On the origin of modern humans: Asian perspectives

Science

Volumn 358, Issue 6368, 2017, Pages

  Bae, Christopher J ^a   Douka, Katerina ^b,c   Petraglia, Michael D ^b,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

^b Planck Institute for the Science of Human History ^*  (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^d DEPARTMENT OF PALEOBIOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARCHAEOLOGY; DISPERSAL; GENETIC ANALYSIS; HOMINID; INDIGENOUS POPULATION; NEANDERTHAL; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PALEONTOLOGY; PLEISTOCENE;

ASIAN; BIOGEOGRAPHY; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; HUMAN; PALEOANTHROPOLOGY; PALEONTOLOGY; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOUTHEAST ASIA; SPECIES EXTINCTION; SYMBOLISM; UPPER PLEISTOCENE; AFRICA; ASIA; EVOLUTION; FOSSIL; MIGRATION;

ASIA; EURASIA;

HOMO FLORESIENSIS; HOMO SAPIENS;

AFRICA; ASIA; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; FOSSILS; HUMAN MIGRATION; HUMANS;

EID: 85037608455     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: 10959203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.aai9067     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. W. W. Howells, Explaining modern man: Evolutionists versus migrationists. J. Hum. Evol. 5, 477–496 (1976). doi: 10.1016/0047-2484(76)90088-9
2. M. Cartmill, F. H. Smith, The Human Lineage (Wiley Blackwell, 2009).
3. I. Tattersall, The Strange Case Of The Rickety Cossak: And Other Cautionary Tales From Human Evolution (St. Martin’s Press, 2015).
4. J. Goodall, The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior (Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press, 1986).
5. J. J. Hublin et al., New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens. Nature 546, 289–292 (2017). doi: 10.1038/nature22336; pmid: 28593953
6. C. Stringer, J. Galway-Witham, Palaeoanthropology: On the origin of our species. Nature 546, 212–214 (2017). doi: 10.1038/546212a; pmid: 28593955
7. I. McDougall, F. H. Brown, J. G. Fleagle, Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia. Nature 433, 733–736 (2005). doi: 10.1038/nature03258; pmid: 15716951
8. T. D. White et al., Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 423, 742–747 (2003). doi: 10.1038/ nature01669; pmid: 12802332
9. R. L. Cann, M. Stoneking, A. C. Wilson, Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution. Nature 325, 31–36 (1987). doi: 10.1038/ 325031a0; pmid: 3025745
10. J. H. Relethford, L. B. Jorde, Genetic evidence for larger African population size during recent human evolution. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 108, 251–260 (1999). doi: 10.1002/ (SICI)1096-8644(199903)108:3<251:AID-AJPA1>3.0.CO;2-H; pmid: 10096677
11. M. Stoneking, J. Krause, Learning about human population history from ancient and modern genomes. Nat. Rev. Genet. 12, 603–614 (2011). doi: 10.1038/nrg3029; pmid: 21850041
12. D. Richter et al., The age of the hominin fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and the origins of the Middle Stone Age. Nature 546, 293–296 (2017). doi: 10.1038/nature22335; pmid: 28593967
13. S. Mcbrearty, A. S. Brooks, The revolution that wasn’t: A new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior. J. Hum. Evol. 39, 453–563 (2000). doi: 10.1006/jhev.2000.0435; pmid: 11102266
14. C. J. Bae, K. Douka, M. D. Petraglia, Human colonization of Asia in the Late Pleistocene: Introduction to Supplement 17. Curr. Anthropol. 58, S373–S382 (2017).
15. C. B. Stringer, P. Andrews, Genetic and fossil evidence for the origin of modern humans. Science 239, 1263–1268 (1988). doi: 10.1126/science.3125610; pmid: 3125610
16. M. Krings et al., Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans. Cell 90, 19–30 (1997). doi: 10.1016/ S0092-8674(00)80310-4; pmid: 9230299
17. S. Oppenheimer, Out of Eden: the Peopling of the World (Constable, 2003).
18. S. Oppenheimer, The great arc of dispersal of modern humans: Africa to Australia. Quat. Int. 202, 2–13 (2009). doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2008.05.015
19. V. Macaulay et al., Single, rapid coastal settlement of Asia revealed by analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes. Science 308, 1034–1036 (2005). doi: 10.1126/ science.1109792; pmid: 15890885
20. P. Mellars, Going east: New genetic and archaeological perspectives on the modern human colonization of Eurasia. Science 313, 796–800 (2006). doi: 10.1126/science.1128402 pmid: 16902130
21. R. G. Klein, Out of Africa and the evolution of human behavior. Evol. Anthropol. 17, 267–281 (2008). doi: 10.1002 evan.20181
22. A. Scally, R. Durbin, Revising the human mutation rate: Implications for understanding human evolution. Nat. Rev. Genet. 13, 745–753 (2012). doi: 10.1038/nrg3295; pmid: 22965354
23. A. S. Malaspinas et al., A genomic history of Aboriginal Australia. Nature 538, 207–214 (2016). doi: 10.1038/ nature18299; pmid: 27654914
24. S. Mallick et al., The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations. Nature 538, 201–206 (2016). doi: 10.1038/nature18964; pmid: 2765491
25. M. Mondal et al., Genomic analysis of Andamanese provide insights into ancient human migration into Asia and adaptation. Nat. Genet. 48, 1066–1070 (2016). doi: 10.1038 ng.3621; pmid: 27455350
26. S. Tucci, J. M. Akey, Population genetics: A map of human wanderlust. Nature 538, 179–180 (2016). doi: 10.1038/ nature19472; pmid: 27654916
27. M. Sikora, A genomic view of the Pleistocene population history of Asia. Curr. Anthropol. 58, S397–S405 (2017).
28. Y. Kaifu, M. Izuho, T. Goebel, “Modern human dispersal and behavior in paleolithic Asia: Summary and discussion,” in Emergence and Diversity of Modern Human Behavior in Paleolithic Asia, Y. Kaifu, M. Izuho, T. Goebel, H. Sato, A. Ono Eds. (Texas A&M Univ. Press, 2015), pp. 535–566.
29. M. D. Petraglia, M. Haslam, D. Q. Fuller, N. Boivin, C. Clarkson Out of Africa: New hypotheses and evidence for the dispersal of Homo sapiens along the Indian Ocean rim. Ann. Hum. Biol. 37, 288–311 (2010). doi: 10.3109/ 03014461003639249; pmid: 20334598
30. N. Boivin, D. Q. Fuller, R. Dennell, R. Allaby, M. D. Petraglia, Human dispersal across diverse environments of Asia durin the Upper Pleistocene. Quat. Int. 300, 32–47 (2013). doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.01.008
31. H. S. Groucutt et al., Rethinking the dispersal of Homo sapiens out of Africa. Evol. Anthropol. 24, 149–164 (2015). doi: 10.1002/evan.21455; pmid: 26267436
32. G. Shen et al., U-Series dating of Liujiang hominid site in Guangxi, Southern China. J. Hum. Evol. 43, 817–829 (2002 doi: 10.1006/jhev.2002.0601; pmid: 12473485
33. M. Petraglia et al., Middle Paleolithic assemblages from the Indian subcontinent before and after the Toba supereruption. Science 317, 114–116 (2007). doi: 10.1126/ science.1141564; pmid: 17615356
34. C. J. Norton, J. Jin, The evolution of modern human behavio in East Asia: Current perspectives. Evol. Anthropol. 18, 247–260 (2009). doi: 10.1002/evan.20235
35. W. Liu, X. Wu, S. Pei, X. Wu, C. J. Norton, Huanglong Cave: A Late Pleistocene human fossil site in Hubei Province, China. Quat. Int. 211, 29–41 (2010). doi: 10.1016/ j.quaint.2009.06.017
36. W. Liu et al., Human remains from Zhirendong, South Chin and modern human emergence in East Asia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 19201–19206 (2010). doi: 10.1073/ pnas.1014386107; pmid: 20974952
37. W. Liu et al., The earliest unequivocally modern humans in southern China. Nature 526, 696–699 (2015). doi: 10.1038 nature15696; pmid: 26466566
38. A. S. Mijares et al., New evidence for a 67,000-year-old human presence at Callao Cave, Luzon, Philippines. J. Hum. Evol. 59, 123–132 (2010). doi: 10.1016/ j.jhevol.2010.04.008; pmid: 20569967
39. F. Demeter et al., Anatomically modern human in Southeas Asia (Laos) by 46 ka. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 14375–14380 (2012). doi: 10.1073/pnas.1208104109; pmid: 22908291
40. C. J. Bae et al., Modern human teeth from Late Pleistocene Luna cave (Guangxi, China). Quat. Int. 354, 169–183 (2014). doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2014.06.051
41. V. Michel et al., The earliest modern Homo sapiens in China? J. Hum. Evol. 101, 101–104 (2016). doi: 10.1016/ j.jhevol.2016.07.008; pmid: 27586079
42. K. E. Westaway et al., An early modern human presence in Sumatra 73,000–63,000 years ago. Nature 548, 322–325 (2017). doi: 10.1038/nature23452; pmid: 28792933
43. L. Pagani et al., Genomic analyses inform on migration events during the peopling of Eurasia. Nature 538, 238–242 (2016). doi: 10.1038/nature19792; pmid: 27654910
44. A. Beyin, The Bab al Mandab vs the Nile-Levant: An appraisal of the two dispersal routes for Early Modern Humans out of Africa. Afr. Archaeol. Rev. 23, 5–30 (2006). doi: 10.1007/ s10437-006-9005-2
45. J. J. Shea, Transitions or turnovers? Climatically-forced extinctions of Homo sapiens and Neanderthals in the East Mediterranean Levant. Quat. Sci. Rev. 27, 2253–2270 (2008). doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.08.015
46. R. Dennell, M. D. Petraglia, The dispersal of Homo sapiens across southern Asia: How early, how often, how complex? Quat. Sci. Rev. 47, 15–22 (2012). doi: 10.1016/ j.quascirev.2012.05.002
47. K. Lambeck et al., Sea level and shoreline reconstructions for the Red Sea: Isostatic and tectonic considerations and implications for hominin migration out of Africa. Quat. Sci. Rev. 30, 3542–3574 (2011). doi: 10.1016/ j.quascirev.2011.08.008
48. O. Bar-Yosef, A. Belfer-Cohen, Following Pleistocene road signs of human dispersals across Eurasia. Quat. Int. 285, 30–43 (2013). doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2011.07.043
49. P. S. Breeze et al., Palaeohydrological corridors for hominin dispersals in the Middle East ~250-70,000 years ago. Quat. Sci. Rev. 144, 155–185 (2016). doi: 10.1016/ j.quascirev.2016.05.012
50. R. Grün, C. B. Stringer, Electron spin resonance dating and the evolution of modern humans. Archaeometry 33, 153–199 (1991). doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4754.1991.tb00696.x
51. R. Grün et al., U-series and ESR analyses of bones and teeth relating to the human burials from Skhul. J. Hum. Evol. 49, 316–334 (2005). doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.04.006; pmid: 15970310
52. I. Hershkovitz et al., Levantine cranium from Manot Cave (Israel) foreshadows the first European modern humans. Nature 520, 216–219 (2015). doi: 10.1038/nature14134; pmid: 25629628
53. M. Lahr, R. Foley, Multiple dispersals and modern human origins. Evol. Anthropol. 3, 48–60 (1994). doi: 10.1002/ evan.1360030206
54. J. M. Erlandson, T. J. Braje, Coasting out of Africa: The potential of mangrove forests and marine habitats to facilitate human coastal expansion via the Southern Dispersal Route. Quat. Int. 382, 31–41 (2015). doi: 10.1016/ j.quaint.2015.03.046
55. P. Mellars, “Some key issues in the emergence and diversity of ‘modern’ human behavior,” in Emergence and Diversity of Modern Human Behavior in Paleolithic Asia, Y. Kaifu, M. Izuho, T. Goebel, H. Sato, A. Ono, Eds. (Texas A&M Univ. Press, 2015), pp. 3–22.
56. T. Higham et al., The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance. Nature 512, 306–309 (2014). doi: 10.1038/nature13621; pmid: 25143113
57. A. Timmermann, T. Friedrich, Late Pleistocene climate drivers of early human migration. Nature 538, 92–95 (2016). doi: 10.1038/nature19365; pmid: 27654920
58. T. Higham et al., The earliest evidence for anatomically modern humans in northwestern Europe. Nature 479, 521–524 (2011). doi: 10.1038/nature10484; pmid: 22048314
59. S. Benazzi et al., Early dispersal of modern humans in Europe and implications for Neanderthal behaviour. Nature 479, 525–528 (2011). doi: 10.1038/nature10617; pmid: 22048311
60. I. Davidson, W. Noble, Why the first colonization of the Australian region is the earliest evidence of modern human behavior. Archaeol. Ocean. 27, 135–142 (1992). doi: 10.1002/ j.1834-4453.1992.tb00297.x
61. J. Allen, J. F. O’Connell, Both half right: Updating the evidence for dating first human arrivals in Sahul. Aust. Archaeol. 79, 86–108 (2014). doi: 10.1080/ 03122417.2014.11682025
62. C. Clarkson et al., The archaeology, chronology and stratigraphy of Madjedbebe (Malakunanja II): A site in northern Australia with early occupation. J. Hum. Evol. 83, 46–64 (2015). doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.03.014; pmid: 25957653
63. C. Clarkson et al., Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago. Nature 547, 306–310 (2017). doi: 10.1038/nature22968; pmid: 28726833
64. G. R. Summerhayes et al., Human adaptation and plant use in highland New Guinea 49,000 to 44,000 years ago. Science 330, 78–81 (2010). doi: 10.1126/science.1193130; pmid: 20929808
65. C. J. Norton, Y. Kondo, A. Ono, Y. Q. Zhang, M. Diab, The nature of megafaunal extinctions during the MIS 3-2 transition in Japan. Quat. Int. 211, 113–122 (2010). doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2009.05.002
66. C. J. Bae, Late Pleistocene human evolution in eastern Asia: Behavioral perspectives. Curr. Anthropol. 58, S514–S526 (2017).
67. Y. Nakazawa, On the Pleistocene population history in the Japanese Archipelago. Curr. Anthropol. 58, S539–S552 (2017).
68. T. Goebel, M. R. Waters, D. H. O’Rourke, The late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas. Science 319, 1497–1502 (2008). doi: 10.1126/science.1153569; pmid: 18339930
69. K. E. Graf, I. Buvit, Human dispersal from Siberia to Beringia: Assessing Beringian Standstill in light of the archaeological evidence. Curr. Anthropol. 58, S583–S603 (2017).
70. Q. Fu et al., Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia. Nature 514, 445–449 (2014). doi: 10.1038/nature13810; pmid: 25341783
71. V. Pitulko, E. Pavlova, P. Nikolskiy, Revising the archaeological record of the Upper Pleistocene Arctic Siberia: Human dispersal and adaptations in MIS 3 and 2. Quat. Sci. Rev. 165, 127–148 (2017). doi: 10.1016/ j.quascirev.2017.04.004
72. R. E. Green et al., A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome. Science 328, 710–722 (2010). doi: 10.1126/ science.1188021; pmid: 20448178
73. K. Prüfer et al., The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains. Nature 505, 43–49 (2014). doi: 10.1038/nature12886; pmid: 24352235
74. C. Posth et al., Deeply divergent archaic mitochondrial genome provides lower time boundary for African gene flow into Neanderthals. Nat. Commun. 8, 16046 (2017). doi: 10.1038/ncomms16046; pmid: 28675384
75. Q. Fu et al., An early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor. Nature 524, 216–219 (2015). doi: 10.1038/nature14558; pmid: 26098372
76. J. Krause et al., Neanderthals in central Asia and Siberia. Nature 449, 902–904 (2007). doi: 10.1038/nature06193; pmid: 17914357
77. D. Reich et al., Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature 468, 1053–1060 (2010). doi: 10.1038/nature09710; pmid: 21179161
78. S. Sawyer et al., Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences from two Denisovan individuals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, 15696–15700 (2015). pmid: 26630009
79. V. Slon et al., A fourth Denisovan individual. Sci. Adv. 3, e1700186 (2017). doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1700186; pmid: 28695206
80. D. Reich et al., Denisova admixture and the first modern human dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 89, 516–528 (2011). doi: 10.1016/ j.ajhg.2011.09.005; pmid: 21944045
81. B. Vernot et al., Excavating Neandertal and Denisovan DNA from the genomes of Melanesian individuals. Science 352, 235–239 (2016). doi: 10.1126/science.aad9416; pmid: 26989198
82. M. Kuhlwilm et al., Ancient gene flow from early modern humans into Eastern Neanderthals. Nature 530, 429–433 (2016). doi: 10.1038/nature16544; pmid: 26886800
83. R. R. Ackermann, J. Rogers, J. M. Cheverud, Identifying the morphological signatures of hybridization in primate and human evolution. J. Hum. Evol. 51, 632–645 (2006). doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.07.009; pmid: 16962160
84. E. Trinkaus, Early modern humans. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 34, 207–230 (2005). doi: 10.1146/annurev. anthro.34.030905.154913
85. E. Trinkaus et al., An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 11231–11236 (2003). doi: 10.1073/pnas.2035108100; pmid: 14504393
86. M. Martinón-Torres, X. Wu, J. M. B. de Castro, S. Xiang, W. Liu, Homo sapiens in the eastern Asian Late Pleistocene. Curr. Anthropol. 58, S434–S448 (2017).
87. C. S. Henshilwood, C. W. Marean, The origin of modern human behavior. Curr. Anthropol. 44, 627–651 (2003). doi: 10.1086/377665; pmid: 14971366
88. H. V. A. James, M. D. Petraglia, Modern human origins and the evolution of behavior in the later Pleistocene record of South Asia. Curr. Anthropol. 46, S3–S27 (2005). doi: 10.1086/444365
89. P. J. Habgood, N. R. Franklin, The revolution that didn’t arrive: A review of Pleistocene Sahul. J. Hum. Evol. 55, 187–222 (2008). doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.11.006; pmid: 18485448
90. J. J. Shea, Homo sapiens is as Homo sapiens was. Curr. Anthropol. 52, 1–35 (2011). doi: 10.1086/658067; pmid: 21216399
91. J. Zilhão et al., Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 1023–1028 (2010). doi: 10.1073/pnas.0914088107; pmid: 20080653
92. F. Caron, F. d’Errico, P. Del Moral, F. Santos, J. Zilhão, The reality of Neandertal symbolic behavior at the Grotte du Renne, Arcy-sur-Cure, France. PLOS ONE 6, e21545 (2011). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021545; pmid: 21738702
93. F. d’Errico, C. B. Stringer, Evolution, revolution or saltation scenario for the emergence of modern cultures? Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 366, 1060–1069 (2011). doi: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0340; pmid: 21357228
94. C. J. Bae, K. D. Bae, The nature of the Early to Late Paleolithic transition in Korea: Current perspectives. Quat. Int. 281, 26–35 (2012). doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2011.08.044
95. J. Blinkhorn, M. D. Petraglia, Environments and cultural change in the Indian Subcontinent: Implications for the dispersal of Homo sapiens in the Late Pleistocene. Curr. Anthropol. 58, S463–S479 (2017).
96. H. Watanabe, The chopper-chopping tool complex of Eastern Asia: An ethnoarchaeological-ecological reexamination. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 4, 1–18 (1985). doi: 10.1016/ 0278-4165(85)90011-X
97. G. Barker et al., The ‘human revolution’ in lowland tropical Southeast Asia: The antiquity and behavior of anatomically modern humans at Niah Cave (Sarawak, Borneo). J. Hum. Evol. 52, 243–261 (2007). doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.08.011; pmid: 17161859
98. O. Bar-Yosef, M. I. Eren, J. Yuan, D. J. Cohen, Y. Li, Were bamboo tools made in prehistoric Southeast Asia? An experimental view from South China. Quat. Int. 269, 9–21 (2012). doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2011.03.026
99. M. Aubert et al., Pleistocene cave art from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Nature 514, 223–227 (2014). doi: 10.1038/ nature13422; pmid: 25297435
100. S. O’Connor, R. Ono, C. Clarkson, Pelagic fishing at 42,000 years before the present and the maritime skills of modern humans. Science 334, 1117–1121 (2011). doi: 10.1126/ science.1207703; pmid: 22116883
101. P. J. Brantingham, A. I. Krivoshapkin, L. Jinzeng, Y. A. Tserendagva, The initial upper Paleolithic in northeast Asia. Curr. Anthropol. 42, 735–747 (2001). doi: 10.1086/ 323817
102. A. P. Derevianko, E. P. Rybin, The earliest representations of symbolic behavior by Paleolithic humans in the Altai Mountains. Archaeol. Ethnol. Anthropol. Eurasia 15, 27–50 (2003).
103. M. Aldenderfer, Z. Yinong, The prehistory of the Tibetan Plateau to the seventh century AD: Perspectives and research from China and the West since 1950. J. World Prehist. 18, 1–55 (2004). doi: 10.1023/B:JOWO.0000038657.79035.9e
104. E. Trinkaus, H. Shang, Anatomical evidence for the antiquity of human footwear: Tianyuan and Sunghir. J. Archaeol. Sci. 35, 1928–1933 (2008). doi: 10.1016/ j.jas.2007.12.002
105. M. R. Rampino, S. Self, Volcanic winter and accelerated glaciation following the Toba super-eruption. Nature 359, 50–52 (1992). doi: 10.1038/359050a0
106. M. A. J. Williams et al., Environmental impact of the 73ka Toba super-eruption in South Asia. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 284, 295–314 (2009). doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.10.009
107. S. H. Ambrose, Late Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and differentiation of modern humans. J. Hum. Evol. 34, 623–651 (1998). doi: 10.1006/ jhev.1998.0219; pmid: 9650103
108. M. D. Petraglia, P. Ditchfield, S. Jones, R. Korisettar, J. N. Pal, The Toba volcanic super-eruption, environmental change, and hominin occupation history in India over the last 140,000 years. Quat. Int. 258, 119–134 (2012). doi: 10.1016/ j.quaint.2011.07.042
109. C. S. Lane, B. T. Chorn, T. C. Johnson, Ash from the Toba supereruption in Lake Malawi shows no volcanic winter in East Africa at 75 ka. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110, 8025–8029 (2013). doi: 10.1073/pnas.1301474110; pmid: 23630269
110. M. D. Petraglia et al., Middle Paleolithic occupation on a marine isotope stage 5 lakeshore in the Nefud Desert, Saudi Arabia. Quat. Sci. Rev. 30, 1555–1559 (2011). doi: 10.1016/ j.quascirev.2011.04.006
111. J. I. Rose et al., The Nubian Complex of Dhofar, Oman: An African middle stone age industry in Southern Arabia. PLOS ONE 6, e28239 (2011). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028239; pmid: 22140561
112. S. J. Armitage et al., The southern route “out of Africa”: Evidence for an early expansion of modern humans into Arabia. Science 331, 453–456 (2011). doi: 10.1126/ science.1199113; pmid: 21273486
113. A. P. Derevianko, M. V. Shunkov, Eds., Characteristic Features of the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic Transition in Eurasia (Publishing Department of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2011).
114. F. H. Smith, J. C. M. Ahern, I. Janković, I. Karavanić, The Assimilation Model of modern human origins in light of current genetic and genomic knowledge. Quat. Int., 450, 126–136 (2017).
115. A. Buzhilova, A. Derevianko, M. Shunkov, The Northern Dispersal Route: Bioarchaeological data from the Late Pleistocene of Altai, Siberia. Curr. Anthropol. 58, S491–S503 (2017).
116. A. V. Zubova, T. A. Chikisheva, M. V. Shunkov, The morphology of permanent molars from the Paleolithic layers of Denisova Cave. Archaeol. Ethnol. Anthropol. Eurasia 45, 121–134 (2017). doi: 10.17746/ 1563-0110.2017.45.1.121-134
117. S. Brown et al., Identification of a new hominin bone from Denisova Cave, Siberia using collagen fingerprinting and mitochondrial DNA analysis. Sci. Rep. 6, 23559 (2016). doi: 10.1038/srep23559; pmid: 27020421