First-principle calculation study of tri-s-triazine-based g-C3N4: A review

Applied Catalysis B: Environmental

Volumn 224, Issue , 2018, Pages 983-999

  Zhu, Bicheng ^a   Zhang, Liuyang ^a   Cheng, Bei ^a   Yu, Jiaguo ^a,b  

^a WUHAN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (China)

^b KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

Author keywords

Density functional theory; Electronic property; g C3N4; Photocatalysis

Indexed keywords

CARBON; CRYSTAL ATOMIC STRUCTURE; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE ABSORPTION; ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES; LIGHT ABSORPTION; PHOTOCATALYSIS; PHOTOCATALYSTS; POLYOLS; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL); THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES;

EFFECTIVE APPROACHES; EXPERIMENTAL METHODS; FIRST PRINCIPLE CALCULATIONS; G-C3N4; GRAPHITIC CARBON NITRIDES; LAYERED POROUS STRUCTURE; PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITIES; VISIBLE LIGHT ABSORPTION;

DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY;

EID: 85034667945     PISSN: 09263373     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.11.025     Document Type: Review

References (183)

1. Liu, A.Y., Cohen, M.L., Prediction of new low compressibility solids. Science 245 (1989), 841–842.
2. Corkill, J.L., Cohen, M.L., Calculated quasiparticle band gap of β-C3N4. Phys. Rev. B 48 (1993), 17622–17624.
3. Liu, A.Y., Wentzcovitch, R.M., Stability of carbon nitride solids. Phys. Rev. B 50 (1994), 10362–10365.
4. Teter, D.M., Hemley, R.J., Low-compressibility carbon nitrides. Science 271 (1996), 53–55.
5. Alves, I., Demazeau, G., Tanguy, B., Weill, F., On a new model of the graphitic form of C3N4. Solid State Commun. 109 (1999), 697–701.
6. Matar, S.F., Mattesini, M., Ab initio search of carbon nitrides isoelectronic with diamond, likely to lead to new ultra hard materials. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sci.—Ser. IIC—Chem. 4 (2001), 255–272.
7. Komatsu, T., Prototype carbon nitrides similar to the symmetric triangular form of melon. J. Mater. Chem. 11 (2001), 802–805.
8. Xu, Y., Gao, S., Band gap of C3N4 in the GW approximation. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 37 (2012), 11072–11080.
9. Kroke, E., Schwarz, M., Horath-Bordon, E., Kroll, P., Noll, B., Norman, A.D., Tri-s-triazine derivatives. Part I. From trichloro-tri-s-triazine to graphitic C3N4 structures. New J. Chem. 26 (2002), 508–512.
10. Wang, X., Maeda, K., Thomas, A., Takanabe, K., Xin, G., Carlsson, J.M., Domen, K., Antonietti, M., A metal-free polymeric photocatalyst for hydrogen production from water under visible light. Nat. Mater. 8 (2009), 76–80.
11. Li, Y., Yang, L., Dong, G., Ho, W., Mechanism of NO photocatalytic oxidation on g-C3N4 was changed by Pd-QDs modification. Molecules, 21, 2015, 36.
12. Li, H., Wu, X., Yin, S., Katsumata, K., Wang, Y., Effect of rutile TiO2 on the photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4/brookite-TiO2-xNy photocatalyst for NO decomposition. Appl. Surf. Sci. 392 (2017), 531–539.
13. Singh, J.A., Overbury, S.H., Dudney, N.J., Li, M., Veith, G.M., Gold nanoparticles supported on carbon nitride: influence of surface hydroxyls on low temperature carbon monoxide oxidation. ACS Catal. 2 (2012), 1138–1146.
14. Lu, C., Chen, R., Wu, X., Fan, M., Liu, Y., Le, Z., Jiang, S., Song, S., Boron doped g-C3N4 with enhanced photocatalytic UO22+ reduction performance. Appl. Surf. Sci. 360 (2016), 1016–1022.
15. Zhou, L., Wang, L., Lei, J., Liu, Y., Zhang, J., Fabrication of TiO2/Co-g-C3N4 heterojunction catalyst and its photocatalytic performance. Catal. Commun. 89 (2017), 125–128.
16. Aleksandrzak, M., Kukulka, W., Mijowska, E., Graphitic carbon nitride/graphene oxide/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for photoluminescence and photocatalysis. Appl. Surf. Sci. 398 (2017), 56–62.
17. Lam, S., Sin, J., Mohamed, A.R., A review on photocatalytic application of g-C3N4/semiconductor (CNS) nanocomposites towards the erasure of dyeing wastewater. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 47 (2016), 62–84.
18. Yu, T., Liu, L., Yang, F., Heterojunction between anodic TiO2/g-C3N4 and cathodic WO3/W nano-catalysts for coupled pollutant removal in a self-biased system. Chin. J. Catal. 38 (2017), 270–277.
19. Xu, Q., Jiang, C., Cheng, B., Yu, J., Enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H2-generation activity of carbon/g-C3N4 nanocomposites prepared by two-step thermal treatment. Dalton Trans. 46 (2017), 10611–10619.
20. Iqbal, W., Qiu, B., Lei, J., Wang, L., Zhang, J., Anpo, M., One-step large-scale highly active g-C3N4 nanosheets for efficient sunlight-driven photocatalytic hydrogen production. Dalton Trans. 46 (2017), 10678–10684.
21. Li, K., Su, F., Zhang, W., Modification of g-C3N4 nanosheets by carbon quantum dots for highly efficient photocatalytic generation of hydrogen. Appl. Surf. Sci. 375 (2016), 110–117.
22. Ye, S., Wang, R., Wu, M., Yuan, Y., A review on g-C3N4 for photocatalytic water splitting and CO2 reduction. Appl. Surf. Sci. 358 (2015), 15–27.
23. Liu, S., Chen, F., Li, S., Peng, X., Xiong, Y., Enhanced photocatalytic conversion of greenhouse gas CO2 into solar fuels over g-C3N4 nanotubes with decorated transparent ZIF-8 nanoclusters. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 211 (2017), 1–10.
24. Li, H., Gao, Y., Wu, X., Lee, P., Shih, K., Fabrication of heterostructured g-C3N4/Ag-TiO2 hybrid photocatalyst with enhanced performance in photocatalytic conversion of CO2 under simulated sunlight irradiation. Appl. Surf. Sci. 402 (2017), 198–207.
25. Cao, S., Yu, J., g-C3N4-based photocatalysts for hydrogen generation. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5 (2014), 2101–2107.
26. Li, H., Wang, L., Liu, Y., Lei, J., Zhang, J., Mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride materials: synthesis and modifications. Res. Chem. Intermed. 42 (2015), 3979–3998.
27. Fan, Q., Liu, J., Yu, Y., Zuo, S., Li, B., A simple fabrication for sulfur doped graphitic carbon nitride porous rods with excellent photocatalytic activity degrading RhB dye. Appl. Surf. Sci. 391 (2017), 360–368.
28. Sagara, N., Kamimura, S., Tsubota, T., Ohno, T., Photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction by a p-type boron-doped g-C3N4 electrode under visible light. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 192 (2016), 193–198.
29. Chen, P., Li, K., Yu, Y., Zhang, W., Cobalt-doped graphitic carbon nitride photocatalysts with high activity for hydrogen evolution. Appl. Surf. Sci. 392 (2017), 608–615.
30. Xiang, Q., Yu, J., Jaroniec, M., Preparation and enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H2-production activity of graphene/C3N4 composites. J. Phys. Chem. C 115 (2011), 7355–7363.
31. Cheng, F., Yin, H., Xiang, Q., Low-temperature solid-state preparation of ternary CdS/g-C3N4/CuS nanocomposites for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H2-production activity. Appl. Surf. Sci. 391 (2017), 432–439.
32. Yu, J., Wang, S., Cheng, B., Lin, Z., Huang, F., Noble metal-free Ni(OH)2-g-C3N4 composite photocatalyst with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H2-production activity. Catal. Sci. Technol. 3 (2013), 1782–1789.
33. Zhu, Z., Tang, X., Ma, C., Song, M., Gao, N., Wang, Y., Huo, P., Lu, Z., Yan, Y., Fabrication of conductive and high-dispersed Ppy@Ag/g-C3N4 composite photocatalysts for removing various pollutants in water. Appl. Surf. Sci. 387 (2016), 366–374.
34. Yu, J., Wang, K., Xiao, W., Cheng, B., Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 into hydrocarbon solar fuels over g-C3N4-Pt nanocomposite photocatalysts. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16 (2014), 11492–11501.
35. Lei, J., Chen, Y., Wang, L., Liu, Y., Zhang, J., Highly condensed g-C3N4-modified TiO2 catalysts with enhanced photodegradation performance toward acid orange 7. J. Mater. Sci. 50 (2015), 3467–3476.
36. Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., Lu, L., Si, Y., Zhang, S., Chen, Y., Dai, K., Duan, P., Duan, L., Liu, J., Graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet for photocatalytic hydrogen production: the impact of morphology and element composition. Appl. Surf. Sci. 391 (2017), 369–375.
37. Chen, D., Yang, J., Ding, H., Synthesis of nanoporous carbon nitride using calcium carbonate as templates with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity. Appl. Surf. Sci. 391 (2017), 384–391.
38. Zuo, H., Lu, C., Ren, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, W., Pt4 clusters supported on monolayer graphitic carbon nitride sheets for oxygen adsorption: a first-principles study. Acta Phys.—Chim. Sin. 32 (2016), 1183–1190.
39. Zhang, X., Zhao, M., Wang, A., Wang, X., Du, A., Spin-polarization and ferromagnetism of graphitic carbon nitride materials. J. Mater. Chem. C 1 (2013), 6265–6270.
40. Zhu, B., Zhang, J., Jiang, C., Cheng, B., Yu, J., First principle investigation of halogen-doped monolayer g-C3N4 photocatalyst. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 207 (2017), 27–34.
41. Tong, T., Zhu, B., Jiang, C., Cheng, B., Yu, J., Mechanistic insight into the enhanced photocatalytic activity of single-atom Pt, Pd or Au-embedded g-C3N4. Appl. Surf. Sci. 433 (2018), 1175–1183.
42. Ma, X., Lv, Y., Xu, J., Liu, Y., Zhang, R., Zhu, Y., A strategy of enhancing the photoactivity of g-C3N4 via doping of nonmetal elements: a first-principles study. J. Phys. Chem. C 116 (2012), 23485–23493.
43. Zhu, B., Xia, P., Li, Y., Ho, W., Yu, J., Fabrication and photocatalytic activity enhanced mechanism of direct Z-scheme g-C3N4/Ag2WO4 photocatalyst. Appl. Surf. Sci. 391 (2017), 175–183.
44. Li, H., Zhou, L., Wang, L., Liu, Y., Lei, J., Zhang, J., In situ growth of TiO2 nanocrystals on g-C3N4 for enhanced photocatalytic performance. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17 (2015), 17406–17412.
45. He, Q., Zhou, F., Zhan, S., Yang, Y., Liu, Y., Tian, Y., Huang, N., Enhancement of photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic activity of Ag modified Mpg-C3N4 composites. Appl. Surf. Sci. 391 (2017), 423–431.
46. Zhang, J., Zhou, P., Liu, J., Yu, J., New understanding of the difference of photocatalytic activity among anatase, rutile and brookite TiO2. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16 (2014), 20382–20386.
47. Yu, W., Zhang, J., Peng, T., New insight into the enhanced photocatalytic activity of N-, C- and S-doped ZnO photocatalysts. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 181 (2016), 220–227.
48. Dong, M., Zhou, P., Jiang, C., Cheng, B., Yu, J., First-principles investigation of Cu-doped ZnS with enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production activity. Chem. Phys. Lett. 668 (2017), 1–6.
49. Zhang, J., Wageh, S., Al-Ghamdi, A., Yu, J., New understanding on the different photocatalytic activity of wurtzite and zinc-blende CdS. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 192 (2016), 101–107.
50. Fu, J., Zhu, B., You, W., Jaroniec, M., Yu, J., A flexible bio-inspired H2-production photocatalyst. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 220 (2018), 148–160.
51. Cui, J., Liang, S., Wang, X., Zhang, J., First principle modeling of oxygen-doped monolayer graphitic carbon nitride. Mater. Chem. Phys. 161 (2015), 194–200.
52. Ruan, L., Xu, G., Gu, L., Li, C., Zhu, Y., Lu, Y., The physical properties of Li-doped g-C3N4 monolayer sheet investigated by the first-principles. Mater. Res. Bull. 66 (2015), 156–162.
53. Liu, J., Cheng, B., Yu, J., A new understanding of the photocatalytic mechanism of the direct Z-scheme g-C3N4/TiO2 heterostructure. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18 (2016), 31175–31183.
54. Zhang, H., Zhu, Y.F., Zhao, M., Interface charge transfer and enhanced visible light response of graphene/anatase TiO2 (110) systems with and without oxygen vacancy: a DFT + U calculation. Appl. Surf. Sci. 420 (2017), 105–109.
55. Zhu, L., Ma, X., Liu, N., Xu, G., Huang, C., Band structure modulation and carrier transport process of g-C3N4 doped with alkali metals. Acta Phys.—Chim. Sin. 32 (2016), 2488–2494.
56. Di, T., Zhu, B., Cheng, B., Yu, J., Xu, J., A direct Z-scheme g-C3N4/SnS2 photocatalyst with superior visible-light CO2 reduction performance. J. Catal. 352 (2017), 532–541.
57. Ding, K., Wen, L., Huang, M., Zhang, Y., Lu, Y., Chen, Z., How does the B,F-monodoping and B/F-codoping affect the photocatalytic water-splitting performance of g-C3N4?. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18 (2016), 19217–19226.
58. Zhang, J., Ren, F., Deng, M., Wang, Y., Enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity of a g-C3N4/BiVO4 nanocomposite: a first-principles study. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17 (2015), 10218–10226.
59. Sun, L., Qi, Y., Jia, C.J., Jin, Z., Fan, W., Enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4/Zn2GeO4 heterojunctions with effective interfaces based on band match. Nanoscale 6 (2014), 2649–2659.
60. Liu, J., Effect of phosphorus doping on electronic structure and photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4: insights from hybrid density functional calculation. J. Alloys Compd. 672 (2016), 271–276.
61. Wei, S., Wang, F., Dan, M., Zeng, K., Zhou, Y., The role of high oxygen vacancy concentration on modification of surface properties and H2S adsorption on the rutile TiO2 (110). Appl. Surf. Sci. 422 (2017), 990–996.
62. Lu, S., Li, C., Li, H.H., Zhao, Y.F., Gong, Y.Y., Niu, L.Y., Liu, X.J., Wang, T., The effects of nonmetal dopants on the electronic, optical and chemical performances of monolayer g-C3N4 by first-principles study. Appl. Surf. Sci. 392 (2017), 966–974.
63. Xu, J., Wang, G., Fan, J., Liu, B., Cao, S., Yu, J., g-C3N4 modified TiO2 nanosheets with enhanced photoelectric conversion efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Power Sources 274 (2015), 77–84.
64. Hao, Q., Hao, S., Niu, X., Li, X., Chen, D., Ding, H., Enhanced photochemical oxidation ability of carbon nitride by π-π stacking interactions with graphene. Chin. J. Catal. 38 (2017), 278–286.
65. Ruan, L., Zhu, Y., Qiu, L., Yuan, Y., Lu, Y., First principles calculations of the pressure affection to g-C3N4. Comput. Mater. Sci. 91 (2014), 258–265.
66. Zhu, B., Xia, P., Ho, W., Yu, J., Isoelectric point and adsorption activity of porous g-C3N4. Appl. Surf. Sci. 344 (2015), 188–195.
67. Dong, F., Sun, Y., Wu, L., Fu, M., Wu, Z., Facile transformation of low cost thiourea into nitrogen-rich graphitic carbon nitride nanocatalyst with high visible light photocatalytic performance. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2 (2012), 1332–1335.
68. Zhang, Y., Liu, J., Wu, G., Chen, W., Porous graphitic carbon nitride synthesized via direct polymerization of urea for efficient sunlight-driven photocatalytic hydrogen production. Nanoscale 4 (2012), 5300–5303.
69. Mao, J., Peng, T., Zhang, X., Li, K., Ye, L., Zan, L., Effect of graphitic carbon nitride microstructures on the activity and selectivity of photocatalytic CO2 reduction under visible light. Catal. Sci. Technol. 3 (2013), 1253–1260.
70. Zhang, W., Zhao, Z., Dong, F., Zhang, Y., Solvent-assisted synthesis of porous g-C3N4 with efficient visible-light photocatalytic performance for NO removal. Chin. J. Catal. 38 (2017), 372–378.
71. Iqbal, W., Dong, C., Xing, M., Tan, X., Zhang, J., Eco-friendly one-pot synthesis of well-adorned mesoporous g-C3N4 with efficiently enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity. Catal. Sci. Technol. 7 (2017), 1726–1734.
72. Iqbal, W., Wang, L., Tan, X., Zhang, J., One-step in situ green template mediated porous graphitic carbon nitride for efficient visible light photocatalytic activity. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 5 (2017), 3500–3507.
73. Shi, A., Li, H., Yin, S., Liu, B., Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Effect of conjugation degree and delocalized π-system on the photocatalytic activity of single layer g-C3N4. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 218 (2017), 137–146.
74. Li, S., Wang, Z., Wang, X., Sun, F., Gao, K., Hao, N., Zhang, Z., Ma, Z., Li, H., Huang, X., Huang, W., Orientation controlled preparation of nanoporous carbon nitride fibers and related composite for gas sensing under ambient conditions. Nano Res. 10 (2017), 1710–1719.
75. Liu, J., Cao, G., Yang, Z., Wang, D., Dubois, D., Zhou, X., Graff, G.L., Pederson, L.R., Zhang, J., Oriented nanostructures for energy conversion and storage. ChemSusChem 1 (2008), 676–697.
76. Zhang, X., Wang, H., Wang, H., Zhang, Q., Xie, J., Tian, Y., Wang, J., Xie, Y., Single-layered graphitic-C3N4 quantum dots for two-photon fluorescence imaging of cellular nucleus. Adv. Mater. 26 (2014), 4438–4443.
77. Sun, B., Lu, N., Su, Y., Yu, H., Meng, X., Gao, Z., Decoration of TiO2 nanotube arrays by graphitic-C3N4 quantum dots with improved photoelectrocatalytic performance. Appl. Surf. Sci. 394 (2017), 479–487.
78. Su, Y., Sun, B., Chen, S., Yu, H., Liu, J., Fabrication of graphitic-C3N4 quantum dots coated silicon nanowire array as a photoelectrode for vigorous degradation of 4-chlorophenol. RSC Adv. 7 (2017), 14832–14836.
79. Zhao, Y., Zhao, F., Wang, X., Xu, C., Zhang, Z., Shi, G., Qu, L., Graphitic carbon nitride nanoribbons: graphene-assisted formation and synergic function for highly efficient hydrogen evolution. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53 (2014), 13934–13939.
80. Tahir, M., Cao, C., Mahmood, N., Butt, F.K., Mahmood, A., Idrees, F., Hussain, S., Tanveer, M., Ali, Z., Aslam, I., Multifunctional g-C3N4 nanofibers: a template-free fabrication and enhanced optical, electrochemical, and photocatalyst properties. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6 (2014), 1258–1265.
81. Wang, S., Li, C., Wang, T., Zhang, P., Li, A., Gong, J., Controllable synthesis of nanotube-type graphitic C3N4 and their visible-light photocatalytic and fluorescent properties. J. Mater. Chem. A 2 (2014), 2885–2890.
82. Wang, Y., Wang, H., Chen, F., Cao, F., Zhao, X., Meng, S., Cui, Y., Facile synthesis of oxygen doped carbon nitride hollow microsphere for photocatalysis. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 206 (2017), 417–425.
83. Sun, J., Zhang, J., Zhang, M., Antonietti, M., Fu, X., Wang, X., Bioinspired hollow semiconductor nanospheres as photosynthetic nanoparticles. Nat. Commun., 2012, 1139.
84. Feng, L., Zou, Y., Li, C., Gao, S., Zhou, L., Sun, Q., Fan, M., Wang, H., Wang, D., Li, G., Zou, X., Nanoporous sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride microrods: a durable catalyst for visible-light-driven H2 evolution. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 39 (2014), 15373–15379.
85. You, Z., Su, Y., Yu, Y., Wang, H., Qin, T., Zhang, F., Shen, Q., Yang, H., Preparation of g-C3N4 nanorod/InVO4 hollow sphere composite with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activities. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 213 (2017), 127–135.
86. Tahir, B., Tahir, M., Amin, N.A.S., Photo-induced CO2 reduction by CH4/H2O to fuels over Cu-modified g-C3N4 nanorods under simulated solar energy. Appl. Surf. Sci. 419 (2017), 875–885.
87. Tahir, M., Cao, C., Butt, F.K., Butt, S., Idrees, F., Ali, Z., Aslam, I., Tanveer, M., Mahmood, A., Mahmood, N., Large scale production of novel g-C3N4 micro strings with high surface area and versatile photodegradation ability. CrystEngComm 16 (2014), 1825–1830.
88. Zhai, S., Guo, P., Zheng, J., Zhao, P., Suo, B., Wan, Y., First principle study of electronic structures and optical absorption properties of O and S doped graphite phase carbon nitride (g-C3N4)6 quantum dots. Acta Phys. Sin., 66, 2017, 187102.
89. Gracia, J., Kroll, P., First principles study of C3N4 carbon nitride nanotubes. J. Mater. Chem. 19 (2009), 3020–3026.
90. Pan, H., Zhang, Y., Shenoy, V.B., Gao, H., Ab initio study on a novel photocatalyst: functionalized graphitic carbon nitride nanotube. ACS Catal. 1 (2011), 99–104.
91. Gao, Q., Hu, S., Du, Y., Hu, Z., The origin of the enhanced photocatalytic activity of carbon nitride nanotubes: a first-principles study. J. Mater. Chem. A 5 (2017), 4827–4834.
92. Liu, J., Cheng, B., New understanding of photocatalytic properties of zigzag and armchair g-C3N4 nanotubes from electronic structures and carrier effective mass. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2017, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.06.205.
93. Wen, J., Xie, J., Chen, X., Li, X., A review on g-C3N4-based photocatalysts. Appl. Surf. Sci. 391 (2017), 72–123.
94. Chai, B., Yan, J., Wang, C., Ren, Z., Zhu, Y., Enhanced visible light photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B over phosphorus doped graphitic carbon nitride. Appl. Surf. Sci. 391 (2017), 376–383.
95. Huang, Z., Song, J., Pan, L., Wang, Z., Zhang, X., Zou, J., Mi, W., Zhang, X., Wang, L., Carbon nitride with simultaneous porous network and O-doping for efficient solar-energy-driven hydrogen evolution. Nano Energy 12 (2015), 646–656.
96. Fu, J., Zhu, B., Jiang, C., Cheng, B., You, W., Yu, J., Hierarchical porous O-doped g-C3N4 with enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity. Small, 13, 2017, 1603938.
97. Liu, G., Niu, P., Sun, C., Smith, S.C., Chen, Z., Lu, G., Cheng, H., Unique electronic structure induced high photoreactivity of sulfur-doped graphitic C3N4. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 (2010), 11642–11648.
98. Zheng, Q., Durkin, D.P., Elenewski, J.E., Sun, Y., Banek, N.A., Hua, L., Chen, H., Wagner, M.J., Zhang, W., Shuai, D., Visible-light-responsive graphitic carbon nitride: rational design and photocatalytic applications for water treatment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50 (2016), 12938–12948.
99. Lin, S., Ye, X., Gao, X., Huang, J., Mechanistic insight into the water photooxidation on pure and sulfur-doped g-C3N4 photocatalysts from DFT calculations with dispersion corrections. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 406 (2015), 137–144.
100. Guo, Y., Chen, T., Liu, Q., Zhang, Z., Fang, X., Insight into the enhanced photocatalytic activity of potassium and iodine codoped graphitic carbon nitride photocatalysts. J. Phys. Chem. C 120 (2016), 25328–25337.
101. Qiu, P., Xu, C., Chen, H., Jiang, F., Wang, X., Lu, R., Zhang, X., One step synthesis of oxygen doped porous graphitic carbon nitride with remarkable improvement of photo-oxidation activity: role of oxygen on visible light photocatalytic activity. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 206 (2017), 319–327.
102. Cao, S., Huang, Q., Zhu, B., Yu, J., Trace-level phosphorus and sodium co-doping of g-C3N4 for enhanced photocatalytic H2 production. J. Power Sources 351 (2017), 151–159.
103. Wang, Y., Di, Y., Antonietti, M., Li, H., Chen, X., Wang, X., Excellent visible-light photocatalysis of fluorinated polymeric carbon nitride solids. Chem. Mater. 22 (2010), 5119–5121.
104. Wu, X., Jiang, S., Song, S., Sun, C., Constructing effective photocatalytic purification system with P-introduced g-C3N4 for elimination of UO22+. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2017, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.06.065.
105. Guo, Q., Zhang, Y., Qiu, J., Dong, G., Engineering the electronic structure and optical properties of g-C3N4 by non-metal ion doping. J. Mater. Chem. C 4 (2016), 6839–6847.
106. Lu, C., Zhang, P., Jiang, S., Wu, X., Song, S., Zhu, M., Lou, Z., Li, Z., Liu, F., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Le, Z., Photocatalytic reduction elimination of UO22+ pollutant under visible light with metal-free sulfur doped g-C3N4 photocatalyst. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 200 (2017), 378–385.
107. Ke, L., Li, P., Wu, X., Jiang, S., Luo, M., Liu, Y., Le, Z., Sun, C., Song, S., Graphene-like sulfur-doped g-C3N4 for photocatalytic reduction elimination of UO22+ under visible Light. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 205 (2017), 319–326.
108. Liu, C., Zhang, Y., Dong, F., Reshak, A.H., Ye, L., Pinna, N., Zeng, C., Zhang, T., Huang, H., Chlorine intercalation in graphitic carbon nitride for efficient photocatalysis. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 203 (2017), 465–474.
109. Ran, J., Ma, T.Y., Gao, G., Du, X., Qiao, S.Z., Porous P-doped graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets for synergistically enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H2 production. Energy Environ. Sci. 8 (2015), 3708–3717.
110. Gao, G., Jiao, Y., Waclawik, E.R., Du, A., Single atom (Pd/Pt) supported on graphitic carbon nitride as an efficient photocatalyst for visible-light reduction of carbon dioxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138 (2016), 6292–6297.
111. Abdullahi, Y.Z., Yoon, T.L., Halim, M.M., Hashim, M.R., Mat Jafri, M.Z., Leng, L.T., Geometric and electric properties of graphitic carbon nitride sheet with embedded single manganese atom under bi-axial tensile strain. Curr. Appl. Phys. 16 (2016), 809–815.
112. Ghosh, D., Periyasamy, G., Pandey, B., Pati, S.K., Computational studies on magnetism and the optical properties of transition metal embedded graphitic carbon nitride sheets. J. Mater. Chem. C 2 (2014), 7943–7951.
113. Sun, Z., Fischer, J.M.T.A., Li, Q., Hu, J., Tang, Q., Wang, H., Wu, Z., Hankel, M., Searles, D.J., Wang, L., Enhanced CO2 photocatalytic reduction on alkali-decorated graphitic carbon nitride. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 216 (2017), 146–155.
114. Zou, Y., Wang, X., Ai, Y., Liu, Y., Ji, Y., Wang, H., Hayat, T., Alsaedi, A., Hu, W., Wang, X., β-Cyclodextrin modified graphitic carbon nitride for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solution: experimental and theoretical calculation study. J. Mater. Chem. A 4 (2016), 14170–14179.
115. Hu, S., Chen, X., Li, Q., Li, F., Fan, Z., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Zheng, B., Wu, G., Fe3+ doping promoted N2 photofixation ability of honeycombed graphitic carbon nitride: the experimental and density functional theory simulation analysis. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 201 (2017), 58–69.
116. Xiong, T., Cen, W., Zhang, Y., Dong, F., Bridging the g-C3N4 interlayers for enhanced photocatalysis. ACS Catal. 6 (2016), 2462–2472.
117. Li, G., Li, L., Yuan, H., Wang, H., Zeng, H., Shi, J., Alkali-assisted mild aqueous exfoliation for single-layered and structure-preserved graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 495 (2017), 19–26.
118. Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Jin, J., Zhang, J., Lin, Z., Huang, F., Yu, J., Efficient visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and enhanced photostability of core/shell CdS/g-C3N4 nanowires. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5 (2013), 10317–10324.
119. Chen, F., Yang, H., Wang, X., Yu, H., Facile synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic H2-evolution performance of NiS2-modified g-C3N4 photocatalysts. Chin. J. Catal. 38 (2017), 296–304.
120. Zhang, W., Xiao, X., Li, Y., Zeng, X., Zheng, L., Wan, C., Liquid-exfoliation of layered MoS2 for enhancing photocatalytic activity of TiO2/g-C3N4 photocatalyst and DFT study. Appl. Surf. Sci. 389 (2016), 496–506.
121. Yu, W., Xu, D., Peng, T., Enhanced photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4 for selective CO2 reduction to CH3OH via facile coupling of ZnO: a direct Z-scheme mechanism. J. Mater. Chem. A 3 (2015), 19936–19947.
122. Yu, J., Wang, S., Low, J., Xiao, W., Enhanced photocatalytic performance of direct Z-scheme g-C3N4-TiO2 photocatalysts for the decomposition of formaldehyde in air. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15 (2013), 16883–16890.
123. Zhou, L., Wang, L., Zhang, J., Lei, J., Liu, Y., The preparation, and applications of g-C3N4/TiO2 heterojunction catalysts—a review. Res. Chem. Intermed. 43 (2016), 2081–2101.
124. He, K., Xie, J., Luo, X., Wen, J., Ma, S., Li, X., Fang, Y., Zhang, X., Enhanced visible light photocatalytic H2 production over Z-scheme g-C3N4 nansheets/WO3 nanorods nanocomposites loaded with Ni(OH)x cocatalysts. Chin. J. Catal. 38 (2017), 240–252.
125. Ohno, T., Murakami, N., Koyanagi, T., Yang, Y., Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 over a hybrid photocatalyst composed of WO3 and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) under visible light. J. CO2 Util. 6 (2014), 17–25.
126. Shi, S., Gondal, M.A., Rashid, S.G., Qi, Q., Al-Saadi, A.A., Yamani, Z.H., Sui, Y., Xu, Q., Shen, K., Synthesis of g-C3N4/BiOClxBr1-x hybrid photocatalysts and the photoactivity enhancement driven by visible light. Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 461 (2014), 202–211.
127. Zhan, S., Zhou, F., Huang, N., Yang, Y., Liu, Y., Yin, Y., Fang, Y., g-C3N4/ZnWO4 films: preparation and its enhanced photocatalytic decomposition of phenol in UV. Appl. Surf. Sci. 358 (2015), 328–335.
128. Sun, L., Zhao, X., Jia, C., Zhou, Y., Cheng, X., Li, P., Liu, L., Fan, W., Enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4-ZnWO4 by fabricating a heterojunction: investigation based on experimental and theoretical studies. J. Mater. Chem. 22 (2012), 23428–28438.
129. Sun, H., Li, J., Zhang, G., Li, N., Microtetrahedronal Bi12TiO20/g-C3N4 composite with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity toward gaseous formaldehyde degradation: facet coupling effect and mechanism study. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 424 (2016), 311–322.
130. Jiang, Y., Liu, P., Chen, Y., Zhou, Z., Yang, H., Hong, Y., Li, F., Ni, L., Yan, Y., Gregory, D.H., Construction of stable Ta3N5/g-C3N4 metal/non-metal nitride hybrids with enhanced visible-light photocatalysis. Appl. Surf. Sci. 391 (2017), 392–403.
131. Wang, B., Zhang, J., Huang, F., Enhanced visible light photocatalytic H2 evolution of metal-free g-C3N4/SiC heterostructured photocatalysts. Appl. Surf. Sci. 391 (2017), 449–456.
132. Luo, J., Zhou, X., Ma, L., Xu, X., Rational construction of Z-scheme Ag2CrO4/g-C3N4 composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity. Appl. Surf. Sci. 390 (2016), 357–367.
133. Cao, S., Low, J., Yu, J., Jaroniec, M., Polymeric photocatalysts based on graphitic carbon nitride. Adv. Mater. 27 (2015), 2150–2176.
134. Low, J., Yu, J., Jaroniec, M., Wageh, S., Al-Ghamdi, A.A., Heterojunction photocatalysts. Adv. Mater., 29, 2017, 1601694.
135. Fu, J., Yu, J., Jiang, C., Cheng, B., g-C3N4-based heterostructured photocatalysts. Adv. Energy Mater., 2017, 1701503.
136. Low, J., Jiang, C., Cheng, B., Wageh, S., Al-Ghamdi, A.A., Yu, J., A review of direct Z-scheme photocatalysts. Small Methods, 1, 2017, 1700080.
137. Li, Y., Lv, K., Ho, W., Dong, F., Wu, X., Xia, Y., Hybridization of rutile TiO2 (rTiO2) with g-C3N4 quantum dots (CN QDs): an efficient visible-light-driven Z-scheme hybridized photocatalyst. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 202 (2017), 611–619.
138. Tian, N., Huang, H., Guo, Y., He, Y., Zhang, Y., A g-C3N4/Bi2O2CO3 composite with high visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity for rhodamine B degradation. Appl. Surf. Sci. 322 (2014), 249–254.
139. Lei, J., Liu, F., Wang, L., Liu, Y., Zhang, J., A binary polymer composite of graphitic carbon nitride and poly(diphenylbutadiyne) with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity. RSC Adv. 7 (2017), 27377–27383.
140. Wang, J., Guan, Z., Huang, J., Li, Q., Yang, J., Enhanced photocatalytic mechanism for the hybrid g-C3N4/MoS2 nanocomposite. J. Mater. Chem. A 2 (2014), 7960–7966.
141. Liu, J., Origin of high photocatalytic efficiency in monolayer g-C3N4/CdS heterostructure: a hybrid DFT study. J. Phys. Chem. C 119 (2015), 28417–28423.
142. Li, J., Zhang, M., Li, Q., Yang, J., Enhanced visible light activity on direct contact Z-scheme g-C3N4-TiO2 photocatalyst. Appl. Surf. Sci. 391 (2017), 184–193.
143. Yu, W., Chen, J., Shang, T., Chen, L., Gu, L., Peng, T., Direct Z-scheme g-C3N4/WO3 photocatalyst with atomically defined junction for H2 production. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 219 (2017), 693–704.
144. Cui, L., Ding, X., Wang, Y., Shi, H., Huang, L., Zuo, Y., Kang, S., Facile preparation of Z-scheme WO3/g-C3N4 composite photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic performance under visible light. Appl. Surf. Sci. 391 (2017), 202–210.
145. Cao, S., Yu, J., Carbon-based H2-production photocatalytic materials. J. Photochem. Photobiol. C 27 (2016), 72–99.
146. Li, X., Yu, J., Wageh, S., Al-Ghamdi, A.A., Xie, J., Graphene in photocatalysis: a review. Small 12 (2016), 6640–6696.
147. Low, J., Yu, J., Ho, W., Graphene-based photocatalysts for CO2 reduction to solar fuel. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6 (2015), 4244–4251.
148. Li, Q., Li, X., Wageh, S., Al-Ghamdi, A.A., Yu, J., CdS/graphene nanocomposite photocatalysts. Adv. Energy Mater., 5, 2015, 1500010.
149. Xu, Q., Cheng, B., Yu, J., Liu, G., Making co-condensed amorphous carbon/g-C3N4 composites with improved visible-light photocatalytic H2-production performance using Pt as cocatalyst. Carbon 118 (2017), 241–249.
150. Li, Y., Sun, Y., Dong, F., Ho, W.K., Enhancing the photocatalytic activity of bulk g-C3N4 by introducing mesoporous structure and hybridizing with graphene. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 436 (2014), 29–36.
151. Liao, G., Chen, S., Quan, X., Yu, H., Zhao, H., Graphene oxide modified g-C3N4 hybrid with enhanced photocatalytic capability under visible light irradiation. J. Mater. Chem. 22 (2012), 2721–2726.
152. Wu, Z., Gao, H., Yan, S., Zou, Z., Synthesis of carbon black/carbon nitride intercalation compound composite for efficient hydrogen production. Dalton Trans. 43 (2014), 12013–12017.
153. Chen, X., Chen, H., Guan, J., Zhen, J., Sun, Z., Du, P., Lu, Y., Yang, S., A facile mechanochemical route to a covalently bonded graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and fullerene hybrid toward enhanced visible light photocatalytic hydrogen production. Nanoscale 9 (2017), 5615–5623.
154. Jian, X., Liu, X., Yang, H., Li, J., Song, X., Dai, H., Liang, Z., Construction of carbon quantum dots/proton-functionalized graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposite via electrostatic self-assembly strategy and its application. Appl. Surf. Sci. 370 (2016), 514–521.
155. Liu, J., Liu, Y., Liu, N., Han, Y., Zhang, X., Huang, H., Lifshitz, Y., Lee, S., Zhong, J., Kang, Z., Metal-free efficient photocatalyst for stable visible water splitting via a two-electron pathway. Science 347 (2015), 970–974.
156. Du, A., Sanvito, S., Li, Z., Wang, D., Jiao, Y., Liao, T., Sun, Q., Ng, Y.H., Zhu, Z., Amal, R., Smith, S.C., Hybrid graphene and graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposite: gap opening, electron-hole puddle, interfacial charge transfer, and enhanced visible light response. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 (2012), 4393–4397.
157. Gao, G., Jiao, Y., Ma, F., Jiao, Y., Waclawik, E., Du, A., Carbon nanodot decorated graphitic carbon nitride: new insights into the enhanced photocatalytic water splitting from ab initio studies. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17 (2015), 31140–31144.
158. Li, Q., Xu, L., Luo, K., Huang, W., Wang, L., Li, X., Huang, G., Yu, Y., Insights into enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity of C60 modified g-C3N4 hybrids: the role of nitrogen. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18 (2016), 33094–33102.
159. Gong, Y., Yu, H., Chen, S., Quan, X., Constructing metal-free polyimide/g-C3N4 with high photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. RSC Adv. 5 (2015), 83225–83231.
160. Chu, S., Wang, C., Feng, J., Wang, Y., Zou, Z., Melem A metal-free unit for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 39 (2014), 13519–13526.
161. Chen, Z., Sun, P., Fan, B., Liu, Q., Zhang, Z., Fang, X., Textural and electronic structure engineering of carbon nitride via doping with π-deficient aromatic pyridine ring for improving photocatalytic activity. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 170–171 (2015), 10–16.
162. Li, Y., Ho, W., Lv, K., Zhu, B., Lee, S.C., Carbon vacancy-induced enhancement of the visible light-driven photocatalytic oxidation of NO over g-C3N4 nanosheets. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2017, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.06.054.
163. Li, Y., Lv, K., Ho, W., Zhao, Z., Huang, Y., Enhanced visible-light photo-oxidation of nitric oxide using bismuth-coupled graphitic carbon nitride composite heterostructures. Chin. J. Catal. 38 (2017), 321–329.
164. Martin, D.J., Qiu, K., Shevlin, S.A., Handoko, A.D., Chen, X., Guo, Z., Tang, J., Highly efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution from water using visible light and structure-controlled graphitic carbon nitride. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53 (2014), 9240–9245.
165. Lin, L., Ou, H., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Tri-s-triazine-based crystalline graphitic carbon nitrides for highly efficient hydrogen evolution photocatalysis. ACS Catal. 6 (2016), 3921–3931.
166. Wang, K., Li, Q., Liu, B., Cheng, B., Ho, W., Yu, J., Sulfur-doped g-C3N4 with enhanced photocatalytic CO2-reduction performance. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 176–177 (2015), 44–52.
167. Cao, S., Li, Y., Zhu, B., Jaroniec, M., Yu, J., Facet effect of Pd cocatalyst on photocatalytic CO2 reduction over g-C3N4. J. Catal. 349 (2017), 208–217.
168. Tang, H., Chang, S., Tang, G., Liang, W., AgBr and g-C3N4 co-modified Ag2CO3 photocatalyst: a novel multi-heterostructured photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic activity. Appl. Surf. Sci. 391 (2017), 440–448.
169. Liang, Z., Wen, Q., Wang, X., Zhang, F., Yu, Y., Chemically stable and reusable nano zero-valent iron/graphite-like carbon nitride nanohybrid for efficient photocatalytic treatment of Cr(VI) and rhodamine B under visible light. Appl. Surf. Sci. 386 (2016), 451–459.
170. Lei, J., Chen, Y., Shen, F., Wang, L., Liu, Y., Zhang, J., Surface modification of TiO2 with g-C3N4 for enhanced UV and visible photocatalytic activity. J. Alloys Compd. 631 (2015), 328–334.
171. Bai, J., Chen, X., Xi, Z., Wang, X., Li, Q., Hu, S., Influence of solvothermal post-treatment on photochemical nitrogen conversion to ammonia with g-C3N4 catalyst. Acta Phys.—Chim. Sin. 33 (2017), 611–619.
172. Ma, H., Shi, Z., Li, Q., Li, S., Preparation of graphitic carbon nitride with large specific surface area and outstanding N2 photofixation ability via a dissolve-regrowth process. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 99 (2016), 51–58.
173. Aspera, S.M., David, M., Kasai, H., First-principles study of the adsorption of water on tri-s-triazine-based graphitic carbon nitride. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 49, 2010, 115703.
174. Aspera, S.M., Kasai, H., Kawai, H., Density functional theory-based analysis on O2 molecular interaction with the tri-s-triazine-based graphitic carbon nitride. Surf. Sci. 606 (2012), 892–901.
175. Wu, H.Z., Liu, L.M., Zhao, S.J., The effect of water on the structural, electronic and photocatalytic properties of graphitic carbon nitride. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16 (2014), 3299–3304.
176. Wu, H., Bandaru, S., Liu, J., Li, L., Wang, Z., Adsorption of H2O, H2, O2, CO, NO, and CO2 on graphene/g-C3N4 nanocomposite investigated by density functional theory. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2017, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.06.073.
177. Wu, H., Liu, L., Zhao, S., The role of the defect on the adsorption and dissociation of water on graphitic carbon nitride. Appl. Surf. Sci. 358 (2015), 363–369.
178. Zhu, B., Zhang, L., Xu, D., Cheng, B., Yu, J., Adsorption investigation of CO2 on g-C3N4 surface by DFT calculation. J. CO2 Util. 21 (2017), 327–335.
179. Ji, Y., Dong, H., Lin, H., Zhang, L., Hou, T., Li, Y., Heptazine-based graphitic carbon nitride as an effective hydrogen purification membrane. RSC Adv. 6 (2016), 52377–52383.
180. Xia, P., Zhu, B., Yu, J., Cao, S., Jaroniec, M., Ultra-thin nanosheet assemblies of graphitic carbon nitride for enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction. J. Mater. Chem. A 5 (2017), 3230–3238.
181. Wirth, J., Neumann, R., Antonietti, M., Saalfrank, P., Adsorption and photocatalytic splitting of water on graphitic carbon nitride: a combined first principles and semiempirical study. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16 (2014), 15917–15926.
182. Fu, W., He, H., Zhang, Z., Wu, C., Wang, X., Wang, H., Zeng, Q., Sun, L., Wang, X., Zhou, J., Fu, Q., Yu, P., Shen, Z., Jin, C., Yakobson, B.I., Liu, Z., Strong interfacial coupling of MoS2/g-C3N4 van de Waals solids for highly active water reduction. Nano Energy 27 (2016), 44–50.
183. Azofra, L.M., MacFarlane, D.R., Sun, C., A DFT study of planar vs. corrugated graphene-like carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and its role in the catalytic performance of CO2 conversion. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18 (2016), 18507–18514.