Cardiac biomarkers in heart failure

Clinical Biochemistry

Volumn 47, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 327-337

  Liquori, Michael E ^a   Christenson, Robert H ^a   Collinson, Paul O ^b   deFilippi, Christopher R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b ST GEORGE S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Biomarkers; Cardiac; Heart failure; Natriuretic peptide; Troponin

Indexed keywords

ADRENOMEDULLIN; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; COPEPTIN; GALECTIN 3; GROWTH DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 15; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; MYELOPEROXIDASE; NATRIURETIC FACTOR; PROCOLLAGEN; ST2 PROTEIN; TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE; TROPONIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; AGENTS INTERACTING WITH TRANSMITTER, HORMONE OR DRUG RECEPTORS; BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DISEASE SEVERITY; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GROUPS BY AGE; HEART FAILURE; HEART MUSCLE INJURY; HORMONAL REGULATION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INFLAMMATION; METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SURVIVAL RATE; HEART MUSCLE; PATHOLOGY;

BIOMARKERS; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; MYOCARDIUM; NEUROTRANSMITTER AGENTS;

EID: 84897108555     PISSN: 00099120     EISSN: 18732933     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.01.032     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Owan T.E., Hodge D.O., Herges R.M., Jacobsen S.J., Roger V.L., Redfield M.M. Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:251-259.
2. Yancy C.W., Jessup M., Bozkurt B., Butler J., Casey D.E., Drazner M.H., et al. ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013, 62:e147-e239.
3. Mann D.L., Chakinala M. Heart failure and cor pulmonale. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 2012, 1901-1915. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York. 18th ed. D. Longo, A. Fauci, D. Kasper, S. Hauser, J. Jameson, J. Loscalzo (Eds.).
4. Roger V.L., Go A.S., Lloyd-Jones D.M., Benjamin E.J., Berry J.D., Borden W.B., et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2012 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2012, 125:e2-e220.
5. Tsuyuki R.T., Shibata M.C., Nilsson C., Hervas-Malo M. Contemporary burden of illness of congestive heart failure in Canada. Can J Cardiol 2003, 19:436-438.
6. Morrow D.A., de Lemos J.A. Benchmarks for the assessment of novel cardiovascular biomarkers. Circulation 2007, 115:949-952.
7. Seta Y. Basic mechanisms in heart failure: the cytokine hypothesis. J Card Fail 1996, 2:243-249.
8. Ridker P.M. Clinical application of C-reactive protein for cardiovascular disease detection and prevention. Circulation 2003, 107:363-369.
9. Sabatine M.S., Morrow D.A., Jablonski K.A., Rice M.M., Warnica J.W., Domanski M.J., et al. Prognostic significance of the Centers for Disease Control/American Heart Association high-sensitivity C-reactive protein cut points for cardiovascular and other outcomes in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Circulation 2007, 115:1528-1536.
10. Scirica B.M., Morrow D.A., Cannon C.P., de Lemos J.A., Murphy S., Sabatine M.S., et al. for the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Study Group. Clinical application of C-reactive protein across the spectrum of acute coronary syndromes. Clin Chem 2007, 53:1800-1807.
11. Alonso-Martínez J.L., Llorente-Diez B., Echegaray-Agara M., Olaz-Preciado F., Urbieta-Echezarreta M., González-Arencibia C. C-reactive protein as a predictor of improvement and readmission in heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2002, 4:331-336.
12. Michowitz Y., Arbel Y., Wexler D., Sheps D., Rogowski O., Shapira I., et al. Predictive value of high sensitivity CRP in patients with diastolic heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2008, 125:347-351.
13. Williams E.S., Shah S.J., Ali S., Na B.Y., Schiller N.B., Whooley M.A. C-reactive protein, diastolic dysfunction, and risk of heart failure in patients with coronary disease: Heart and Soul Study. Eur J Heart Fail 2008, 10:63-69.
14. Tang W.H.W., Shrestha K., Van Lente F., Troughton R.W., Martin M.G., Borowski A.G., et al. Usefulness of C-reactive protein and left ventricular diastolic performance for prognosis in patients with left ventricular systolic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2008, 101:370-373.
15. Rosen B.D., Cushman M., Nasir K., Bluemke D.A., Edvardsen T., Fernandes V., et al. Relationship between C-reactive protein levels and regional left ventricular function in asymptomatic individuals: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007, 49:594-600.
16. Windram J.D., Loh P.H., Rigby A.S., Hanning I., Clark A.L., Cleland J.G.F. Relationship of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein to prognosis and other prognostic markers in outpatients with heart failure. Am Heart J 2007, 153:1048-1055.
17. Campbell D.J., Woodward M., Chalmers J.P., Colman S.A., Jenkins A.J., Kemp B.E., et al. Prediction of heart failure by amino terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and C-reactive protein in subjects with cerebrovascular disease. Hypertension 2005, 45:69-74.
18. Ishikawa C., Tsutamoto T., Fujii M., Sakai H., Tanaka T., Horie M. Prediction of mortality by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and brain natriuretic peptide in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Circ J 2006, 70:857-863.
19. Khera A., de Lemos J.A., Peshock R.M., Lo H.S., Stanek H.G., Murphy S.A., et al. Relationship between C-reactive protein and subclinical atherosclerosis: the Dallas Heart Study. Circulation 2006, 113:38-43.
20. Marcucci R., Gori A.M., Giannotti F., Baldi M., Verdiani V., Del Pace S., et al. Markers of hypercoagulability and inflammation predict mortality in patients with heart failure. J Thromb Haemost 2006, 4:1017-1022.
21. Nishio Y., Sato Y., Taniguchi R., Shizuta S., Doi T., Morimoto T., et al. Cardiac troponin T vs other biochemical markers in patients with congestive heart failure. Circ J 2007, 71:631-635.
22. Danesh J., Wheeler J.G., Hirschfield G.M., Eda S., Eiriksdottir G., Rumley A., et al. C-reactive protein and other circulating markers of inflammation in the prediction of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2004, 350:1387-1389.
23. Godfrey V., Farquharson C.A.J., Macdonald J.E., Yee K., Struthers A.D. Effect of spironolactone on C-reactive protein levels in patients with heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2007, 117:282-284.
24. Bonaca M.P., Morrow D.A. Defining a role for novel biomarkers in acute coronary syndromes. Clin Chem 2008, 54:1424-1431.
25. Kjekshus J., Apetrei E., Barrios V., Böhm M., Cleland J.G.F., Cornel J.H., et al. Rosuvastatin in older patients with systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2007, 357:2248-2261.
26. Gissi-HF Investigators, Tavazzi L., Maggioni A.P., Marchioli R., Barlera S., Franzosi M.G., et al. Effect of rosuvastatin in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2008, 372:1231-1239.
27. Tang W.H.W., Francis G.S., Morrow D.A., Newby L.K.M.H.S., Cannon C.P., Jesse R.L., et al. National academy of clinical biochemistry laboratory medicine practice guidelines: clinical utilization of cardiac biomarker testing in heart failure. Circulation 2007, 116:e99-e109.
28. Braunwald E. Biomarkers in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008, 358:2148-2159.
29. Baldus S., Heeschen C., Meinertz T., Zeiher A.M., Eiserich J.P., Munzel T., et al. Myeloperoxidase serum levels predict risk in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2003, 108:1440-1445.
30. Brennan M., Penn M.S., Van Lente F., Nambi V., Shishehbor M.H., Aviles R.J., et al. Prognostic value of myeloperoxidase in patients with chest pain. N Engl J Med 2003, 349:1595-1604.
31. Mocatta T.J., Pilbrow A.P., Cameron V.A., Senthilmohan R., Frampton C.M., Richards A.M., et al. Plasma concentrations of myeloperoxidase predict mortality after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007, 49:1993-2000.
32. Askari A.T., Brennan M., Zhou X., Drinko J., Morehead A., Thomas J.D., et al. Myeloperoxidase and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 play a central role in ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. J Exp Med 2003, 197:615-624.
33. Rudolph V., Rudolph T.K., Hennings J.C., Blankenberg S., Schnabel R., Steven D., et al. Activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in patients with impaired left ventricular function. Free Radic Biol Med 2007, 43:1189-1196.
34. Tang W.H.W., Brennan M., Philip K., Tong W., Mann S., Van Lente F., et al. Plasma myeloperoxidase levels in patients with chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2006, 98:796-799.
35. Tang W.H.W., Tong W., Troughton R.W., Martin M.G., Shrestha K., Borowski A., et al. Prognostic value and echocardiographic determinants of plasma myeloperoxidase levels in chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007, 49:2364-2370.
36. Reichlin T., Socrates T., Egli P., Potocki M., Breidthardt T., Arenja N., et al. Use of myeloperoxidase for risk stratification in acute heart failure. Clin Chem 2010, 56:944-951.
37. Shah K.B., Kop W.J., Christenson R.H., Diercks D.B., Kuo D., Henderson S., et al. Lack of diagnostic and prognostic utility of circulating plasma myeloperoxidase concentrations in patients presenting with dyspnea. Clin Chem 2009, 55:59-67.
38. Levine B., Kalman J., Mayer L., Fillit H.M., Packer M. Elevated circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 1990, 323:236-241.
39. Elahi M., Asopa S., Matata B. NO-cGMP and TNF-α counter regulatory system in blood: Understanding the mechanisms leading to myocardial dysfunction and failure. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) - Mol Basis Dis 2007, 1772:5-14.
40. Hasper D., Hummel M., Kleber F.X., Reindl I., Volk H. Systemic inflammation in patients with heart failure. Eur Heart J 1998, 19:761-765.
41. Zimmermann O., Kochs M., Zwaka T.P., Bienek-Ziolkowski M., Höher M., Hombach V., et al. Prognostic role of myocardial tumor necrosis factor-alpha and terminal complement complex expression in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail 2007, 9:51-54.
42. Ferrari Tumor necrosis factor soluble receptors in patients with various degrees of congestive heart failure. Circulation 1995, 92:479-486.
43. Miettinen K.H., Lassus J., Harjola V., Siirilä-Waris K., Melin J., Punnonen K.R., et al. Prognostic role of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and their polymorphisms in acute decompensated heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2008, 10:396-403.
44. Rauchhaus M., Doehner W., Francis D.P., Davos C., Kemp M.F.R.C.P., Liebenthal C., et al. Plasma cytokine parameters and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2000, 102:3060-3067.
45. Vasan R.S., Sullivan L.M., Roubenoff R.M.H.S., Dinarello C.A., Harris T., Benjamin E.J.S., et al. Inflammatory markers and risk of heart failure in elderly subjects without prior myocardial infarction: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2003, 107:1486-1491.
46. Deswal A.P., Nancy J., Feldman A.M., Young J.B., White B.G., Mann D.L. Cytokines and cytokine receptors in advanced heart failure: an analysis of the cytokine database from the Vesnarinone Trial (VEST). Circulation 2001, 103:2055-2059.
47. Mann D.L., McMurray J.J.V.F.R.C.P., F.E.S.C., Packer M., Swedberg K.F.E.S.C., Borer J.S., et al. Targeted anticytokine therapy in patients with chronic heart failure: results of the Randomized Etanercept Worldwide Evaluation (RENEWAL). Circulation 2004, 109:1594-1602.
48. Chung E.S., Packer, Lo Milton, Hung Fasanmade Kim, Adedigbo A., Willerson J.T., et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-[alpha], in patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure: results of the Anti-TNF Therapy Against Congestive Heart failure (ATTACH) Trial. Circulation 2003, 107:3133-3140.
49. Anker S.D., Coats A.J.S. How to RECOVER from RENAISSANCE? The significance of the results of RECOVER, RENAISSANCE, RENEWAL and ATTACH. Int J Cardiol 2002, 86:123-130.
50. Poulsen S.H., Host N.B., Jensen S.E., Egstrup K.D.M.S., F.E.S.C. Relationship between serum amino-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen and changes of left ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2000, 101:1527-1532.
51. Cicoira M., Rossi A., Bonapace S., Zanolla L., Golia G., Franceschini L., et al. Independent and additional prognostic value of aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen circulating levels in patients with chronic heart failure. J Card Fail 2004, 10:403-411.
52. Barasch E.G., John S., Aurigemma G.K., Dalane W., Han J.K., Willem J., et al. Association between elevated fibrosis markers and heart failure in the elderly: the cardiovascular health study. Circ Heart Fail 2009, 2:303-310.
53. Wang T.J., Larson M.G., Benjamin E.J., Siwik D.A., Safa R., Guo C., et al. Clinical and echocardiographic correlates of plasma procollagen type III amino-terminal peptide levels in the community. Am Heart J 2007, 154:291-297.
54. Ho C.Y., López B., Coelho-Filho O., Lakdawala N.K., Cirino A.L., Jarolim P., et al. Myocardial fibrosis as an early manifestation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2010, 363:552-563.
55. Zannad F., Alla F., Dousset B., Perez A., Bertram Pitt, on behalf of the RALES, Investigators Limitation of excessive extracellular matrix turnover may contribute to survival benefit of spironolactone therapy in patients with congestive heart failure: insights from the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study (RALES). Circulation 2000, 102:2700-2706.
56. Henderson N.C., Mackinnon A.C., Farnworth S.L., Kipari T., Haslett C., Iredale J.P., et al. Galectin-3 expression and secretion links macrophages to the promotion of renal fibrosis. Am J Pathol 2008, 172:288-289.
57. Sharma U.C., Pokharel S., van Brakel T.J., van Berlo J.H., Cleutjens J.P.M., Schroen B., et al. Galectin-3 marks activated macrophages in failure-prone hypertrophied hearts and contributes to cardiac dysfunction. Circulation 2004, 110:3121-3128.
58. van Kimmenade R.R., Januzzi J.L., Ellinor P.T., Sharma U.C., Bakker J.A., Low A.F., et al. Utility of amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, galectin-3, and apelin for the evaluation of patients with acute heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 48:1217-1224.
59. Shah R.V., Chen-Tournoux A.A., Picard M.H., van Kimmenade R.R.J., Januzzi J.L. Galectin-3, cardiac structure and function, and long-term mortality in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2010, 12:826-832.
60. Lok D.J., Van Der Meer P., de la Porte P.W., Lipsic E., Van Wijngaarden J., Hillege H.L., et al. Prognostic value of galectin-3, a novel marker of fibrosis, in patients with chronic heart failure: data from the DEAL-HF study. Clin Res Cardiol 2010, 99:323-328.
61. de Boer R.A., Lok D.J.A., Jaarsma T., van dM, Voors A.A., Hillege H.L., et al. Predictive value of plasma galectin-3 levels in heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction. Ann Med 2011, 43:60-68.
62. Milting H., Ellinghaus P., Seewald M., Cakar H., Bohms B., Kassner A., et al. Plasma biomarkers of myocardial fibrosis and remodeling in terminal heart failure patients supported by mechanical circulatory support devices. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008, 27:589-596.
63. deFilippi C.R. Galectin-3 in heart failure - linking fibrosis, remodeling, and progression. US Cardiol 2010, 7:67-70.
64. Tang W.H.W., Shrestha K., Shao Z., Borowski A.G., Troughton R.W., Thomas J.D., et al. Usefulness of plasma galectin-3 levels in systolic heart failure to predict renal insufficiency and survival. Am J Cardiol 2011, 108:385-390.
65. Ueland T., Aukrust P., Broch K., Aakhus S., Skårdal R., Muntendam P., et al. Galectin-3 in heart failure: high levels are associated with all-cause mortality. Int J Cardiol 2011, 150:361-364.
66. Gullestad L., Ueland T., Kjekshus J., Nymo S.H., Hulthe J., Muntendam P., et al. Galectin-3 predicts response to statin therapy in the Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial in Heart Failure (CORONA). Eur Heart J 2012, 33:2290-2296.
67. Kansal P., de Boer R.A., deFilippi C.R., Gaggin H., Muntendam P., Adourian A., et al. Use of galectin-3 to create a simplified heart failure rehospitalization risk model. Circulation 2012, A17458.
68. Kakkar R., Lee R.T. The IL-33/ST2 pathway: therapeutic target and novel biomarker. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008, 7:827-840.
69. deFilippi C., Shah K. Blood based biomarkers in heart failure: where are we now. Clinical challenges in heart failure 2011, 181-201. Clinical Publishing, Oxford, UK. M. Mehra (Ed.).
70. Seki K., Sanada S., Kudinova A.Y., Steinhauser M.L., Handa V., Gannon J., et al. Interleukin-33 prevents apoptosis and improves survival after experimental myocardial infarction through ST2 signaling. Circ Heart Fail 2009, 2:684-691.
71. Sanada S., Hakuno D., Higgins L.J., Schreiter E.R., McKenzie A.N., Lee R.T. IL-33 and ST2 comprise a critical biomechanically induced and cardioprotective signaling system. J Clin Invest 2007, 117:1538-1549.
72. Weinberg E.O., Shimpo M., Gilles W., MacGillivray C., Tominaga S., Solomon S.D., et al. Expression and regulation of ST2, an interleukin-1 receptor family member, in cardiomyocytes and myocardial infarction. Circulation 2002, 106:2961-2966.
73. Shimpo M., Morrow D.A., Weinberg E.O., Sabatine M.S., Murphy S.A., Antman E.M., et al. Serum levels of the interleukin-1 receptor family member ST2 predict mortality and clinical outcome in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2004, 109:2186-2190.
74. Sabatine M.S., Morrow D.A., Higgins L.J., MacGillivray C.A.D., Guo W., Bode C., et al. Complementary roles for biomarkers of biomechanical strain ST2 and N-terminal prohormone B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation 2008, 117:1936-1944.
75. Weir R.A.P., Miller A.M., Murphy G.E.J., Clements S., Steedman T., Connell J.M.C., et al. Serum soluble ST2: a potential novel mediator in left ventricular and infarct remodeling after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010, 55:243-250.
76. Januzzi J.L., Peacock W.F., Maisel A.S., Chae C.U., Jesse R.L., Baggish A.L., et al. Measurement of the interleukin family member ST2 in patients with acute dyspnea: results from the PRIDE (Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Investigation of Dyspnea in the Emergency Department) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007, 50:607-613.
77. Shah R.V., Chen-Tournoux A.A., Picard M.H., van Kimmenade R.R., Januzzi J.L. Serum levels of the interleukin-1 receptor family member ST2, cardiac structure and function, and long-term mortality in patients with acute dyspnea. Circ Heart Fail 2009, 2:311-319.
78. Boisot S., Beede J., Isakson S., Chiu A., Clopton P., Januzzi J., et al. Serial sampling of ST2 predicts 90-day mortality following destabilized heart failure. J Card Fail 2008, 14:732-738.
79. Pascual-Figal D.A., Ordoñez-Llanos J., Tornel P.L., Vázquez R., Puig T., Valdés M., et al. Soluble ST2 for predicting sudden cardiac death in patients with chronic heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009, 54:2174-2179.
80. Pascual-Figal D.A., Manzano-Fernández S., Boronat M., Casas T., Garrido I.P., Bonaque J.C., et al. Soluble ST2, high-sensitivity troponin T- and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide: complementary role for risk stratification in acutely decompensated heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2011, 13:718-725.
81. Dunlay S.M., Jaffe A.S. Are biomarkers the answer to the heart failure readmissions problem?. Clin Chem 2013, 59:737-739.
82. Kelly D., Khan S., Cockerill G., Ng L.L., Thompson M., Samani N.J., et al. Circulating stromelysin-1 (MMP-3): a novel predictor of LV dysfunction, remodelling and all-cause mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Eur J Heart Fail 2008, 10:133-139.
83. Kelly D., Khan S.Q., Thompson M., Cockerill G., Ng L.L., Samani N., et al. Plasma tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9: novel indicators of left ventricular remodelling and prognosis after acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2008, 29:2116-2124.
84. Banfi C., Cavalca V., Veglia F., Brioschi M., Barcella S., Mussoni L., et al. Neurohormonal activation is associated with increased levels of plasma matrix metalloproteinase-2 in human heart failure. Eur Heart J 2005, 26:481-488. [March].
85. George J., Patal S., Wexler D., Roth A., Sheps D., Keren G. Circulating matrix metalloproteinase-2 but not matrix metalloproteinase-3, matrix metalloproteinase-9, or tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 predicts outcome in patients with congestive heart failure. Am Heart J 2005, 150:484-487.
86. Frantz S., Störk S., Michels K., Eigenthaler M., Ertl G., Bauersachs J., et al. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases levels in patients with chronic heart failure: An independent predictor of mortality. Eur J Heart Fail 2008, 10:388-395.
87. Jordán A., Roldán V., García M., Monmeneu J., De Burgos F.G., Lip G.Y.H., et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 and its inhibitor, TIMP-1, in systolic heart failure: relation to functional data and prognosis. J Intern Med 2007, 262:385-392.
88. Buralli S., Dini F.L., Ballo P., Conti U., Fontanive P., Duranti E., et al. Circulating matrix metalloproteinase-3 and metalloproteinase-9 and tissue Doppler measures of diastolic dysfunction to risk stratify patients with systolic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2010, 105:853-856.
89. Daniels L.B., Maisel A.S. Natriuretic peptides. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007, 50:2357-2368.
90. Maisel A.S., Krishnaswamy P., Nowak R.M., McCord J., Hollander J.E., Duc P., et al. Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. N Engl J Med 2002, 347:161-167.
91. Januzzi J.L., Camargo C.A., Anwaruddin S., Baggish A.L., Chen A.A., Krauser D.G., et al. The N-terminal Pro-BNP Investigation of Dyspnea in the Emergency department (PRIDE) study. Am J Cardiol 2005, 95:948-954.
92. Lainchbury J.G., Campbell E., Frampton C.M., Yandle T.G., Nicholls M.G., Richards A.M. Brain natriuretic peptide and n-terminal brain natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of heart failure in patients with acute shortness of breath. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003, 42:728-735.
93. Mueller T., Gegenhuber A., Poelz W., Haltmayer M. Diagnostic accuracy of B type natriuretic peptide and amino terminal proBNP in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. Heart 2005, 91:606-612.
94. Zaphiriou A., Robb S., Murray-Thomas T., Mendez G., Fox K., McDonagh T., et al. The diagnostic accuracy of plasma BNP and NTproBNP in patients referred from primary care with suspected heart failure: results of the UK natriuretic peptide study. Eur J Heart Fail 2005, 7:537-541.
95. Januzzi J.L., van Kimmenade R., Lainchbury J., Bayes-Genis A., Ordonez-Llanos J., Santalo-Bel M., et al. NT-proBNP testing for diagnosis and short-term prognosis in acute destabilized heart failure: an international pooled analysis of 1256 patients. Eur Heart J 2006, 27:330-337. [February].
96. van Kimmenade R.R.J., Januzzi J.L., Baggish A.L., Lainchbury J.G., Bayes-Genis A., Richards A.M., et al. Amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, renal function, and outcomes in acute heart failure: redefining the cardiorenal interaction?. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 48:1621-1627.
97. Fonarow G.C., Peacock W.F., Phillips C.O., Givertz M.M., Lopatin M. Admission B-type natriuretic peptide levels and in-hospital mortality in acute decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007, 49:1943-1950.
98. Logeart D., Thabut G., Jourdain P., Chavelas C., Beyne P., Beauvais F., et al. Predischarge B-type natriuretic peptide assay for identifying patients at high risk of re-admission after decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004, 43:635-641.
99. Di Angelantonio E., Chowdhury R.M.P., Sarwar N.M.R.P., Ray K.K.M.P., Gobin R.M.P., Saleheen D.M.P., et al. B-type natriuretic peptides and cardiovascular risk: systematic review and meta-analysis of 40 prospective studies. Circulation 2009, 120:2177-2178.
100. Troughton R.W., Frampton C.M., Yandle T.G., Espine E.A., Nicholls M.G., Richards A.M. Treatment of heart failure guided by plasma aminoterminal brain natriuretic peptide (N-BNP) concentrations. Lancet 2000, 355:1126-1130.
101. Savarese G., Trimarco B., Dellegrottaglie S., Prastaro M., Gambardella F., Rengo G., et al. Natriuretic peptide-guided therapy in chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis of 2,686 patients in 12 randomized trials. PLoS One 2013, 8:e58287.
102. Januzzi J.L., Rehman S.U., Mohammed A.A., Bhardwaj A., Barajas L., Barajas J., et al. Use of amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide to guide outpatient therapy of patients with chronic left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011, 58:1881-1889.
103. van Kimmenade R.R., Januzzi J.L. Emerging biomarkers in heart failure. Clin Chem 2012, 58:127-138.
104. Maisel A., Mueller C., Nowak R., Peacock W.F., Landsberg J.W., Ponikowski P., et al. Mid-region pro-hormone markers for diagnosis and prognosis in acute dyspnea: results from the BACH (Biomarkers in Acute Heart Failure) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010, 55:2062-2076.
105. Xu X., Li Z., Gao W. Growth differentiation factor 15 in cardiovascular diseases: from bench to bedside. Biomarkers 2011, 16:466-475.
106. Kempf T., Eden M., Strelau J., Naguib M., Willenbockel C., Tongers J., et al. The transforming growth factor-[beta] superfamily member growth-differentiation factor-15 protects the heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury. Circ Res 2006, 98:351-360.
107. Xu J., Kimball T.R., Lorenz J.N., Brown D.A., Bauskin A.R., Klevitsky R., et al. GDF15/MIC-1 functions as a protective and antihypertrophic factor released from the myocardium in association with SMAD protein activation. Circ Res 2006, 98:342-350.
108. Schlittenhardt D., Schober A., Strelau J., Bonaterra G.A., Schmiedt W., Unsicker K., et al. Involvement of growth differentiation factor-15/macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (GDF-15/MIC-1) in oxLDL-induced apoptosis of human macrophages in vitro and in arteriosclerotic lesions. Cell Tissue Res 2004, 318:325-333.
109. Kempf T., Horn-Wichmann R., Brabant G., Peter T., Allhoff T., Klein G., et al. Circulating concentrations of growth-differentiation factor 15 in apparently healthy elderly individuals and patients with chronic heart failure as assessed by a new immunoradiometric sandwich assay. Clin Chem 2007, 53:284-291.
110. Daniels L.B., Clopton P., Laughlin G.A., Maisel A.S., Barrett-Connor E. Growth-differentiation factor-15 is a robust, independent predictor of 11-year mortality risk in community-dwelling older adults: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Circulation 2011, 123:2101-2110.
111. Kempf T., von Haehling S., Peter T., Allhoff T., Cicoira M., Doehner W., et al. Prognostic utility of growth differentiation factor-15 in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007, 50:1054-1060.
112. Anand I.S.F.R.C.P., Kempf T., Rector T.S., Tapken H., Allhoff T., Jantzen F., et al. Serial measurement of growth-differentiation factor-15 in heart failure: relation to disease severity and prognosis in the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial. Circulation 2010, 122:1387-1395.
113. Chatterjee K. Neurohormonal activation in congestive heart failure and the role of vasopressin. Am J Cardiol 2005, 95:8-13.
114. Schrier R.W. Water and sodium retention in edematous disorders: role of vasopressin and aldosterone. Am J Med 2006, 119:S47-S53.
115. Morgenthaler N.G., Struck J., Alonso C., Bergmann A. Assay for the measurement of copeptin, a stable peptide derived from the precursor of vasopressin. Clin Chem 2006, 52:112-119.
116. Morgenthaler N.G., Struck J., Jochberger S., Dunser M.W. Copeptin: clinical use of a new biomarker. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2008, 19:43-49.
117. Khan S.Q., Dhillon O.S., O'Brien R.J., Struck J., Quinn P.A.M.P., Morgenthaler N.G., et al. C-terminal provasopressin (copeptin) as a novel and prognostic marker in acute myocardial infarction: Leicester Acute Myocardial Infarction Peptide (LAMP) Study. Circulation 2007, 115:2103-2110.
118. Kelly D., Squire I.B., Khan S.Q., Quinn P., Struck J., Morgenthaler N.G., et al. C-terminal provasopressin (copeptin) is associated with left ventricular dysfunction, remodeling, and clinical heart failure in survivors of myocardial infarction. J Card Fail 2008, 14:739-745.
119. Maisel A., Xue Y., Shah K., Mueller C., Nowak R., Peacock W.F., et al. Increased 90-day mortality in patients with acute heart failure with elevated copeptin: secondary results from the Biomarkers in Acute Heart Failure (BACH) study. Circ Heart Fail 2011, 4:613-620.
120. Gegenhuber A., Struck J., Dieplinger B., Poelz W., Pacher R., Morgenthaler N.G., et al. Comparative evaluation of B-type natriuretic peptide, mid-regional pro-A-type natriuretic peptide, mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin, and copeptin to predict 1-year mortality in patients with acute destabilized heart failure. J Card Fail 2007, 13:42-49.
121. Alehagen U., Dahlström U., Rehfeld J.F., Goetze J.P. Association of copeptin and N-terminal proBNP concentrations with risk of cardiovascular death in older patients with symptoms of heart failure. JAMA 2011, 305:2088-2095.
122. Neuhold S., Huelsmann M., Strunk G., Stoiser B., Struck J., Morgenthaler N.G., et al. Comparison of copeptin, B-type natriuretic peptide, and amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with chronic heart failure: prediction of death at different stages of the disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008, 52:266-272.
123. Stoiser B., Mörtl D., Hülsmann M., Berger R., Struck J., Morgenthaler N.G., et al. Copeptin, a fragment of the vasopressin precursor, as a novel predictor of outcome in heart failure. Eur J Clin Investig 2006, 36:771-778.
124. Tentzeris I., Jarai R., Farhan S., Perkmann T., Schwarz M.A., Jakl G., et al. Complementary role of copeptin and high-sensitivity troponin in predicting outcome in patients with stable chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2011, 13:726-733.
125. Konstam M.A., Gheorghiade M., Burnett J.C., Grinfeld L., Maggioni A.P., Swedberg K., et al. Effects of oral tolvaptan in patients hospitalized for worsening heart failure. JAMA 2007, 297:1319-1331.
126. Yanagawa B., Nagaya N. Adrenomedullin: molecular mechanisms and its role in cardiac disease. Amino Acids 2007, 32:157-164.
127. Nagaya, Noritoshi S., Toru N., Toshio U., Masaaki F., Shinichi S., et al. Hemodynamic, renal, and hormonal effects of adrenomedullin infusion in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 2000, 101:498.
128. Bisping E., Tenderich G., Barckhausen P., Stumme B., Bruns S., von Lewinski D., et al. Atrial myocardium is the predominant inotropic target of adrenomedullin in the human heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007, 293:H3001-H3007.
129. Nishida H., Horio T., Suzuki Y., Iwashima Y., Kamide K., Kangawa K., et al. Plasma adrenomedullin as an independent predictor of future cardiovascular events in high-risk patients: comparison with C-reactive protein and adiponectin. Peptides 2008, 29:599-605.
130. Khan S.Q., O'Brien R.J., Struck J., Quinn P., Morgenthaler N., Squire I., et al. Prognostic value of midregional pro-adrenomedullin in patients with acute myocardial infarction: the LAMP (Leicester Acute Myocardial Infarction Peptide) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007, 49:1525-1532.
131. Klip I.T., Voors A.A., Anker S.D., Hillege H.L., Struck J., Squire I., et al. Prognostic value of mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin in patients with heart failure after an acute myocardial infarction. Heart 2011, 97:892-898.
132. Adlbrecht C., Hülsmann M., Strunk G., Berger R., Mörtl D., Struck J., et al. Prognostic value of plasma midregional pro-adrenomedullin and C-terminal-pro-endothelin-1 in chronic heart failure outpatients. Eur J Heart Fail 2009, 11:361-366.
133. Nishikimi T., Saito Y., Kitamura K., Ishimitsu T., Eto T., Kangawa K., et al. Increased plasma levels of adrenomedullin in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995, 26:1424-1431.
134. Potocki M., Breidthardt T., Reichlin T., Morgenthaler N.G., Bergmann A., Noveanu M., et al. Midregional pro-adrenomedullin in addition to b-type natriuretic peptides in the risk stratification of patients with acute dyspnea: an observational study. Crit Care 2009, 13:R122.
135. Thygesen K., Alpert J.S., Jaffe A.S., Simoons M.L., Chaitman B.R., White H.D., et al. Third universal definition of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012, 60:1581-1598.
136. La Vecchia L., Mezzena G., Zanolla L., Paccanaro M., Varotto L., Bonanno C., et al. Cardiac troponin I as diagnostic and prognostic marker in severe heart failure. J Heart Lung Transplant 2000, 19:644-652.
137. Horwich T.B., Patel J.M., Robb W., Fonarow G.C. Cardiac troponin I is associated with impaired hemodynamics, progressive left ventricular dysfunction, and increased mortality rates in advanced heart failure. Circulation 2003, 108:833-838.
138. Peacock W.F., De Marco T., Fonarow G.C., Diercks D., Wynne J., Apple F.S., et al. Cardiac troponin and outcome in acute heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008, 358:2117-2126.
139. Parenti Nicola, Bartolacci Silvia, Flavia Carle, Fanciulli Angelo Cardiac troponin I as prognostic marker in heart failure patients discharged from emergency department. Intern Emerg Med 2008, 43-47.
140. Miller Wayne L., Hartman Karen A., Burritt Mary F., Burnett J.C., Jaffe Allan S. Troponin, B-type natriuretic peptides and outcomes in severe heart failure: differences between ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathies. Clin Cardiol 2007, 30:245-250.
141. Xue Y., Clopton P., Peacock W.F., Maisel A.S. Serial changes in high-sensitive troponin I predict outcome in patients with decompensated heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2011, 13:37-42.
142. Latini R., Masson S., Anand I.S., Missov E., Carlson M., Vago T.B., et al. Prognostic value of very low plasma concentrations of troponin T in patients with stable chronic heart failure. Circulation 2007, 116:1242-1249.
143. Tsutamoto T., Kawahara C., Nishiyama K., Yamaji M., Fujii M., Yamamoto T., et al. Prognostic role of highly sensitive cardiac troponin I in patients with systolic heart failure. Am Heart J 2010, 159:63-67.
144. Masson S., Anand I., Favero C., Barlera S., Vago T., Bertocchi F., et al. Serial measurement of cardiac troponin T using a highly sensitive assay in patients with chronic heart failure: data from two large randomized clinical trials. Circulation 2012, 125:280-288.
145. Wallace T.W., Abdullah S.M., Drazner M.H.M.H.S., Das S.R., Khera A., McGuire D.K.M.H.S., et al. Prevalence and determinants of troponin T elevation in the general population. Circulation 2006, 113:1958-1965.
146. Daniels L.B., Laughlin G.A., Clopton P., Maisel A.S., Barrett-Connor E. Minimally elevated cardiac troponin T and elevated N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide predict mortality in older adults: results from the Rancho Bernardo Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008, 52:450-459.
147. deFilippi C.R., de Lemos J.A., Christenson R.H., Gottdiener J.S., Kop W.J., Zhan M., et al. Association of serial measures of cardiac troponin T using a sensitive assay with incident heart failure and cardiovascular mortality in older adults. JAMA 2010, 304:2494-2502.
148. Saunders J.T., Nambi V., de Lemos J.A., Chambless L.E., Virani S.S., Boerwinkle E., et al. Cardiac troponin T measured by a highly sensitive assay predicts coronary heart disease, heart failure, and mortality in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Circulation 2011, 123:1367-1376.
149. de Lemos J.A., Drazner M.H., Omland T., Ayers C.R., Khera A., Rohatgi A., et al. Association of troponin T detected with a highly sensitive assay and cardiac structure and mortality risk in the general population. JAMA 2010, 304:2503-2512.
150. Hlatky M.A., Greenland P., Arnett D.K., Ballantyne C.M., Criqui M.H., Elkind M.S., et al. American Heart Association Expert Panel on Subclinical Atherosclerotic Diseases and Emerging Risk Factors and the Stroke Council. Criteria for evaluation of novel markers of cardiovascular risk: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2009, 119:2408-2416.
151. Collinson P., McDonagh T. Emerging biomarkers of cardiac failure. Cardiac biomarkers in clinical practice 2010, Jones and Bartlett, Sudbury, Massachusetts. J. Januzzi (Ed.).