Antimicrobial therapy of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children

Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 23-34

  Lee, Hyunju ^a,b   Yun, Ki Wook ^a,c   Lee, Hoan Jong ^a,c   Choi, Eun Hwa ^a,c  

^a Seoul National University College of Medicine   (South Korea)

^b Seoul National University Bundang Hospital   (South Korea)

^c Seoul National University Children's Hospital   (South Korea)

Author keywords

children; Drug resistance; macrolides; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; pneumonia

Indexed keywords

AZITHROMYCIN; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; DOXYCYCLINE; ERYTHROMYCIN; LEVOFLOXACIN; MACROLIDE; MINOCYCLINE; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; ROXITHROMYCIN; TETRACYCLINE; TOSUFLOXACIN; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY; ARTHRALGIA; ARTHRITIS; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; CARDIOTOXICITY; CHILD; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DIZZINESS; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG SAFETY; ESOPHAGITIS; GAIT DISORDER; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GENE MUTATION; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HALLUCINATION; HEADACHE; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY; KIDNEY DISEASE; LIVER DYSFUNCTION; LIVER TOXICITY; MACROLIDE RESISTANT MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE; MYCOPLASMA; MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIA; MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE; NONHUMAN; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PHOTOSENSITIVITY; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; SEIZURE; SIDE EFFECT; SLEEP DISORDER; TENDINITIS; TENDON RUPTURE; TOOTH DISCOLORATION; ADOLESCENT; COMMUNITY ACQUIRED INFECTION; DRUG EFFECT; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY;

ADOLESCENT; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; CHILD; COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS; DRUG RESISTANCE, BACTERIAL; HUMANS; MACROLIDES; MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE; PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA;

EID: 85040051512     PISSN: 14787210     EISSN: 17448336     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2018.1414599     Document Type: Review

References (87)

1. Razin S, Yogev D, Naot Y., Molecular biology and pathogenicity of mycoplasmas. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1998;62(4):1094–1156.
2. Razin S., Adherence of pathogenic mycoplasmas to host cells. Biosci Rep. 1999;19(5):367–372.
3. Waites KB, Xiao L, Liu Y, et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae from the respiratory tract and beyond. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017;30(3):747–809.
4. Waites KB, Talkington DF. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and its role as a human pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17(4):697–728.
5. Korppi M, Heiskanen-Kosma T, Kleemola M. Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia in children caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae: serological results of a prospective, population-based study in primary health care. Respirology. 2004;9(1):109–114.
6. Bradley JS, Byington CL, Shah SS, et al. The management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(7):e25–e76.
7. Biondi E, McCulloh R, Alverson B, et al. Treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2014;133(6):1081–1090.
8. Atkinson TP, Balish MF, Waites KB. Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis and laboratory detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2008;32(6):956–973.
9. Lind K, Benzon MW, Jensen JS, et al. A seroepidemiological study of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in Denmark over the 50-year period 1946–1995. Eur J Epidemiol. 1997;13(5):581–586.
10. Chanock RM, Cook MK, Fox HH, et al. Serologic evidence of infection with Eaton agent in lower respiratory illness in childhood. N Engl J Med. 1960;262:648–654.
11. Chanock RM, Hayflick L, Barile MF. Growth on artificial medium of an agent associated with atypical pneumonia and its identification as a PPLO. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1962;48:41–49.
12. Ferwerda A, Moll HA, De Groot R. Respiratory tract infections by Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children: a review of diagnostic and therapeutic measures. Eur J Pediatr. 2001;160(8):483–491.
13. Kingston JR, Chanock RM, Mufson MA, et al. Eaton agent pneumonia. Jama. 1961;176:118–123.
14. Critchley IA, Jones ME, Heinze PD, et al. In vitro activity of levofloxacin against contemporary clinical isolates of Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae from North America and Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2002;8(4):214–221.
15. Gardiner SJ, Gavranich JB, Chang AB. Antibiotics for community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections secondary to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;1:CD004875.
16. Bébéar CM, Pereyre S. Mechanisms of drug resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Curr Drug Targets Infect Disord. 2005;5(3):263–271.
17. Bébéar C, Pereyre S, Peuchant O. Mycoplasma pneumoniae: susceptibility and resistance to antibiotics. Future Microbiol. 2011;6(4):423–431.
18. Pereyre S, Goret J, Bébéar C. Mycoplasma pneumoniae: current knowledge on macrolide resistance and treatment. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:974.
19. Lucier TS, Heitzman K, Liu SK, et al. Transition mutations in the 23S rRNA of erythromycin-resistant isolates of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995;39(12):2770–2773.
20. Pereyre S, Guyot C, Renaudin H, et al. In vitro selection and characterization of resistance to macrolides and related antibiotics in Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48(2):460–465.
21. Stopler T, Gerichter CB, Branski D. Antibiotic-resistant mutants of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Isr J Med Sci. 1980;16(3):169–173.
22. Principi N, Esposito S. Macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae: its role in respiratory infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68(3):506–511.
23. Cao B, Zhao C-J, Yin Y-D, et al. High prevalence of macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates from adult and adolescent patients with respiratory tract infection in China. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51(2):189–194.
24. Morozumi M, Takahashi T, Ubukata K. Macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae: characteristics of isolates and clinical aspects of community-acquired pneumonia. J Infect Chemother. 2010;16(2):78–86.
25. Rocha EP, Blanchard A. Genomic repeats, genome plasticity and the dynamics of Mycoplasma evolution. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002;30(9):2031–2042.
26. Göbel U, Butler GH, Stanbridge EJ. Comparative analysis of mycoplasma ribosomal RNA operons. Isr J Med Sci. 1984;20(9):762–764.
27. Spuesens EB, Meyer Sauteur PM, Vink C, et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections–does treatment help? J Infect. 2014;69 Suppl 1:S42–S46.
28. Chironna M, Sallustio A, Esposito S, et al. Emergence of macrolide-resistant strains during an outbreak of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in children. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(4):734–737.
29. Dumke R, Stolz S, Jacobs E, et al. Molecular characterization of macrolide resistance of a Mycoplasma pneumoniae strain that developed during therapy of a patient with pneumonia. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;29:197–199.
30. Hantz S, Garnier F, Peuchant O, et al. Multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis-confirmed emergence of a macrolide resistance-associated mutation in Mycoplasma pneumoniae during macrolide therapy for interstitial pneumonia in an immunocompromised child. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(10):3402–3405.
31. Itagaki T, Suzuki Y, Seto J, et al. Two cases of macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae acquired during the treatment period. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68(3):724–725.
32. Tanaka T, Oishi T, Miyata I, et al. Macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, Japan, 2008–2015. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(10):1703–1706.
33. Uehara S, Sunakawa K, Eguchi H, et al. Japanese guidelines for the management of respiratory infectious diseases in children 2007 with focus on pneumonia. Pediatr Int. 2011;53(2):264–276.
34. Pereyre S, Charron A, Renaudin H, et al. First report of macrolide-resistant strains and description of a novel nucleotide sequence variation in the P1 adhesin gene in Mycoplasma pneumoniae clinical strains isolated in France over 12 years. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45(11):3534–3539.
35. Matsuoka M, Narita M, Okazaki N, et al. Characterization and molecular analysis of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae clinical isolates obtained in Japan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48(12):4624–4630.
36. Stopler T, Branski D. Resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to macrolides, lincomycin and streptogramin B. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1986;18(3):359–364.
37. Niitu Y, Hasegawa S, Suetake T, et al. Resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to erythromycin and other antibiotics. J Pediatr. 1970;76(3):438–443.
38. Okazaki N, Ohya H, Sasaki T. Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolated from patients with respiratory infection in Kanagawa Prefecture in 1976–2006: emergence of macrolide-resistant strains. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2007;60(5):325–326.
39. Morozumi M, Iwata S, Hasegawa K, et al. Increased macrolide resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in pediatric patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52(1):348–350.
40. Kawai Y, Miyashita N, Kubo M, et al. Nationwide surveillance of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in pediatric patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(8):4046–4049.
41. Xin D, Mi Z, Han X, et al. Molecular mechanisms of macrolide resistance in clinical isolates of Mycoplasma pneumoniae from China. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(5):2158–2159.
42. Liu Y, Ye X, Zhang H, et al. Multiclonal origin of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates as determined by multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(8):2793–2795.
43. Liu Y, Ye X, Zhang H, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates and molecular analysis of macrolide-resistant strains from Shanghai, China. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(5):2160–2162.
44. Liu X, Jiang Y, Chen X, et al. Drug resistance mechanisms of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to macrolide antibiotics. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:320801.
45. Hong KB, Choi EH, Lee HJ, et al. Macrolide resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, South Korea, 2000–2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(8):1281–1284.
46. Yoon IA, Hong KB, Lee HJ, et al. Radiologic findings as a determinant and no effect of macrolide resistance on clinical course of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):402.
47. Wu H-M, Wong K-S, Huang Y-C, et al. Macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children in Taiwan. J Infect Chemother. 2013;19(4):782–786.
48. Kogoj R, Mrvic T, Praprotnik M, et al. Prevalence, genotyping and macrolide resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae among isolates of patients with respiratory tract infections, Central Slovenia, 2006 to 2014. Euro Surveill. 2015;20(37).
49. Uldum SA, Bangsborg JM, Gahrn-Hansen B, et al. Epidemic of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in Denmark, 2010 and 2011. Euro Surveill. 2012 Feb 2;17(5). pii: 20073.
50. Dumke R, Von Baum H, Lück PC, et al. Occurrence of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae strains in Germany. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16(6):613–616.
51. Pereyre S, Touati A, Petitjean-Lecherbonnier J, et al. The increased incidence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in France in 2011 was polyclonal, mainly involving M. pneumoniae type 1 strains. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19(4):E212–E217.
52. Ferguson GD, Gadsby NJ, Henderson SS, et al. Clinical outcomes and macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in Scotland, UK. J Med Microbiol. 2013;62(Pt 12):1876–1882.
53. Cardinale F, Chironna M, Chinellato I, et al. Clinical relevance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae macrolide resistance in children. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(2):723–724.
54. Eshaghi A, Memari N, Tang P, et al. Macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae in humans, Ontario, Canada, 2010–2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(9):1525-1527.
55. Diaz MH, Benitez AJ, Cross KE, et al. Molecular detection and characterization of Mycoplasma pneumoniae among patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia in the United States. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2015;2(3):ofv106.
56. Zheng X, Lee S, Selvarangan R, et al. Macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(8):1470–1472.
57. Suzuki S, Yamazaki T, Narita M, et al. Clinical evaluation of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50(2):709–712.
58. Matsubara K, Morozumi M, Okada T, et al. A comparative clinical study of macrolide-sensitive and macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in pediatric patients. J Infect Chemother. 2009;15(6):380–383.
59. Kawai Y, Miyashita N, Kubo M, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of macrolides, minocycline, and tosufloxacin against macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in pediatric patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(5):2252–2258.
60. Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Sheng Y, et al. More complications occur in macrolide-resistant than in macrolide-sensitive Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(2):1034–1038.
61. Spuesens EB, Meijer A, Bierschenk D, et al. Macrolide resistance determination and molecular typing of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in respiratory specimens collected between 1997 and 2008 in The Netherlands. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(6):1999–2004.
62. Wolff BJ, Thacker WL, Schwartz SB, et al. Detection of macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae by real-time PCR and high-resolution melt analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52(10):3542–3549.
63. Cheong KN, Chiu SS, Chan BW, et al. Severe macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia associated with macrolide failure. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2016;49(1):127–130.
64. Hsieh YC, Tsao KC, Huang CG, et al. Life-threatening pneumonia caused by macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31(2):208–209.
65. Lung DC, Chan YH, Kwong L, et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia caused by macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae in a 6-year-old boy. Hong Kong Med J. 2011;17(5):407–409.
66. Narita M, Tanaka H. Cytokines involved in the severe manifestations of pulmonary diseases caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007;42(4):397.
67. Matsuda K, Narita M, Sera N, et al. Gene and cytokine profile analysis of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in Fukuoka, Japan. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:591.
68. Zuckerman JM. Macrolides and ketolides: azithromycin, clarithromycin, telithromycin. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2004;18(3):621–649, xi–.
69. Kawai Y, Miyashita N, Yamaguchi T, et al. Clinical efficacy of macrolide antibiotics against genetically determined macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in paediatric patients. Respirology. 2012;17(2):354–362.
70. Okada T, Morozumi M, Tajima T, et al. Rapid effectiveness of minocycline or doxycycline against macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in a 2011 outbreak among Japanese children. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(12):1642–1649.
71. Bao F, Qu J-X, Liu Z-J, et al. [The clinical characteristics, treatment and outcome of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2013;36(10):756–761. Chinese.
72. To KK, Chan K-H, Fung Y-F, et al. Azithromycin treatment failure in macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Eur Respir J. 2010;36(4):969–971.
73. Carris NW, Pardo J, Montero J, et al. Minocycline as A substitute for doxycycline in targeted scenarios: a systematic review. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2015;2(4):ofv178.
74. Cao B, Qu JX, Yin YD, et al. Overview of antimicrobial options for Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia: focus on macrolide resistance. Clin Respir J. 2017;11(4):419–429.
75. Ishiguro N, Koseki N, Kaiho M, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of azithromycin, clarithromycin, minocycline and tosufloxacin against macrolide-resistant and macrolide-sensitive Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in pediatric patients. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):e0173635.
76. Lung DC, Yip EK, Lam DS, et al. Rapid defervescence after doxycycline treatment of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae-associated community-acquired pneumonia in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32(12):1396–1399.
77. Morozumi M, Okada T, Tajima T, et al. Killing kinetics of minocycline, doxycycline and tosufloxacin against macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2017;50(2):255–257.
78. Zhao F, Lv M, Tao X, et al. Antibiotic sensitivity of 40 Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates and molecular analysis of macrolide-resistant isolates from Beijing, China. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(2):1108–1109.
79. Miyashita N, Akaike H, Teranishi H, et al. Macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in adolescents and adults: clinical findings, drug susceptibility, and therapeutic efficacy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(10):5181–5185.
80. Gruson D, Pereyre S, Renaudin H, et al. In vitro development of resistance to six and four fluoroquinolones in Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma hominis, respectively. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(3):1190–1193.
81. Dégrange S, Renaudin H, Charron A, et al. Reduced susceptibility to tetracyclines is associated in vitro with the presence of 16S rRNA mutations in Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;61(6):1390–1392.
82. Couldwell DL, Tagg KA, Jeoffreys NJ, et al. Failure of moxifloxacin treatment in Mycoplasma genitalium infections due to macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance. Int J STD AIDS. 2013;24(10):822–828.
83. Sánchez AR, Rogers RS, 3rd, Sheridan PJ. Tetracycline and other tetracycline-derivative staining of the teeth and oral cavity. Int J Dermatol. 2004;43(10):709–715.
84. Abramson JS, Givner LB. Should tetracycline be contraindicated for therapy of presumed Rocky Mountain spotted fever in children less than 9 years of age? Pediatrics. 1990;86(1):123–124.
85. Smith K, Leyden JJ. Safety of doxycycline and minocycline: a systematic review. Clin Ther. 2005;27(9):1329–1342.
86. Bradley JS, Kauffman RE, Balis DA, et al. Assessment of musculoskeletal toxicity 5 years after therapy with levofloxacin. Pediatrics. 2014;134(1):e146–e153.
87. Jackson MA, Schutze GE,; Committee on Infectious Diseases. The use of systemic and topical fluoroquinolones. Pediatrics. 2016;138(5):e20162706.