinger P, Schaerli N, Kreutzinger P, Tanglay Y, Herrmann T, Moreno Weidmann Z, Krivoshei L, Freese M, Stelzig C, Puelacher C, Rentsch K, Osswald S, Mueller C. Misdiagnosis of myocardial infarction related to limitations of the current regulatory approach to define clinical decision values for cardiac troponin. Circulation 2015;131:2032-2040.
53. Jeremias A, Gibson CM. Alternative causes for elevated cardiac troponin levels when acute coronary syndromes are excluded. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:786-791.
54. Newby LK, Jesse RL, Babb JD, Christenson RH, De Fer TM, Diamond GA, Fesmire FM, Geraci SA, Gersh BJ, Larsen GC, Kaul S, McKay CR, Philippides GJ, Weintraub WS, Harrington RA, Bhatt DL, Anderson JL, Bates ER, Bridges CR, Eisenberg MJ, Ferrari VA, Fisher JD, Garcia MJ, Gardner TJ, Gentile F, Gilson MF, Hernandez AF, Hlatky MA, Jacobs AK, Kaul S, Linderbaum JA, Moliterno DJ, Mukherjee D, Rosenson RS, Stein JH, Weitz HH, Wesley DJ. ACCF 2012 expert consensus document on practical clinical considerations in the interpretation of troponin elevations. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60:2427-2463.
55. Collinson PO, Stubbs PJ. Are troponins confusing? Heart 2003;89:1285-1287.
56. Collinson PO. The role of cardiovascular biomarkers in cardiovascular disease risk assessment. Curr Opin Cardiol 2014;29:366-371.
57. McEvoy JW, Chen Y, Nambi V, Ballantyne CM, Sharrett AR, Appel LJ, Post WS, Blumenthal RS, Matsushita K, Selvin E. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin t and risk of hypertension. Circulation 2015;132:825-833.
58. McEvoy JW, Chen Y, Ndumele CE, Solomon SD, Nambi V, Ballantyne CM, Blumenthal RS, Coresh J, Selvin E. Six-year change in high-sensitivity cardiac troponin t and risk of subsequent coronary heart disease, heart failure, and death. JAMA Cardiol 2016;1:519-528.
59. Januzzi JL Jr, Filippatos G, Nieminen M, Gheorghiade M. Troponin elevation in patients with heart failure: on behalf of the third Universal Definition of MI Global Task Force. Eur Heart J 2012;33:2265-2271.
60. Liquori ME, Christenson RH, Collinson PO, Defilippi CR. Cardiac biomarkers in heart failure. Clin Biochem 2014;47:327-337.
61. Tentzeris I, Jarai R, Farhan S, Perkmann T, Schwarz MA, Jakl G, Wojta J, Huber K. Complementary role of copeptin and high-sensitivity troponin in predicting outcome in patients with stable chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2011;13:726-733.
62. Masson S, Anand I, Favero C, Barlera S, Vago T, Bertocchi F, Maggioni AP, Tavazzi L, Tognoni G, Cohn JN, Latini R. Serial measurement of cardiac troponin T using a highly sensitive assay in patients with chronic heart failure: data from 2 large randomized clinical trials. Circulation 2012;125:280-288.
63. Ford I, Shah ASV, Zhang R, McAllister DA, Strachan FE, Caslake M, Newby DE, Packard CJ, Mills NL. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin, statin therapy, and risk of coronary heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;68:2719-2728.
64. Sandoval Y, Herzog CA, Love SA, Cao J, Hu Y, Wu AH, Gilbertson D, Brunelli SM, Young A, Ler R, Apple FS. Prognostic value of serial changes in high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I and T over 3 months using reference change values in hemodialysis patients. Clin Chem 2016;62:631-638.
65. Wu AH. Biological and analytical variation of clinical biomarker testing: implications for biomarker-guided therapy. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2013;10:434-440.
66. Dixit S, Castle M, Velu RP, Swisher L, Hodge C, Jaffe AS. Cardiac involvement in patients with acute neurologic disease: confirmation with cardiac troponin I. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:3153-3158.
67. Banki NM, Kopelnik A, Dae MW, Miss J, Tung P, Lawton MT, Drew BJ, Foster E, Smith W, Parmley WW, Zaroff JG. Acute neurocardiogenic injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Circulation 2005;112:3314-3319.
68. Masuda T, Sato K, Yamamoto S, Matsuyama N, Shimohama T, Matsunaga A, Obuchi S, Shiba Y, Shimizu S, Izumi T. Sympathetic nervous activity and myocardial damage immediately after subarachnoid hemorrhage in a unique animal model. Stroke 2002; 33:1671-1676.
69. McFalls EO, Larsen G, Johnson GR, Apple FS, Goldman S, Arai A, Nallamothu BK, Jesse R, Holmstrom ST, Sinnott PL. Outcomes of hospitalized patients with nonacute coronary syndrome and elevated cardiac troponin level. Am J Med 2011;124: 630-635.
70. White HD. Pathobiology of troponin elevations: do elevations occur with myocardial ischemia as well as necrosis? J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:2406-2408.
71. Fishbein MC, Wang T, Matijasevic M, Hong L, Apple FS. Myocardial tissue troponins T and I. An immunohistochemical study in experimental models of myocardial ischemia. Cardiovasc Pathol 2003;12:65-71.
72. Hessel MH, Michielsen EC, Atsma DE, Schalij MJ, van der Valk EJ, Bax WH, Hermens WT, van Dieijen-Visser MP, van der Laarse A. Release kinetics of intact and degraded troponin I and T after irreversible cell damage. Exp Mol Pathol 2008;85:90-95.
73. Wu AH, Ford L. Release of cardiac troponin in acute coronary syndromes: ischemia or necrosis? Clin Chim Acta 1999;284:161-174.
74. Mohlenkamp S, Leineweber K, Lehmann N, Braun S, Roggenbuck U, Perrey M, Broecker-Preuss M, Budde T, Halle M, Mann K, Jockel KH, Erbel R, Heusch G. Coronary atherosclerosis burden, but not transient troponin elevation, predicts longterm outcome in recreational marathon runners. Basic Res Cardiol 2014;109:391.
75. Jaffe AS, Wu AH. Troponin release-reversible or irreversible injury? Should we care? Clin Chem 2012;58:148-150.
76. Gresslien T, Agewall S. Troponin and exercise. Int J Cardiol 2016;221:609-621.
77. Mazzeschi C, Piana N, Capezzali D, Mommi A, Aiello C, Gatti M, Romani G, Buratta L, Battistini D, Nasini G, Reginato E, Urbani L, Pazzagli C, Ferri C, Ambrosio G, De Feo P. The impact of strenuous group physical activity on mood states, personal views, body composition, and markers of myocardial damage in overweight/obese adults: the "Stepby-step Italy's coast to coast" trek. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:854129.
78. Feng YJ, Chen C, Fallon JT, Lai T, Chen L, Knibbs DR, Waters DD, Wu AH. Comparison of cardiac troponin I, creatine kinase-MB, and myoglobin for detection of acute ischemic myocardial injury in a swine model. Am J Clin Pathol 1998;110:70-77.
79. Carmeliet E. Cardiac ionic currents and acute ischemia: from channels to arrhythmias. Physiol Rev 1999;79:917-1017.
80. Charras G, Paluch E. Blebs lead the way: how to migrate without lamellipodia. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2008;9:730-736.
81. Charras GT. A short history of blebbing. J Microsc 2008;231:466-478.
82. Hickman PE, Potter JM, Aroney C, Koerbin G, Southcott E, Wu AH, Roberts MS. Cardiac troponin may be released by ischemia alone, without necrosis. Clin Chim Acta 2010;411:318-323.
83. Weil BR, Young RF, Shen X, Suzuki G, Qu J, Malhotra S, Canty JM. Brief myocardial ischemia produces cardiac troponin I release and focal myocyte apoptosis in the absence of pathological infarction in swine. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2017;2:105-114.
84. Amgalan D, Pekson R, Kitsis RN. Troponin release following brief myocardial ischemia: apoptosis versus necrosis∗. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2017;2:118-121.
85. Jaffe AS. Another unanswerable question∗. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2017;2:115-117.
86. McDonough JL, Arrell DK, Van Eyk JE. Troponin I degradation and covalent complex formation accompanies myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Circ Res 1999; 84:9-20.
87. Mahajan VS, Jarolim P. How to interpret elevated cardiac troponin levels. Circulation 2011;124:2350-2354.
88. Marjot J, Kaier TE, Martin ED, Reji SS, Copeland O, Iqbal M, Goodson B, Hamren S, Harding SE, Marber MS. Quantifying the release of biomarkers of myocardial necrosis from cardiac myocytes and intact myocardium. Clin Chem 2017;63:990-996.
89. Cheng W, Li B, Kajstura J, Li P, Wolin MS, Sonnenblick EH, Hintze TH, Olivetti G, Anversa P. Stretch-induced programmed myocyte cell death. J Clin Invest 1995;96: 2247-2259.
90. Logeart D, Beyne P, Cusson C, Tokmakova M, Leban M, Guiti C, Bourgoin P, Solal AC. Evidence of cardiac myolysis in severe nonischemic heart failure and the potential role of increased wall strain. Am Heart J 2001;141:247-253.
91. Takashio S, Yamamuro M, Izumiya Y, Sugiyama S, Kojima S, Yamamoto E, Tsujita K, Tanaka T, Tayama S, Kaikita K, Hokimoto S, Ogawa H. Coronary microvascular dysfunction and diastolic load correlate with cardiac troponin T release measured by a highly sensitive assay in patients with nonischemic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:632-640.
92. Feng J, Schaus BJ, Fallavollita JA, Lee TC, Canty JM Jr. Preload induces troponin I degradation independently of myocardial ischemia. Circulation 2001;103:2035-2037.
93. Hessel MHM, Atsma DE, van der Valk EJM, Bax WH, Schalij MJ, van der Laarse A. Release of cardiac troponin I from viable cardiomyocytes is mediated by integrin stimulation. Pflugers Arch-Eur J Physiol 2008;455:979-986.
94. Ibanez B, Heusch G, Ovize M, Van de Werf F. Evolving therapies for myocardial ischemia/ reperfusion injury. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;65:1454-1471.
95. Wu AHB, Jaffe AS, Apple FS, Jesse RL, Francis GL, Morrow DA, Newby LK, Ravkilde J, Tang WHW, Christenson RH, Cannon CP, Storrow AB. National academy of clinical biochemistry laboratory medicine practice guidelines: Use of cardiac troponin and B-type natriuretic peptide or N-terminal proB-type natriuretic peptide for etiologies other than acute coronary syndromes and heart failure. Clin Chem 2007;53:2086-2096.
96. Khan NA, Hemmelgarn BR, Tonelli M, Thompson CR, Levin A. Prognostic value of troponin T and I among asymptomatic patients with end-stage renal disease: a meta-analysis. Circulation 2005;112:3088-3096.
97. Collinson PO, Gaze DC. Cardiac troponins in patients with renal failure: what are we measuring and when should we measure it? Ann Clin Biochem 2009;46:269-270.
98. Schiffrin EL, Lipman ML, Mann JFE. Chronic kidney disease: effects on the cardiovascular system. Circulation 2007;116:85-97.
99. Freda BJ, Tang WHW, Van Lente F, Peacock WF, Francis GS. Cardiac troponins in renal insufficiency: review and clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40: 2065-2071.
100. Sharma R, Gaze DC, Pellerin D, Mehta RL, Gregson H, Streather CP, Collinson PO, Brecker SJD. Cardiac structural and functional abnormalities in end stage renal disease patients with elevated cardiac troponin T. Heart 2005;92:804-809.
101. Apple FS, Murakami MM, Pearce LA, Herzog CA. Predictive value of cardiac troponin I and T for subsequent death in end-stage renal disease. Circulation 2002;106: 2941-2945.
102. Gaze DC, Collinson PO. Cardiac troponin I but not cardiac troponin T adheres to polysulfone dialyser membranes in an in vitro haemodialysis model: explanation for lower serum cTnI concentrations following dialysis. Open Heart 2014;1:e000108.
103. Hochholzer W, Morrow DA, Giugliano RP. Novel biomarkers in cardiovascular disease: update 2010. Am Heart J 2010;160:583-594.