An adaptive orienting theory of error processing

Psychophysiology

Volumn 55, Issue 3, 2018, Pages

  Wessel, Jan R ^a,b  

^a University of Iowa   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF IOWA HOSPITALS AND CLINICS   (United States)

Author keywords

attention; cognitive control; error processing; inhibitory control; orienting; performance monitoring

Indexed keywords

ATTENTION; BRAIN; COPING BEHAVIOR; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; HUMAN; INHIBITION (PSYCHOLOGY); PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ATTENTION; BRAIN; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; HUMANS; INHIBITION (PSYCHOLOGY); PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE;

EID: 85038369805     PISSN: 00485772     EISSN: 14698986     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13041     Document Type: Article

References (156)

1. Alexander, W. H., & Brown, J. W. (2010). Computational models of performance monitoring and cognitive control. Topics in Cognitive Science, 2(4), 658–677. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-8765.2010.01085.x
2. Amengual, J. L., Marco-Pallares, J., Richter, L., Oung, S., Schweikard, A., Mohammadi, B., … Munte, T. F. (2013). Tracking post-error adaptation in the motor system by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuroscience, 250, 342–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.024
3. Arnstein, D., Lakey, B., Compton, R. J., & Kleinow, J. (2011). Preverbal error-monitoring in stutterers and fluent speakers. Brain Language, 116(3), 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2010.12.005
4. Aron, A. R., Fletcher, P. C., Bullmore, E. T., Sahakian, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2003). Stop-signal inhibition disrupted by damage to right inferior frontal gyrus in humans. Nature Neuroscience, 6(2), 115–116. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1003
5. Aron, A. R., & Poldrack, R. A. (2006). Cortical and subcortical contributions to stop signal response inhibition: Role of the subthalamic nucleus. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(9), 2424–2433. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4682-05.2006
6. Aron, A. R., Robbins, T. W., & Poldrack, R. A. (2014). Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex: One decade on. Trends in Cognitive Science, 18(4), 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.12.003
7. Aston-Jones, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2005). Adaptive gain and the role of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system in optimal performance. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 493(1), 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.20723
8. Badry, R., Mima, T., Aso, T., Nakatsuka, M., Abe, M., Fathi, D., … Fukuyama, H. (2009). Suppression of human cortico-motoneuronal excitability during the Stop-signal task. Clinical Neurophysiology, 120(9), 1717–1723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2009.06.027
9. Barcelo, F., Perianez, J. A., & Knight, R. T. (2002). Think differently: A brain orienting response to task novelty. NeuroReport, 13(15), 1887–1892.
10. Bockova, M., Chladek, J., Jurak, P., Halamek, J., Balaz, M., & Rektor, I. (2011). Involvement of the subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus internus in attention. Journal of Neural Transmission, 118(8), 1235–1245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-010-0575-4
11. Bombeke, K., Schouppe, N., Duthoo, W., & Notebaert, W. (2013). The effect of alcohol and placebo on post-error adjustments. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00003
12. Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychology Review, 108(3), 624–652. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.I08.3.62
13. Bouret, S., & Sara, S. J. (2005). Network reset: A simplified overarching theory of locus coeruleus noradrenaline function. Trends in Neuroscience, 28(11), 574–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2005.09.002
14. Braem, S., Coenen, E., Bombeke, K., van Bochove, M. E., & Notebaert, W. (2015). Open your eyes for prediction errors. Cognitive & Affective Behavioral Neuroscience, 15(2), 374–380. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-014-0333-4
15. Brown, J. W., & Braver, T. S. (2005). Learned predictions of error likelihood in the anterior cingulate cortex. Science, 307(5712), 1118–1121. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1105783
16. Buzzell, G. A., Beatty, P. J., Paquette, N. A., Roberts, D. M., & McDonald, C. G. (2017). Error-induced blindness: Error detection leads to impaired sensory processing and lower accuracy at short response-stimulus intervals. Journal of Neuroscience, 37(11), 2895–2903. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1202-16.2017
17. Carp, J., & Compton, R. J. (2009). Alpha power is influenced by performance errors. Psychophysiology, 46(2), 336–343. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00773.x
18. Cavanagh, J. F., Sanguinetti, J. L., Allen, J. J., Sherman, S. J., & Frank, M. J. (2014). The subthalamic nucleus contributes to post-error slowing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 26(11), 2637–2644. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00659
19. Cavanagh, J. F., Wiecki, T. V., Cohen, M. X., Figueroa, C. M., Samanta, J., Sherman, S. J., & Frank, M. J. (2011). Subthalamic nucleus stimulation reverses mediofrontal influence over decision threshold. Nature Neuroscience, 14(11), 1462–1467. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2925
20. Chatham, C. H., Frank, M. J., & Badre, D. (2014). Corticostriatal output gating during selection from working memory. Neuron, 81(4), 930–942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.01.002
21. Coles, M. G., Gale, A., & Kline, P. (1971). Personality and habituation of the orienting reaction: tonic and response measures of electrodermal activity. Psychophysiology, 8(1), 54–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00436.x
22. Coles, M. G., Scheffers, M. K., & Holroyd, C. B. (2001). Why is there an ERN/Ne on correct trials? Response representations, stimulus-related components, and the theory of error-processing. Biological Psychology, 56(3), 173–189.
23. Colzato, L. S., de Rover, M., van den Wildenberg, W. P., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2013). Genetic marker of norepinephrine synthesis predicts individual differences in post-error slowing: A pilot study. Neuropsychologia, 51(13), 2600–2604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.07.026
24. Corbetta, M., Patel, G., & Shulman, G. L. (2008). The reorienting system of the human brain: From environment to theory of mind. Neuron, 58(3), 306–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.017
25. Corbetta, M., & Shulman, G. L. (2002). Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nature Review Neuroscience, 3(3), 201–215. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn755
26. Coxon, J. P., Stinear, C. M., & Byblow, W. D. (2006). Intracortical inhibition during volitional inhibition of prepared action. Journal of Neurophysiology, 95(6), 3371–3383. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.01334.2005
27. Critchley, H. D., Corfield, D. R., Chandler, M. P., Mathias, C. J., & Dolan, R. J. (2000). Cerebral correlates of autonomic cardiovascular arousal: A functional neuroimaging investigation in humans. Journal of Physiology, 523(Pt 1), 259–270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00259.x
28. Critchley, H. D., Elliott, R., Mathias, C. J., & Dolan, R. J. (2000). Neural activity relating to generation and representation of galvanic skin conductance responses: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of Neuroscience, 20(8), 3033–3040.
29. Critchley, H. D., Tang, J., Glaser, D., Butterworth, B., & Dolan, R. J. (2005). Anterior cingulate activity during error and autonomic response. NeuroImage, 27(4), 885–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.05.047
30. Danev, S. G., & de Winter, C. R. (1971). Heart rate deceleration after erroneous responses. A phenomenon complicating the use of heart rate variability for assessing mental load. Psychologische Forschung, 35(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00424472
31. Danielmeier, C., Allen, E. A., Jocham, G., Onur, O. A., Eichele, T., & Ullsperger, M. (2015). Acetylcholine mediates behavioral and neural post-error control. Current Biology, 25(11), 1461–1468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.022
32. Danielmeier, C., Eichele, T., Forstmann, B. U., Tittgemeyer, M., & Ullsperger, M. (2011). Posterior medial frontal cortex activity predicts post-error adaptations in task-related visual and motor areas. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(5), 1780–1789. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4299-10.2011
33. Danielmeier, C., & Ullsperger, M. (2011). Post-error adjustments. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 233. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00233
34. Davies, P. L., Segalowitz, S. J., Dywan, J., & Pailing, P. E. (2001). Error-negativity and positivity as they relate to other ERP indices of attentional control and stimulus processing. Biological Psychology, 56(3), 191–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0511(01)00080-1
35. Dayan, P., & Yu, A. J. (2006). Phasic norepinephrine: A neural interrupt signal for unexpected events. Network, 17(4), 335–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/09548980601004024
36. de Gee, J. W., Colizoli, O., Kloosterman, N. A., Knapen, T., Nieuwenhuis, S., & Donner, T. H. (2017). Dynamic modulation of decision biases by brainstem arousal systems. Elife, 6. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23232
37. Debener, S., Ullsperger, M., Siegel, M., Fiehler, K., von Cramon, D. Y., & Engel, A. K. (2005). Trial-by-trial coupling of concurrent electroencephalogram and functional magnetic resonance imaging identifies the dynamics of performance monitoring. Journal of Neuroscience, 25(50), 11730–11737. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3286-05.2005
38. Desmet, C., Fias, W., & Brass, M. (2011). Performance monitoring at the task and the response level. Reviews of Neuroscience, 22(5), 575–581. https://doi.org/10.1515/RNS.2011.040
39. Dietrich, S., Smith, J., Scherzinger, C., Hofmann-Preiss, K., Freitag, T., Eisenkolb, A., & Ringler, R. (2008). [A novel transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation leads to brainstem and cerebral activations measured by functional MRI]. Biomedizinsche Technik, 53(3), 104–111. https://doi.org/10.1515/BMT.2008.022
40. Donders, F. C. (1969). On the speed of mental processes. Acta Psychologica, 30, 412–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(69)90065-1
41. Dutilh, G., Vandekerckhove, J., Forstmann, B. U., Keuleers, E., Brysbaert, M., & Wagenmakers, E. J. (2012). Testing theories of post-error slowing. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 74(2), 454–465. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-011-0243-2
42. Enriquez-Geppert, S., Konrad, C., Pantev, C., & Huster, R. J. (2010). Conflict and inhibition differentially affect the N200/P300 complex in a combined go/nogo and stop-signal task. NeuroImage, 51(2), 877–887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.043
43. Ester, E. F., Serences, J. T., & Awh, E. (2009). Spatially global representations in human primary visual cortex during working memory maintenance. Journal of Neuroscience, 29(48), 15258–15265. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4388-09.2009
44. Falkenstein, M., Hohnsbein, J., Hoormann, J., & Blanke, L. (1991). Effects of crossmodal divided attention on late ERP components. II. Error processing in choice reaction tasks. Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology, 78(6), 447–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(91)90062-9
45. Falkenstein, M., Hoormann, J., Christ, S., & Hohnsbein, J. (2000). ERP components on reaction errors and their functional significance: A tutorial. Biological Psychology, 51(2–3), 87–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0511(99)00031-9
46. Fiehler, K., Ullsperger, M., & von Cramon, D. Y. (2005). Electrophysiological correlates of error correction. Psychophysiology, 42(1), 72–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00265.x
47. Fife, K. H., Gutierrez-Reed, N. A., Zell, V., Bailly, J., Lewis, C. M., Aron, A. R., & Hnasko, T. S. (2017). Causal role for the subthalamic nucleus in interrupting behavior. Elife, 6. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.27689
48. Forster, S. E., & Cho, R. Y. (2014). Context specificity of post-error and post-conflict cognitive control adjustments. PLOS One, 9(3), e90281. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090281
49. Frangos, E., Ellrich, J., & Komisaruk, B. R. (2015). Non-invasive access to the vagus nerve central projections via electrical stimulation of the external ear: fMRI evidence in humans. Brain Stimulation, 8(3), 624–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.11.018
50. Franken, I. H., van Strien, J. W., Franzek, E. J., & van de Wetering, B. J. (2007). Error-processing deficits in patients with cocaine dependence. Biological Psychology, 75(1), 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.11.003
51. Friedman, D., Cycowicz, Y. M., & Gaeta, H. (2001). The novelty P3: An event-related brain potential (ERP) sign of the brain's evaluation of novelty. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Review, 25(4), 355–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(01)00019-7
52. Frith, C. D., & Allen, H. A. (1983). The skin conductance orienting response as an index of attention. Biological Psychology, 17(1), 27–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-0511(83)90064-9
53. Gehring, W. J., & Fencsik, D. E. (2001). Functions of the medial frontal cortex in the processing of conflict and errors. Journal of Neuroscience, 21(23), 9430–9437. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00586.x
54. Gehring, W. J., Goss, B., Coles, M. G., Meyer, D. E., & Donchin, E. (1993). A neural system for error detection and compensation. Psychological Science, 4(6), 385–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00586.x
55. Gentsch, A., Ullsperger, P., & Ullsperger, M. (2009). Dissociable medial frontal negativities from a common monitoring system for self- and externally caused failure of goal achievement. NeuroImage, 47(4), 2023–2030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.064
56. Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1987). Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory. Comprehensive Physiology. Retrieved from http://www.comprehensivephysiology.com/WileyCDA/CompPhysArticle/refId-cp010509.html
57. Goulden, N., Khusnulina, A., Davis, N. J., Bracewell, R. M., Bokde, A. L., McNulty, J. P., & Mullins, P. G. (2014). The salience network is responsible for switching between the default mode network and the central executive network: Replication from DCM. NeuroImage, 99, 180–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.052
58. Graham, F. K., & Clifton, R. K. (1966). Heart-rate change as a component of the orienting response. Psychological Bulletin, 65(5), 305–320. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0023258
59. Grutzmann, R., Endrass, T., Klawohn, J., & Kathmann, N. (2014). Response accuracy rating modulates ERN and Pe amplitudes. Biological Psychology, 96, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.10.007
60. Hajcak, G., McDonald, N., & Simons, R. F. (2003). To err is autonomic: Error-related brain potentials, ANS activity, and post-error compensatory behavior. Psychophysiology, 40(6), 895–903. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8986.00107
61. Ham, T., Leff, A., de Boissezon, X., Joffe, A., & Sharp, D. J. (2013). Cognitive control and the salience network: An investigation of error processing and effective connectivity. Journal of Neuroscience, 33(16), 7091–7098. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4692-12.2013
62. Hazy, T. E., Frank, M. J., & O'Reilly R, C. (2007). Towards an executive without a homunculus: Computational models of the prefrontal cortex/basal ganglia system. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B Biological Science, 362(1485), 1601–1613. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2055
63. Houtman, F., & Notebaert, W. (2013). Blinded by an error. Cognition, 128(2), 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2013.04.003
64. Jahanshahi, M., Obeso, I., Rothwell, J. C., & Obeso, J. A. (2015). A fronto-striato-subthalamic-pallidal network for goal-directed and habitual inhibition. Nature Review Neuroscience, 16(12), 719–732. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn4038
65. Jentzsch, I., & Dudschig, C. (2009). Why do we slow down after an error? Mechanisms underlying the effects of posterror slowing. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62(2), 209–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210802240655
66. Jonker, T. R., Seli, P., Cheyne, J. A., & Smilek, D. (2013). Performance reactivity in a continuous-performance task: Implications for understanding post-error behavior. Conscious Cognition, 22(4), 1468–1476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2013.10.005
67. Joshi, S., Li, Y., Kalwani, R. M., & Gold, J. I. (2016). Relationships between pupil diameter and neuronal activity in the locus coeruleus, colliculi, and cingulate cortex. Neuron, 89(1), 221–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.11.028
68. Kerns, J. G., Cohen, J. D., MacDonald, A. W., 3rd, Cho, R. Y., Stenger, V. A., & Carter, C. S. (2004). Anterior cingulate conflict monitoring and adjustments in control. Science, 303(5660), 1023–1026. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1089910
69. King, J. A., Korb, F. M., von Cramon, D. Y., & Ullsperger, M. (2010). Post-error behavioral adjustments are facilitated by activation and suppression of task-relevant and task-irrelevant information processing. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(38), 12759–12769. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3274-10.2010
70. Klein, T. A., Endrass, T., Kathmann, N., Neumann, J., von Cramon, D. Y., & Ullsperger, M. (2007). Neural correlates of error awareness. NeuroImage, 34(4), 1774–1781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.11.014
71. Kok, A., Ramautar, J. R., De Ruiter, M. B., Band, G. P., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2004). ERP components associated with successful and unsuccessful stopping in a stop-signal task. Psychophysiology, 41(1), 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8986.2003.00127.x
72. Kuhn, A. A., Williams, D., Kupsch, A., Limousin, P., Hariz, M., Schneider, G. H., … Brown, P. (2004). Event-related beta desynchronization in human subthalamic nucleus correlates with motor performance. Brain, 127(Pt 4), 735–746. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh106
73. Laming, D. (1979). Choice reaction performance following an error. Acta psychologica, 43(3), 199–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(79)90026-X
74. Laming, D. R. J. (1968). Information theory of choice-reaction times. London, UK: Academic Press.
75. Lara, A. H., & Wallis, J. D. (2014). Executive control processes underlying multi-item working memory. Nature Neuroscience, 17(6), 876–883. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3702
76. Li, C. S., Huang, C., Constable, R. T., & Sinha, R. (2006). Imaging response inhibition in a stop-signal task: Neural correlates independent of signal monitoring and post-response processing. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(1), 186–192. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3741-05.2006
77. Logan, G. D., & Cowan, W. B. (1984). On the ability to inhibit thought and action: A theory of an act of control. Psychology Review, 91, 295–327. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.91.3.295
78. Logan, G. D., & Crump, M. J. (2010). Cognitive illusions of authorship reveal hierarchical error detection in skilled typists. Science, 330(6004), 683–686. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1190483
79. Maier, M. E., Yeung, N., & Steinhauser, M. (2011). Error-related brain activity and adjustments of selective attention following errors. NeuroImage, 56(4), 2339–2347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.083
80. Majid, D. S., Cai, W., George, J. S., Verbruggen, F., & Aron, A. R. (2012). Transcranial magnetic stimulation reveals dissociable mechanisms for global versus selective corticomotor suppression underlying the stopping of action. Cerebral Cortex, 22(2), 363–371. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr112
81. Marco-Pallares, J., Camara, E., Munte, T. F., & Rodriguez-Fornells, A. (2008). Neural mechanisms underlying adaptive actions after slips. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20(9), 1595–1610. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20117
82. Menon, V., & Uddin, L. Q. (2010). Saliency, switching, attention and control: A network model of insula function. Brain Structure & Function, 214(5–6), 655–667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-010-0262-0
83. Miltner, W. H., Braun, C. H., & Coles, M. G. (1997). Event-related brain potentials following incorrect feedback in a time-estimation task: Evidence for a “generic” neural system for error detection. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9(6), 788–798. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1997.9.6.788
84. Molenberghs, P., Gillebert, C. R., Schoofs, H., Dupont, P., Peeters, R., & Vandenberghe, R. (2009). Lesion neuroanatomy of the sustained attention to response task. Neuropsychologia, 47(13), 2866–2875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.06.012
85. Moran, T. P., Bernat, E. M., Aviyente, S., Schroder, H. S., & Moser, J. S. (2015). Sending mixed signals: Worry is associated with enhanced initial error processing but reduced call for subsequent cognitive control. Social, Cognitive & Affective Neuroscience, 10(11), 1548–1556. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsv046
86. Murphy, P. R., Boonstra, E., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2016). Global gain modulation generates time-dependent urgency during perceptual choice in humans. Nature Communications, 7, 13526. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13526
87. Murphy, P. R., Robertson, I. H., Balsters, J. H., & O'Connell R, G. (2011). Pupillometry and P3 index the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic arousal function in humans. Psychophysiology, 48(11), 1532–1543. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01226.x
88. Murphy, P. R., van Moort, M. L., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2016). The pupillary orienting response predicts adaptive behavioral adjustment after errors. PLOS One, 11(3), e0151763. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151763
89. Nachev, P., Wydell, H., O'Neill, K., Husain, M., & Kennard, C. (2007). The role of the pre-supplementary motor area in the control of action. NeuroImage, 36(Suppl 2), T155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.034
90. Narayanan, N. S., Cavanagh, J. F., Frank, M. J., & Laubach, M. (2013). Common medial frontal mechanisms of adaptive control in humans and rodents. Nature Neuroscience, 16(12), 1888–1895. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3549
91. Nieuwenhuis, S., De Geus, E. J., & Aston-Jones, G. (2011). The anatomical and functional relationship between the P3 and autonomic components of the orienting response. Psychophysiology, 48(2), 162–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01057.x
92. Nieuwenhuis, S., Ridderinkhof, K. R., Blom, J., Band, G. P., & Kok, A. (2001). Error-related brain potentials are differentially related to awareness of response errors: Evidence from an antisaccade task. Psychophysiology, 38(5), 752–760. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8986.3850752
93. Norman, D. A., & Shallice, T. (1986). Attention to action Consciousness and self-regulation (pp. 1–18). New York, NY: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0629-1_1
94. Notebaert, W., Houtman, F., Opstal, F. V., Gevers, W., Fias, W., & Verguts, T. (2009). Post-error slowing: An orienting account. Cognition, 111(2), 275–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009.02.002
95. Notebaert, W., & Verguts, T. (2011). Conflict and error adaptation in the Simon task. Acta Psychologia, 136(2), 212–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.05.006
96. Nunez Castellar, E., Kuhn, S., Fias, W., & Notebaert, W. (2010). Outcome expectancy and not accuracy determines posterror slowing: ERP support. Cognitive, Affective Behavioral Neuroscience, 10(2), 270–278. https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.10.2.270
97. O'Connell, R. G., Dockree, P. M., Bellgrove, M. A., Kelly, S. P., Hester, R., Garavan, H., … Foxe, J. J. (2007). The role of cingulate cortex in the detection of errors with and without awareness: A high-density electrical mapping study. European Journal of Neuroscience, 25(8), 2571–2579. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05477.x
98. Onton, J., Westerfield, M., Townsend, J., & Makeig, S. (2006). Imaging human EEG dynamics using independent component analysis. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Review, 30(6), 808–822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.007
99. Overbeek, T. J., Nieuwenhuis, S., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2005). Dissociable components of error processing: On the functional significance of the Pe vis-à-vis the ERN/Ne. Journal of Psychophysiology, 19(4), 319–329. https://doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.19.4.319
100. Palkovits, M., Zaborszky, L., Brownstein, M. J., Fekete, M. I., Herman, J. P., & Kanyicska, B. (1979). Distribution of norepinephrine and dopamine in cerebral cortical areas of the rat. Brain Research Bulletin, 4(5), 593–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(79)90099-6
101. Poldrack, R. A. (2011). Inferring mental states from neuroimaging data: From reverse inference to large-scale decoding. Neuron, 72(5), 692–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.11.001
102. Pontifex, M. B., Raine, L. B., Johnson, C. R., Chaddock, L., Voss, M. W., Cohen, N. J., … Hillman, C. H. (2011). Cardiorespiratory fitness and the flexible modulation of cognitive control in preadolescent children. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(6), 1332–1345. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21528
103. Purcell, B. A., & Kiani, R. (2016). Neural mechanisms of post-error adjustments of decision policy in parietal cortex. Neuron, 89(3), 658–671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.12.027
104. Rabbitt, P., & Rodgers, B. (1977). What does a man do after he makes an error—Analysis of response programming. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 29(Nov), 727–743. https://doi.org/10.1080/14640747708400645
105. Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2002). Micro- and macro-adjustments of task set: Activation and suppression in conflict tasks. Psychological Research, 66(4), 312–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-002-0104-7
106. Ridderinkhof, K. R., Ramautar, J. R., & Wijnen, J. G. (2009). To P(E) or not to P(E): A P3-like ERP component reflecting the processing of response errors. Psychophysiology, 46(3), 531–538. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00790.x
107. Ridderinkhof, K. R., Span, M. M., & van der Molen, M. W. (2002). Perseverative behavior and adaptive control in older adults: Performance monitoring, rule induction, and set shifting. Brain Cognition, 49(3), 382–401. https://doi.org/10.1006/brcg.2001.1506
108. Ridderinkhof, K. R., Ullsperger, M., Crone, E. A., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2004). The role of the medial frontal cortex in cognitive control. Science, 306(5695), 443–447. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1100301
109. Saper, C. B. (2002). The central autonomic nervous system: Conscious visceral perception and autonomic pattern generation. Annual Review Neuroscience, 25, 433–469. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.032502.111311
110. Sara, S. J., & Bouret, S. (2012). Orienting and reorienting: The locus coeruleus mediates cognition through arousal. Neuron, 76(1), 130–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.09.011
111. Schiffer, A. M., Krause, K. H., & Schubotz, R. I. (2014). Surprisingly correct: Unexpectedness of observed actions activates the medial prefrontal cortex. Human Brain Mapping, 35(4), 1615–1629. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22277
112. Schiffler, B. C., Bengtsson, S. L., & Lundqvist, D. (2017). The sustained influence of an error on future decision-making. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1077. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01077
113. Seeley, W. W., Menon, V., Schatzberg, A. F., Keller, J., Glover, G. H., Kenna, H., … Greicius, M. D. (2007). Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(9), 2349–2356. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5587-06.2007
114. Seifert, S., von Cramon, D. Y., Imperati, D., Tittgemeyer, M., & Ullsperger, M. (2011). Thalamocingulate interactions in performance monitoring. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(9), 3375–3383. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6242-10.2011
115. Sellaro, R., van Leusden, J. W., Tona, K. D., Verkuil, B., Nieuwenhuis, S., & Colzato, L. S. (2015). Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation enhances post-error slowing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 27(11), 2126–2132. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00851
116. Siegert, S., Herrojo Ruiz, M., Brucke, C., Huebl, J., Schneider, G. H., Ullsperger, M., & Kuhn, A. A. (2014). Error signals in the subthalamic nucleus are related to post-error slowing in patients with Parkinson's disease. Cortex, 60, 103–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2013.12.008
117. Sokolov, E. N. (1963). Higher nervous functions: The orienting reflex. Annual Review of Physiology, 25, 545–580. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.25.030163.002553
118. Sridharan, D., Levitin, D. J., & Menon, V. (2008). A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks. Proceedings of the Nationall Academy of Sciences U S A, 105(34), 12569–12574. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0800005105
119. Steinborn, M. B., Flehmig, H. C., Bratzke, D., & Schroter, H. (2012). Error reactivity in self-paced performance: Highly-accurate individuals exhibit largest post-error slowing. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65(4), 624–631. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2012.660962
120. Steinhauser, M., Ernst, B., & Ibald, K. W. (2017). Isolating component processes of posterror slowing with the psychological refractory period paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory Cognition, 43(4), 653–659. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000329
121. Stelmack, R. M., & Siddle, D. A. (1982). Pupillary dilation as an index of the orienting reflex. Psychophysiology, 19(6), 706–708. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02529.x
122. Strozyk, J. V., & Jentzsch, I. (2012). Weaker error signals do not reduce the effectiveness of post-error adjustments: Comparing error processing in young and middle-aged adults. Brain Research, 1460, 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2012.04.028
123. Swann, N., Poizner, H., Houser, M., Gould, S., Greenhouse, I., Cai, W., … Aron, A. R. (2011). Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus alters the cortical profile of response inhibition in the beta frequency band: A scalp EEG study in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(15), 5721–5729. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6135-10.2011
124. Swann, N. C., Cai, W., Conner, C. R., Pieters, T. A., Claffey, M. P., George, J. S., … Tandon, N. (2011). Roles for the pre-supplementary motor area and the right inferior frontal gyrus in stopping action: Electrophysiological responses and functional and structural connectivity. NeuroImage, 59(3), 2860–2870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.049
125. Talley, E. M., Rosin, D. L., Lee, A., Guyenet, P. G., & Lynch, K. R. (1996). Distribution of alpha 2A-adrenergic receptor-like immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 372(1), 111–134. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096–9861(19960812)372:1<111::AID-CNE8>3.0.CO;2–6
126. Taylor, S. F., Stern, E. R., & Gehring, W. J. (2007). Neural systems for error monitoring: Recent findings and theoretical perspectives. Neuroscientist, 13(2), 160–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858406298184
127. Ullsperger, M., Danielmeier, C., & Jocham, G. (2014). Neurophysiology of performance monitoring and adaptive behavior. Physiological Review, 94(1), 35–79. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00041.2012
128. Ullsperger, M., Harsay, H. A., Wessel, J. R., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2010). Conscious perception of errors and its relation to the anterior insula. Brain Structure & Function, 214(5–6), 629–643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-010-0261-1
129. Ullsperger, M., Nittono, H., & von Cramon, D. Y. (2007). When goals are missed: Dealing with self-generated and externally induced failure. NeuroImage, 35(3), 1356–1364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.01.026
130. Ullsperger, M., & Szymanowski, F. (2004). ERP correlates of error relevance. In M. Ullsperger & M. Falkenstein. Errors, conflicts, and the brain. current opinions on performance monitoring (pp. 171–177). Leipzig, Germany: MPI for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences.
131. Uno, T., & Grings, W. W. (1965). Autonomic components of orienting behavior. Psychophysiology, 1(4), 311–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1965.tb03263.x
132. van den Brink, R. L., Wynn, S. C., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2014). Post-error slowing as a consequence of disturbed low-frequency oscillatory phase entrainment. Journal of Neuroscience, 34(33), 11096–11105. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4991-13.2014
133. Van der Borght, L., Braem, S., Stevens, M., & Notebaert, W. (2016). Keep calm and be patient: The influence of anxiety and time on post-error adaptations. Acta Psychologica, 164, 34–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.12.007
134. van Veen, V., & Carter, C. S. (2006). Error detection, correction, and prevention in the brain: A brief review of data and theories. Clinical EEG Neuroscience, 37(4), 330–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/155005940603700411
135. Vogel, E. K., & Machizawa, M. G. (2004). Neural activity predicts individual differences in visual working memory capacity. Nature, 428(6984), 748–751. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02447
136. Wessel, J. R. (2012). Error awareness and the error-related negativity: Evaluating the first decade of evidence. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 88. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00088
137. Wessel, J. R. (2016a). A neural mechanism for surprise-related interruptions of visuospatial working memory. Cerebral Cortex. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhw367
138. Wessel, J. R. (2016b). Testing multiple psychological processes for common neural mechanisms using EEG and independent component analysis. Brain Topography. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-016-0483-5
139. Wessel, J. R. (2017). Perceptual surprise aids inhibitory motor control. Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception Performance, 43(9), 1585–1593. https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000452
140. Wessel, J. R. (2018). Prepotent motor activity and inhibitory control demands in different variants of the go/no-go paradigm. Psychophysiology, 55(3), e12871. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12871
141. Wessel, J. R., & Aron, A. R. (2013). Unexpected events induce motor slowing via a brain mechanism for action-stopping with global suppressive effects. Journal of Neuroscience, 33(47), 18481–18491. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3456-13.2013
142. Wessel, J. R., & Aron, A. R. (2015). It's not too late: The onset of the frontocentral P3 indexes successful response inhibition in the stop-signal paradigm. Psychophysiology, 52(4), 472–480. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12374
143. Wessel, J. R., & Aron, A. R. (2017). On the globality of motor suppression: Unexpected events and their influence on behavior and cognition. Neuron, 93(2), 259–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.12.013
144. Wessel, J. R., Conner, C. R., Aron, A. R., & Tandon, N. (2013). Chronometric electrical stimulation of right inferior frontal cortex increases motor braking. Journal of Neuroscience, 33(50), 19611–19619. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3468-13.2013
145. Wessel, J. R., Danielmeier, C., Morton, J. B., & Ullsperger, M. (2012). Surprise and error: Common neuronal architecture for the processing of errors and novelty. Journal of Neuroscience, 32(22), 7528–7537. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6352-11.2012
146. Wessel, J. R., Danielmeier, C., & Ullsperger, M. (2011). Error awareness revisited: Accumulation of multimodal evidence from central and autonomic nervous systems. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(10), 3021–3036. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2011.21635
147. Wessel, J. R., Ghahremani, A., Udupa, K., Saha, U., Kalia, S. K., Hodaie, M., … Chen, R. (2016). Stop-related subthalamic beta activity indexes global motor suppression in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders, 31(12), 1846–1853. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26732
148. Wessel, J. R., Jenkinson, N., Brittain, J. S., Voets, S. H., Aziz, T. Z., & Aron, A. R. (2016). Surprise disrupts cognition via a fronto-basal ganglia suppressive mechanism. Nature Communications, 7, 11195. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11195
149. Wessel, J. R., Klein, T. A., Ott, D. V., & Ullsperger, M. (2014). Lesions to the prefrontal performance-monitoring network disrupt neural processing and adaptive behaviors after both errors and novelty. Cortex, 50, 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2013.09.002
150. Wessel, J. R., Reynoso, H. S., & Aron, A. R. (2013). Saccade suppression exerts global effects on the motor system. Journal of Neurophysiology, 110(4), 883–890. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00229.2013
151. Wessel, J. R., Ullsperger, M., Obrig, H., Villringer, A., Quinque, E., Schroeter, M. L., … Klein, T. A. (2016). Neural synchrony indexes impaired motor slowing after errors and novelty following white matter damage. Neurobiological Aging, 38, 205–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.10.014
152. Westerhaus, M. J., & Loewy, A. D. (2001). Central representation of the sympathetic nervous system in the cerebral cortex. Brain Research, 903(1–2), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02453-2
153. Williams, L. M., Brammer, M. J., Skerrett, D., Lagopolous, J., Rennie, C., Kozek, K., … Gordon, E. (2000). The neural correlates of orienting: An integration of fMRI and skin conductance orienting. NeuroReport, 11(13), 3011–3015.
154. Yamaguchi, S., & Knight, R. T. (1991). Anterior and posterior association cortex contributions to the somatosensory P300. Journal of Neuroscience, 11(7), 2039–2054.
155. Yamaguchi, S., & Knight, R. T. (1992). Effects of temporal-parietal lesions on the somatosensory P3 to lower limb stimulation. Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology, 84(2), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-5597(92)90018-7
156. Zhang, Z. H., Dougherty, P. M., & Oppenheimer, S. M. (1998). Characterization of baroreceptor-related neurons in the monkey insular cortex. Brain Research, 796(1–2), 303–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00268-6