Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: Effect on use of health services and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2017, Issue 11, 2017, Pages

  Pega, Frank ^a   Liu, Sze Yan ^b,c   Walter, Stefan ^d   Pabayo, Roman ^e,f   Saith, Ruhi ^g   Lhachimi, Stefan K ^h  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^b HARVARD CENTER FOR POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES   (United States)

^c WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^g Oxford Policy Management   (India)

^h LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH AND EPIDEMIOLOGY BIPS   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GOVERNMENT; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION; HUMAN; INCOME; LOW INCOME COUNTRY; MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; POVERTY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SOCIAL CARE; SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; UNCONDITIONAL CASH TRANSFER; ADULT; AFRICA; ALTRUISM; CATERING SERVICE; CHILD; CHILD PARENT RELATION; COHORT ANALYSIS; DEPRESSION; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; ECONOMICS; EMPLOYMENT; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT; HEALTH SERVICE; HEALTH STATUS INDICATOR; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; META ANALYSIS; SOUTHEAST ASIA; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; UTILIZATION; VULNERABLE POPULATION; WESTERN HEMISPHERE;

ADULT; AFRICA; ALTRUISM; AMERICAS; ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN; CHILD; COHORT STUDIES; CONTROLLED BEFORE-AFTER STUDIES; DEPRESSION; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; EMPLOYMENT; FINANCIAL SUPPORT; FINANCING, GOVERNMENT; FOOD SUPPLY; HEALTH SERVICES NEEDS AND DEMAND; HEALTH STATUS INDICATORS; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES; PARENTING; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; VULNERABLE POPULATIONS;

EID: 85034023170     PISSN: 14651858     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011135.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (224)

1. Agüero JM, Carter M, Woolard I. The Impact of Unconditional Cash Transfers on Nutrition: the South African Child Support Grant. Brasilia, Brazil: UNDP, 2007. 6945853
2. Agüero JM, Carter MR, Woolard I. The impact of unconditional cash transfers on nutrition: the South African Child Support Grant. Southern Africa Labour and Development. Cape Town: University of Cape Town; 2006. Research Unit Working Paper Number 06/08. 6945854
3. Akresh R, de Walque D, Kazianga H. Alternative cash transfer delivery mechanisms: impacts on routine preventative health clinic visits in Burkina Faso. In: Edwards S, Johnson S, Weil DN editor(s). African Successes: Human Capital. Vol. 2, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2016. 6945858
4. Akresh R, de Walque D, Kazianga H. Alternative cash transfer delivery mechanisms: impacts on routine preventative health clinic visits in Burkina Faso. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor; 2012. IZA Discussion Paper No. 6321. 6945856
5. Akresh R, de Walque D, Kazianga H. Alternative cash transfer delivery mechanisms: impacts on routine preventative health clinic visits in Burkina Faso. Cambridge (MA): National Bureau of Economic Research; 2012. NBER Working Paper No. 17785. 6945857
6. Akresh R, de Walque D, Kazianga H. Alternative cash transfer delivery mechanisms: impacts on routine preventative health clinic visits in Burkina Faso. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2012. Policy Research Working Paper 5958. The. 6945859
7. Akresh R, de Walque D, Kazianga H. Evidence from a randomized evaluation of the household welfare impacts of conditional and unconditional cash transfers given to mothers or fathers. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2016. Policy Research Working Paper 7730. 6945860
8. Amarante V, Manacorda M, Miguel E, Vigorito A. Do cash transfers improve birth outcomes? Evidence from matched vital statistics, program, and social security data. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 2016;8(2):1-43. [DOI: 10.1257/pol.8.2.1]6945863
9. Amarante V, Manacorda M, Miguel E, Vigorito A. Do cash transfers improve birth outcomes? Evidence from matched vital statistics, social security and program data. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor; 2011. IZA Discussion Paper No. 6231. Bonn, Germany. 6945862
10. Amarante V, Manacorda M, Miguel E, Vigorito A. Social assistance and birth outcomes: evidence from the Uruguayan PANES. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank, Department of Research and Chief Economist; 2011. IDB Working Paper Series No. IDB-WP-244. 6945864
11. Baird S, McIntosh C, Özler B. Cash or condition? Evidence from a cash transfer experiment. Quarterly Journal of Economics 2011;126(4):1709-53. [DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjr032]6945866
12. Baird S, McIntosh C, Özler B. Cash or condition? Evidence from a cash transfer experiment. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2010. Policy Research Working Paper 5259. 6945867
13. Baird S, McIntosh C, Özler B. When the money runs out: do cash transfers have sustained effects on human capital accumulation?. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2016. Policy Research Working Paper 7901. 6945868
14. Baird S, de Hoop J, Özler B. Income shocks and adolescent mental health. Journal of Human Resources 2013;48(2):370-403. [DOI: 10.1353/jhr.2013.0014]6945869
15. Baird S, de Hoop J, Özler B. Income shocks and adolescent mental health. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2011. Policy Research Working Paper No 5644. 6945870
16. Baird SJ, Chirwa E, de Hoop J, Özler B. Girl power: cash transfers and adolescent welfare: evidence from a cluster-randomized experiment in Malawi. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research; 2013. NBER Working Paper 19479. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. 6945871
17. Baird SJ, Garfein RS, McIntosh CT, Özler B. Effect of a cash transfer programme for schooling on prevalence of HIV and herpes simplex type 2 in Malawi: a cluster randomised trial. Lancet 2012;379(9823):1320-9. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61709-1]6945872
18. Bazzi S (Boston University, Boston, US). [personal communication]. Conversation with: F Pega (University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand) 19 February 2015. 6945874
19. Bazzi S, Sumarto S, Suryahadi A. Evaluating Indonesia's Unconditional Cash Transfer Program, 2005-6. Washington, DC: International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, 2012. 6945875
20. Beck S, Pulkki-Brännströma A-M, San Sebastiána M. Basic income - healthy outcome? effects on health of an Indian basic income pilot project: a cluster randomised trial. Journal of Development Effectiveness 2015;7(1):111-26. [DOI: 10.1080/19439342.2014.974200]6945877
21. Cunha JM. Testing paternalism: cash versus in-kind transfers. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2014;6(2):195-230. [DOI: 10.1257/app.6.2.195]6945880
22. Cunha JM (Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, US). [personal communication]. Conversation with: F Pega (University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand) 17 February 2015. 6945879
23. Fernald LCH, Hidrobo M. Effect of Ecuador's cash transfer program (Bono de Desarrollo Humano) on child development in infants and toddlers: a randomized effectiveness trial. Social Science & Medicine 2011;72(9):1437-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.03.005]6945882
24. Hidrobo M (International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, US). [personal communication]. Conversation with: F Pega (University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand) 6 March 2015. 6945883
25. Bando-Grana R (Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, US). [personal communication]. Conversation with: F Pega (University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand) 2 March 2015. 6945885
26. Galiani S. Non-contributory pensions. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank; 2014. IDB Working Paper Series No. IDB-WP-517. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank. 6945887
27. Galiani S, Gertler P, Bando R. Non-contributory pensions. Labour Economics 2016;38:47-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2015.11.003]6945886
28. Haushofer J, Shapiro J. Household Response to Income Changes: Evidence from an Unconditional Cash Transfer Program in Kenya. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 2013. 6945889
29. Haushofer J, Shapiro J. The short-term impact of unconditional cash transfers to the poor: experimental evidence from Kenya. Quarterly Journal of Economics 2016;131(4):1973-2042. [DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjw025]6945890
30. Leroy JL (International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, US). [personal communication]. Conversation with: F Pega (University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand) 28 April 2015. 6945892
31. Leroy JL, Gadsden P, Rodriguez-Ramirez S, de Cossio TG. Cash and in-kind transfers in poor rural communities in Mexico increase household fruit, vegetable, and micronutrient consumption but also lead to excess energy consumption. Journal of Nutrition 2010;140(3):612-7. [DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.116285]6945893
32. Leroy JL, Gadsden P, de Cossio TG, Gertler P. Cash and in-kind transfers lead to excess weight gain in a population of women with a high prevalence of overweight in rural Mexico. Journal of Nutrition 2013;143(3):378-83. [DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.167627]6945894
33. Handa S (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, US). [personal communication]. Conversation with: F Pega (University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand) 15 April 2015. 6945896
34. Luseno WK. Effect of the Mchinji Social Cash Transfer Pilot Scheme on Children's Schooling, Work and Health Outcomes: a Multilevel Study Using Experimental Data [PhD thesis]. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina, 2012. 6945898
35. Luseno WK, Singh K, Handa S, Suchindran C. A multilevel analysis of the effect of Malawi's Social Cash Transfer Pilot Scheme on school-age children's health. Health Policy and Planning 2014;29(4):421-32. [DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czt028]6945897
36. Miller C (Mathematica Policy Research, Princeton, US). [personal communication]. Conversation with: F Pega (University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand) 28 March 2015. 6945900
37. Miller C, Tsoka M, Reichert K. The impacts of the cash transfer on children in Malawi. In: Handa S, Devereux S, Webb D editor(s). Social Protection for Africa's children. New York, NY: Routledge, 2010. 6945901
38. Miller CM, Tsoka M, Reichert K. Impact Evaluation Report: External Evaluation of the Mchinji Social Cash Transfer Pilot. Boston, MA: Boston University & University of Malawi, 2008. 6945902
39. Miller CM, Tsoka M, Reichert K. The impact of the Social Cash Transfer Scheme on food security in Malawi. Food Policy 2011;36(2):230-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.11.020]6945903
40. Garcia M (Oxford Policy Management, Oxford, UK). [personal communication]. Conversation with: F Pega (University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand) 3 March 2015. 6945905
41. Merttens F, Hurrell A, Marzi M, Attah R, Farhat M, Kardan A, MacAuslan I. Kenya Hunger Safety Net Programme Monitoring and Evaluation Component: Impact Evaluation Final Report: 2009 to 2012. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford Policy Mangement, 2013. 6945906
42. Oxford Policy Management & Institute of Development Studies. Kenya Hunger Safety Net Programme: Monitoring and Evaluation Component: Quantitative Impact Evaluation Report: 2009/10 to 2010/11. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford Policy Management, 2012. 6945907
43. Paxson C, Schady N. Does money matter? The effects of cash transfers on child development in rural Ecuador. Economic Development & Cultural Change 2010;59(1):187-229. 6945909
44. Paxson C, Schady N. Does money matter?The effects of cash transfers on child health and development in rural Ecuador. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2007. Policy Research Working Paper 4226. The World Bank, 2007. 6945910
45. Pellerano L (Oxford Policy Management, Oxford, UK). [personal communication]. Conversation with: F Pega (University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand) 14 March 2015. 6945912
46. Pellerano L, Hurrell A, Kardan A, Barca v, Hove F, Beazley R, Modise B, et al. CGP Impact Evaluation: Targeting and Baseline Evaluation Report. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford Policy Mangement, 2012. 6945913
47. Pellerano L, Moratti M, Jakobsen M, Bajgar M, Barca V. The Lesotho Child Grants Programme impact evaluation: Follow-up Report. Maseru, Lesotho: UNICEF-Lesotho (with EU funding and technical support from FAO). Prepared by Oxford Policy Management, 2014. 6945914
48. Crea TM, Reynolds AD, Sinha A, Eaton JW, Robertson LA, Mushati P, et al. Effects of cash transfers on Children's health and social protection in Sub-Saharan Africa: differences in outcomes based on orphan status and household assets. BMC Public Health 2015;15:511. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1857-4]6945916
49. Gregson S (Imperial College London, London, UK). [personal communication]. Conversation with: F Pega (University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand) 11 March 2015. 6945917
50. Robertson L, Mushati P, Eaton JW, Dumba L, Mavise G, Makoni J, et al. Effects of unconditional and conditional cash transfers on child health and development in Zimbabwe: a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet 2013;381(9874):1283-92. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62168-0]6945918
51. Robertson L, Mushati P, Eaton JW, Dumba L, Mavise G, Makoni JC, et al. Conditional cash transfers improve birth registration and school attendance amongst orphans and vulnerable children in Manicaland, Zimbabwe. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2012;15(Suppl 3):158-9. 6945919
52. Salinas-Rodríguez A, Torres-Pereda Mdel P, Manrique-Espinoza B, Moreno-Tamayo K, Téllez-Rojo Solís MM. Impact of the non-contributory social pension program 70 y más on older adults' mental well-being. PLOS ONE 2014;9(11):e113085. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113085]6945921
53. Schady N. Cash transfers and anemia among women of reproductive age. Economics Letters 2012;117(3):887-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.econlet.2012.07.014]6945924
54. Schady N. Cash transfers and anemia among women of reproductive age. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank; 2012. IDB Working Paper Series No. IDB-WP-336. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank. 6945925
55. Schady N (Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, US). [personal communication]. Conversation with: F Pega (University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand) 25 March 2015. 6945923
56. American Institutes for Research. Zambia's Child Grant Program: 24-month Impact Report. Washington, DC: American Institutes for Research, 2013. 6945927
57. American Institutes for Research. Zambia's Child Grant Program: 30-month Impact Report. Washington, DC: American Institutes for Research, 2014. 6945928
58. American Institutes for Research. Zambia's Child Grant Program: 36-month Impact Report. Washington, DC: American Institutes for Research, 2014. 6945929
59. American Institutes for Research. Zambia's Child Grant Program: 48-month Impact Report. Washington, DC: American Institutes for Research, 2016. 6945930
60. Handa S, Peterman A, Seidenfeld D, Tembo G. Income transfers and maternal health: evidence from a national randomized social cash transfer program in Zambia. Health Economics 2015;25(2):225-36. [DOI: 10.1002/hec.3136]6945931
61. Handa S, Seidenfeld D, Davis B, Tembo G. The social and productive impacts of Zambia's child grant. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 2016;35(2):357-87. [DOI: 10.1002/pam.21892]6945933
62. Handa S, Seidenfeld D, Davis B, Tembo G, Zambia Cash Transfer Evaluation Team. Are cash transfers a silver bullet? Evidence from the Zambian Child Grant. Florence: UNICEF; 2014. Office of Research Working Paper WP-2014-No. 08. 6945932
63. Seidenfeld D (American Institutes for Research, Washington, US). [personal communication]. Conversation with: F Pega (University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand) 12 March 2015. 6945934
64. Seidenfeld D, Handa S. Zambia's Child Grant Program: Baseline Report. Washington, DC: American Institutes for Research, 2011. 6945936
65. Seidenfeld D, Handa S, Tembo G, Michelo S, Scott CH, Prencipe L. The impact of an unconditional cash transfer on food security and nutrition: the Zambia Child Grant Programme. In: Harris J, Haddad L, Seco-Grütz S editor(s). IDS Special Collection: Turning Rapid Growth into Meaningful Growth: Sustaining the Commitment to Nutrition in Zambia. Brighton (UK): Institute of Development Studies, 2014:36-42. 6945935
66. Bahety G (Oxford Policy Management, Oxford, UK). [personal communication]. Conversation with: F Pega (University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand) 11 March 2015. 6945938
67. Hurrell A, Ward P, Merttens F. Kenya OVC-CT Programme Operational and Impact Evaluation: Baseline Survey Report. Oxford (UK): Oxford Policy Management, 2008. 6945939
68. Ward P, Hurrell A, Visram A, Riemenschneider N, Pellerano L, O'Brien C, et al. Cash Transfer Programme For Orphans And Vulnerable Children, Kenya: Operational and Impact Evaluation, 2007-2009: Final Report. Oxford (UK): Oxford Policy Management, 2010. 6945940
69. Akee R, Simeonova E, Copeland W, Angold A, Costello EJ. Young adult obesity and household income: effects of unconditional cash transfers. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2013;5(2):1-28. [DOI: 10.1257/app.5.2.1]6945942
70. Aker JC, Boumnijel R, McClelland A, Tierney N. Zap it to me: the short-term impacts of a mobile cash transfer program. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development; 2011. CGD Working Paper 268. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development. 6945944
71. Aker J. Cash or coupons?: testing the impacts of cash versus vouchers in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development; 2013. CGD Working Paper 320. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development. 6945946
72. Aker JC. Comparing cash and voucher transfers in a humanitarian context: Evidence from the Democratic Republic of Congo. World Bank Economic Review 2017;31(1):44-70. [DOI: 10.1093/wber/lhv055]6945947
73. Angelucci M, De Giorgi G. Indirect effects of an aid program: how do cash transfers affect ineligibles' consumption?. American Economic Review 2009;99(1):486-508. [DOI: 10.1257/aer.99.1.486]6945949
74. Attanasio OP, Oppedisano V, Vera-Hernández M. Should cash transfers be conditional? Conditionality, preventive care, and health outcomes. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2015;7(3):25-43. [DOI: 10.1257/app.20130126]6945951
75. Ayuku D, Atwoli L, Ayaya S, Koech J, Nyandat J, Gisore P, et al. Do government cash transfers work to support households in caring for orphaned youth? Evidence from Western Kenya. Turkish Archives of Pediatrics 2013;48(Suppl 2):114. 6945953
76. Benhassine N, Devoto F, Duflo E, Dupas P, Pouliquen V. Turning a shove into a nudge? A "labelled cash transfer" for education. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 2015;7(3):86-125. [DOI: 10.1257/pol.20130225]6945955
77. Benhassine N, Devoto F, Duflo E, Dupas P, Pouliquen V. Turning a shove into a nudge? A "labelled cash transfer" for education. Cambridge (MA): National Bureau of Economic Research; 2013. NBER Working Paper No. 19227. 6945956
78. Buller AM, Hidrobo M, Peterman A, Heise L. The way to a man's heart is through his stomach? A mixed methods study on causal mechanisms through which cash and in-kind food transfers decreased intimate partner violence. BMC Public Health 2016;16:488. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3129-3]6945958
79. Buser T, Oosterbeek H, Plug E, Ponce J, Rosero J. The impact of positive and negative income changes on the height and weight of young children. Bonn (Germany): IZA; 2014. IZA Discussion Paper No. 8130. Bonn, Germany: IZA. 6945960
80. Coetzee M. Finding the benefits: estimating the impact of the South African Child Support Grant. South African Journal of Economics 2013;81(3):427-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1813-6982.2012.01338.x]6945962
81. Doocy S, Tappis H, Lyles E, Witiw J, Aken V. Emergency food assistance in Northern Syria: An evaluation of transfer programs in Idleb Governorate. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2017;38(2):240-59. [DOI: 10.1177/0379572117700755]6945964
82. Fenn B, Noura G, Sibson V, Dolan C, Shoham J. The role of unconditional cash transfers during a nutritional emergency in Maradi region, Niger: a pre-post intervention observational study. Public Health Nutrition 2015;18(2):343-51. [DOI: 10.1017/S1368980014000378]6945966
83. Fenn B, Trepel D, Dolan C, Shoham J, Sibson V. Seasonal unconditional cash transfers and wasting in Niger. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2013;63(Suppl 1):1002. 6945967
84. Fenn B, Colbourn T, Dolan C, Pietzsch S, Sangrasi M, Shoham J. Impact evaluation of different cash-based intervention modalities on child and maternal nutritional status in Sindh Province, Pakistan, at 6 mo and at 1 y: a cluster randomised controlled trial. PLOS Medicine 2017;14(5):e1002305. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002305]6945969
85. Hidrobo M, Fernald L. Cash transfers and domestic violence. Journal of Health Economics 2013;32(1):304-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2012.11.002]6945971
86. Holmqvist G. Fertility impact of high-coverage public pensions in sub-Saharan Africa. Global Social Policy 2011;11(2-3):152-74. [DOI: 10.1177/1468018111421283]6945973
87. KCT-OVCET. The impact of the Kenya Cash Transfer Program for Orphans and Vulnerable Children on household spending. Journal of Development Effectiveness 2012;4(1):9-37. [DOI: 10.1080/19439342.2011.653980]6945975
88. Langendorf C, Roederer T, de Pee S, Brown D, Doyon S, Mamaty A, et al. Comparison of effect of cash transfer with or without special nutritious food on preventing childhood acute malnutrition in Niger. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2013;63(Suppl 1):253. 6945977
89. Langendorf C, Roederer T, de Pee S, Brown D, Doyon S, Mamaty A, et al. Preventing acute malnutrition among children aged 6 to 23 months in Niger: effect of supplementation and cash transfer. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2013;63(Suppl 1):625-6. 6945978
90. Langendorf C, Roederer T, de Pee S, Brown D, Doyon S, Mamaty AA, et al. Preventing acute malnutrition among young children in crises: a prospective intervention study in Niger. PLOS Medicine 2014;11(9):e1001714. [10.1371/journal.pmed.1001714]6945979
91. Macours K, Schady N, Vakis R. Cash transfers, behavioral changes, and cognitive development in early childhood: evidence from a randomized experiment. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2012;4(2):247-73. [DOI: 10.1257/app.4.2.247]6945981
92. Macours K, Schady N, Vakis R. Cash transfers, behavioral changes, and cognitive development in early childhood: evidence from a randomized experiment. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2008. Policy Research Working Paper 4759. Washington, DC: The World Bank. 6945982
93. Ndlovu PV. Effects of Social Grants on Labor Supply and Food Security of South African Households: Is There a Disincentive Effect? [Masters thesis]. Alberta (Canada): University of Alberta, 2013. 6945984
94. Park MJ. Impact of Social Protection Programs on Child Health and Education in Ghana [PhD thesis]. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina, 2013. 6945986
95. Pereznieto P, Jones N, Hamad BA, Shaheen M, O'Neill K. Tackling Childhood Poverty and Vulnerability: Making the Palestinian National Cash Transfer Programme More Effective for Children. London, United Kingdom: Overseas Development Institute & UNICEF, 2014. 6945988
96. Plagerson S, Patel V, Harpham T, Kielmann K, Mathee A. Does money matter for mental health?: evidence from the Child Support Grants in Johannesburg, South Africa. Global Public Health 2011;6(7):760-76. [DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2010.516267]6945990
97. Poulsene L, Fabre D. UNICEF Emergency Project Niger: cash transfer for protection of blanket feeding: Maradi and Tahoua regions. République du Niger and UNICEF, 2011. Available from www.unicef.org/evaluation/files/HQ_2010-007_UNICEF_Cash_Transfer_-_Final_Evaluation.pdf. no city of publication provided. 6945992
98. Pratinidhi AK. Effects of age, years of schooling, income, and cash incentive on postponement of first pregnancy among newly married couples in Satara district of Maharashtra (India). International Journal of Medicine and Public Health 2014;4(1):66-71. [DOI: 10.4103/2230-8598.127130]6945994
99. Rocha, S. The Brazilian Bolsa-Familia, 2003-2010: the workings of the new cash transfer program. Economie Appliquee 2013;66(1):125-54. 6945996
100. Santos LM, Pasquim EM, Santos SM. Cash transfer programs in Brazil: a multidimensional study of Bolsa Escola, Bolsa Alimentacao and Cartao Alimentacao Program implementation [Programas de transferencia de renda no Brasil: um estudo multidimensional da implementacao do Bolsa Escola, Bolsa Alimentacao e Cartao Alimentacao]. Ciencia & Saude Coletiva 2011;16(3):1821-34. [DOI: 10.1590/S1413-81232011000300018]6945998
101. Skoufias E, Unar M, de Cossio TG. The poverty impacts of cash and in-kind transfers: experimental evidence from rural Mexico. Journal of Development Effectiveness 2013;5(4):401-29. [DOI: 10.1080/19439342.2013.843578]6946000
102. Skovdal M, Robertson L, Mushati P, Nyamukapa C, Sherr L, Gregson S. Track D Social Science, Human Rights and Political Science. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2012;15(Suppl 3):207. [DOI: 10.7448/IAS.15.5.18442]6946002
103. Tadesse S. Cash transfers for Somali refugees: experiences from a pilot programme in Ethiopia. Nutrition Exchange 2014;4:25-6. 6946004
104. Houngbe F, Tonguet-Papucci A, Altare C, Ait-Aissa M, Huneau JF, Huybregts L, et al. Unconditional cash transfers do not prevent children's undernutrition in the Moderate Acute Malnutrition Out (MAM'Out) Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in rural Burkina Faso. Journal of Nutrition 2017;147(7):1410-7. [DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.247858]6946006
105. Tonguet-Papucci A, Houngbe F, Huybregts L, Ait-Aissa M, Altare C, Kolsteren P, et al. Unconditional seasonal cash transfer increases intake of high-nutritional-value foods in young Burkinabe children: results of 24-hour dietary recall surveys within the MAM'Out Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Nutrition 2017;147(7):1418-25. [DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.244517]6946007
106. Abdoulayi S, Angeles G, Barrington C, Brugh K, Handa S, Hill MJ, et al. Malawi Social Cash Transfer Program: Baseline Evaluation Report. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina, 2014. 6946009
107. Abdoulayi S, Angeles G, Barrington C, Brugh K, Handa S, Kilburn K, et al. Malawi Social Cash Transfer Program: Midline Impact Evaluation Report. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina, 2015. 6946010
108. American Institutes for Research. 12-month Impact Report for Zimbabwe's Harmonised Social Cash Transfer Programmes. Washington, DC: American Institutes for Research, 2014. 6946012
109. American Institutes for Research. Process Evaluation of Zimbabwe's Harmonised Social Cash Transfer Programmeme. Washington, DC: American Institutes for Research, 2014. 6946013
110. Benedetti F, Ibarrarán P, McEwan PJ. Do education and health conditions matter in a large cash transfer? Evidence from a Honduran experiment. Economic Development and Cultural Change 2016;64(4):759-93. [DOI: 10.1086/686583]6946015
111. Brugh KN. Impacts of an Unconditional Cash Transfer on Household Food and Nutrition Security and Child Health in Malawi [PhD thesis]. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina, 2016. 6946017
112. Cluver L, Boyes M, Orkin M, Pantelic M, Molwena T, Sherr L. Child-focused state cash transfers and adolescent risk of HIV infection in South Africa: a propensity-score-matched case-control study. Lancet Global Health 2013;1(6):e362-70. [DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70115-3]6946019
113. Cluver LD, Orkin FM, Boyes ME, Sherr L. Cash plus care: social protection cumulatively mitigates HIV-risk behaviour among adolescents in South Africa. AIDS 2014;28(Suppl 3):S389-97. [DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000340]6946020
114. Cluver LD, Orkin FM, Meinck F, Boyes ME, Sherr L. Structural drivers and social protection: mechanisms of HIV risk and HIV prevention for South African adolescents. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2016;19(2):20646. [DOI: 10.7448/IAS.19.1.20646]6946021
115. Cluver LD, Orkin FM, Meinck F, Boyes ME, Yakubovich AR, Sherr L. Can social protection improve Sustainable Development Goals for adolescent health?. PLOS ONE 2016;11(10):e0164808. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164808]6946022
116. Cluver LD, Orkin FM, Yakubovich AR, Sherr L. Combination social protection for reducing HIV-risk behavior among adolescents in South Africa. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2016;72(1):96-104. [DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000938]6946023
117. Cluver LD, Toska E, Orkin FM, Meinck F, Hodes R, Yakubovich AR, Sherr L. Achieving equity in HIV-treatment outcomes: Can social protection improve adolescent ART-adherence in South Africa?. AIDS Care 2016;28(Suppl 2):73-82. [DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2016.1179008]6946024
118. Cluver LD, Toska E, Orkin FM, Yakubovich AR, Hodes R, Sherr L. Cash, care and HIV community: social protection improves adolescent ART adherence in South Africa. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2016;19(6 (Suppl 5)):21264. [DOI: 10.7448/IAS.19.1.20646]6946025
119. Davis B, Handa S, Hypher N, Winder N, Winters PC, Yablonski J. From Evidence to Action: The Story of Cash Transfers and Impact Evaluation in Sub-Saharan Africa. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press, 2016. 6946027
120. Gangopadhyay S, Lensink R, Yadav B. Cash or in-kind transfers? Evidence from a randomised controlled trial in Delhi, India. Journal of Development Studies 2015;51(6):660-73. [DOI: 10.1080/00220388.2014.997219]6946029
121. Grellety E, Babakazo P, Bangana A, Mwamba G, Lezama I, Zagre NM, et al. Effects of unconditional cash transfers on the outcome of treatment for severe acute malnutrition (SAM): a cluster-randomised trial in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. BMC Medicine 2017;15(1):87. [DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0848-y]6946031
122. Handa S, Halpern CT, Pettifor A, Thirumurthy H. The government of Kenya's cash transfer program reduces the risk of sexual debut among young people age 15-25. PLOS ONE 2014;9(1):e85473. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085473]6946033
123. Handa S, Palermo T, Rosenberg M, Pettifor A, Halpern CT, Thirumurthy H. How does a national poverty programme influence sexual debut among Kenyan adolescents?. Global Public Health 2017;12(5):617-38. [DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2015.1134617]6946034
124. Handa S, Peterman A, Huang C, Halpern C, Pettifor A, Thirumurthy H. Impact of the Kenya Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children on early pregnancy and marriage of adolescent girls. Social Science & Medicine 2015;141:36-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.07.024]6946035
125. Huang C. Sub-Saharan African Social and Health Policies and the Poor: Three Essays Examining Impacts of Public Programs on Maternal Health Utilization, Children's Health, and Household Composition [PhD thesis]. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina, 2015. 6946037
126. Huang C, Singh K, Handa S, Halpern C, Pettifor A, Thirumurthy H. Investments in children's health and the Kenyan cash transfer for orphans and vulnerable children: evidence from an unconditional cash transfer scheme. Health Policy & Planning 2017;32(7):943-55. [DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czw181]6946036
127. Kilburn K, Thirumurthy H, Halpern CT, Pettifor A, Handa S. Effects of a large-scale unconditional cash transfer program on mental health outcomes of young people in Kenya. Journal of Adolescent Health 2016;58(2):223-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.09.023]6946038
128. Hjelm L, Handa S, de Hoop J, Palermo T, Zambia CGP and MCP Evaluation Teams. Poverty and perceived stress: evidence from two unconditional cash transfer programs in Zambia. Social Science & Medicine 2017;177:110-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.01.023]6946040
129. Kilburn K. Cash Transfers, Behavioral Change, and Child Development: Experimental Evidence from Malawi's Cash Transfer Program [PhD thesis]. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina, 2016. 6946042
130. Lawlor K. Impacts of Poverty Reduction Programs in Remote Rural Landscapes: Evidence from Cash Transfers in Zambia [PhD thesis]. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina, 2015. 6946044
131. Olajide D, Alzua ML, Dammert A, Sotola O, Ayodele T. Randomized evaluation of the unconditional cash transfer scheme for the elderly in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Nairobi, Kenya: Partnership for Economic Policy, 2016; PEP Working Paper 2016-21 2016. 6946046
132. Tiwari S, Daidone S, Ruvalcaba MA, Prifti E, Handa S, Davis B, Niang O, et al. Impact of cash transfer programs on food security and nutrition in sub-Saharan Africa: a cross-country analysis. Global Food Security 2016;11:72-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2016.07.009]6946048
133. Galárraga O, Sosa-Rubí SG, Conde-Glez CJ, Juárez-Figueroa L, González A, Badial-Hernández F, et al. Conditional economic incentives to reduce HIV risks among high risk men who have sex with men: a randomized pilot in Mexico. Conference proceedings of the 10th World Congress in Health Economics; 2014 Jul 13-16; Dublin (Ireland). Dublin (Ireland): International Health Economics Association, 2014. 6946050
134. Galárraga O, Sosa-Rubí SG, González A, Badial-Hernández F, Conde-Glez CJ, Juárez-Figueroa L, Bautista-Arredondo S, et al. The disproportionate burden of HIV and STIs among male sex workers in Mexico City and the rationale for economic incentives to reduce risks. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2014;17:19218. [DOI: 10.7448/IAS.17.1.19218]6946051
135. O'Leary S, Cheema I, Hunt S, Carraro L, Pellerano L. Benazir Income Support Programme Impact Evaluation: Baseline Survey Report. Oxford(UK): Oxford Policy Management, 2011. 6946053
136. Oxford Policy Management, University of Makerere. Evaluation of the Uganda Social Assistance Grants for Empowerment (SAGE) Programme: Baseline Report. Oxford (UK): Oxford Policy Management, 2013. 6946055
137. Adato M, Bassett L. Social protection to support vulnerable children and families: the potential of cash transfers to protect education, health and nutrition. AIDS Care 2009;21(Suppl 1):60-75.
138. Alvaredo F, Gasparini L. Chapter 10: Recent trends in inequality and poverty in developing countries. In: Atkinson A, Bourguignon F editor(s). Handbook of Income Distribution. Vol. 2, Amsterdam, Netherlands and New York, NY: Elsevier, 2013.
139. Arnold C, Conway T, Greenslade M. Cash Transfers Literature Review. London (UK): Department for International Development, 2011.
140. Baird S, McIntosh C, Özler B. Cash or condition? Evidence from a cash transfer experiment. Quarterly Journal of Economics 2011;126(4):1709-53.
141. Baird SJ, Garfein RS, McIntosh CT, Ozler B. Effect of a cash transfer programme for schooling on prevalence of HIV and herpes simplex type 2 in Malawi: a cluster randomised trial. Lancet 2012;379(9823):1320-9.
142. Baird S, Ferreira FHG, Özler B, Woolcock M. Relative effectiveness of conditional and unconditional cash transfers for schooling outcomes in developing countries: a systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews 2013; Vol. 8.
143. Barrientos A, DeJong J. Reducing child poverty with cash transfers: a sure thing?. Development Policy Review 2006;24(5):537-52.
144. Barrientos A, Hulme D. Social protection for the poor and poorest in developing countries: reflections on a quiet revolution. Manchester (UK): University of Manchester; 2008. BWPI Working Paper 30. Manchester, United Kingdom: University of Manchester.
145. Bassani DG, Arora P, Wazny K, Gaffey MF, Lenters L, Bhutta ZA. Financial incentives and coverage of child health interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2013;13(Suppl 3):S30.
146. Benach J, Solar O, Santana V, Castedo A, Chung H, Muntaner C, EMCONET Network. A micro-level model of employment relations and health inequalities. International Journal of Health Services 2010;40(2):223-7.
147. Benach J, Solar O, Vergara M, Vanroelen C, Santana V, Castedo A, et al. EMCONET Network. Six employment conditions and health inequalities: a descriptive overview. International Journal of Health Services 2010;40(2):269-80.
148. Boccia D, Hargreaves J, Lönnroth K, Jaramillo E, Weiss J, Uplekar M, et al. Cash transfer and microfinance interventions for tuberculosis control: review of the impact evidence and policy implications. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 2011;15(Suppl 2):S37-49.
149. Borjas GJ. Labor Economics. 6th Edition. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2013.
150. Bradley RH, Caldwell BM. Home observation for measurement of the environment: a validation study of screening efficiency. American Journal of Mental Deficiency 1977;81(5):417-20.
151. Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. Systematic Reviews: CRD's Guidance for Undertaking Reviews in Health Care. York (UK): Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, 2009.
152. Coates J, Swindale A, Bilinsky P. Household Food Insecurity AccessScale (HFIAS) for Measurement of Food Access: Indicator Guide. Washington, DC: Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance III Project, 2007.
153. Cochrane Effective Practice, Organisation of Care (EPOC). Suggested risk of bias criteria for EPOC reviews. EPOC Resources for review authors, 2017. Accessed at http://epoc.cochrane.org/resources/epoc-resources-review-authors on 15 Oct 2017.
154. Cochrane Public Health Group. Guide for developing a Cochrane protocol. Cochrane Public Health Group 2011.
155. Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity Through Action on the Social Determinants of Health. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization, 2008.
156. Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Cochrane Statistical Methods Group. Chapter 9: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Higgins J, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
157. Diez-Roux AV. Multilevel analysis in public health research. Annual Review of Public Health 2000;21:171-92. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.21.1.171]
158. Dimick JB, Ryan AM. Methods for evaluating changes in health care policy: the difference-in-differences approach. Journal of the American Medical Association 2014;312(22):2401-2. [DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.16153]
159. Doocy S, Tappis H. Cash-based approaches in humanitarian emergencies: a systematic review. London (UK): International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie); 2016. 3ie Systematic Review Report 28. London: International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie).
160. Eaton WW, Muntaner C, Smith C, Tien A, Ybarra M. Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale: review and revision (CESD and CESD-R). In: Maruish ME editor(s). The Use of Psychological Testing for Treatment Planning and Outcomes Assessment. 3rd Edition. Mahwah (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004:363-77.
161. Filmer D, Schady N. Does more cash in conditional cash transfer programs always lead to larger impacts on school attendance?. Journal of Development Economics 2011;96(1):150-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.05.006]
162. Fiszbein A, Schady N. Conditional Cash Transfers: Reducing Present and Future Poverty. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2009.
163. Forde I, Rasanathan K, Krech R. Cash transfer schemes and the health sector: making the case for greater involvement. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2012;90(7):551-3.
164. Jed Friedman (World Bank, Washington, US). [personal communication]. Conversation with: F Pega (University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand) 25 April 2014.
165. Gaarder MM, Glassman A, Todd J. Conditional cash transfers and health: unpacking the causal chain. Journal of Development Effectiveness 2010;2(1):6-50.
166. Gaarder M. Conditional versus unconditional cash: a commentary. Journal of Development Effectiveness 2012;4(1):130-3. [DOI: 10.1080/19439342.2012.658635]
167. Garcia M, Moore CMT. The Cash Dividend: The Rise of Cash Transfer Programs in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2012.
168. GBD 2015 DALYs and HALE Collaborators. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016;388(10053):1603-58. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31460-X]
169. Global Humanitarian Assistance. Tracking spending on cash transfer programming. Accessed from http://devinit.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/cash-transfer-financing-final.pdf on 15 Oct 2017.
170. Gorman M. Defining a minimum income for healthy living (MIHL): older age, England - a comment on implications for application in the developing world. International Journal of Epidemiology 2007;36(6):1307-8.
171. GRADE Working Group. GRADEprofiler Guideline Development Tool. Version accessed prior to 26 September 2017. McMaster University and Evidence Prime Inc, 2015.
172. Grosh M, Ninno C, Tesliuc E, Ouerghi A. For Protection & Promotion: The Design and Implementation of Effective Safety Nets. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2008.
173. Handa S, Park M, Osei-Darko R, Osei-Akoto I, Davis B, Daidone S. Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty Program Impact Evaluation. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina, 2014.
174. Heise L, Lutz B, Ranganathan M, Watts C. Cash transfers for HIV prevention: considering their potential. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2013;16(1):18615.
175. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
176. Higgins JPT, Deeks JJ, Altman JD. Chapter 16: Special topics in statistics. In: Higgins JPT, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.handbook.cochrane.org.
177. Hjollund NH, Larsen FB, Andersen JH. Register-based follow-up of social benefits and other transfer payments: accuracy and degree of completeness in a Danish interdepartmental administrative database compared with a population-based survey. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 2007;35(5):497-502. [DOI: 10.1080/14034940701271882]
178. International Labour Organization. Programme of Assistance for the Elderly in Rural Zones, 2013. www.ilo.org/dyn/ilossi/ssimain.viewScheme?p_lang=en&p_geoaid=484&p_scheme_id=495 (accessed 8 January 2015).
179. Joyce K, Pabayo R, Critchley JA, Bambra C. Flexible working conditions and their effects on employee health and wellbeing. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008009.pub2]
180. Kennedy G, Ballard T, Dop MC. Guidelines for Measuring Household and Individual Dietary Diversity. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2011.
181. Lagarde M, Haines A, Palmer N. The impact of conditional cash transfers on health outcomes and use of health services in low and middle income countries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008137]
182. Lundberg O, Fritzell J, Aberg Yngwe M, Kölgard ML. The potential power of social policy programmes: income redistribution, economic resources and health. International Journal of Social Welfare 2010;19:S2-S13.
183. Manley J, Gitter S, Slavchevska V. How effective are cash transfers at improving nutritional status?. World Development 2013;48:133-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.03.010]
184. Marmot M, Allen J, Goldblatt P, Boyce T, McNeish D, Grady M, et al. Fair Society, Healthy Lives: The Marmot Review. London: The Marmot Review, 2010.
185. Marmot M, Allen J, Bell R, Bloomer E, Goldblatt P, Consortium for the European Review of Social Determinants of Health and the Health Divide. WHO European review of social determinants of health and the health divide. The Lancet 2012;380(9846):1011-29.
186. McDonough P, Sacker A, Wiggins RD. Time on my side? Life course trajectories of poverty and health. Social Science & Medicine 2005;61(8):1795-808.
187. Morris JN, Donkin AJ, Wonderling D, Wilkinson P, Dowler EA. A minimum income for healthy living. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2000;54(12):885-9.
188. Morris JN, Wilkinson P, Dangour AD, Deeming C, Fletcher A. Defining a minimum income for healthy living (MIHL): older age, England. International Journal of Epidemiology 2007;36(6):1300-7.
189. Olinto P, Beegle K, Sobrado C, Uematsu H. The State of the Poor: Where Are the Poor, Where Is Extreme Poverty Harder to End, and What Is The Current Profile of the World's Poor?. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2013.
190. Owusu-Addo E, Cross R. The impact of conditional cash transfers on child health in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. International Journal of Public Health 2014;59(4):609-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00038-014-0570-x]
191. Owusu-Addo E, Renzaho AM, Mahal AS, Smith BJ. The impact of cash transfers on social determinants of health and health inequalities in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review protocol. Systematic Reviews 2016;5(1):114. [DOI: 10.1186/s13643-016-0295-4]
192. Painter A. A universal basic income: the answer to poverty, insecurity, and health inequality?. BMJ 2016;355:i6473. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i6473]
193. Pega F, Blakely T, Carter K, Sjöberg O. The explanation of a paradox? A commentary on Mackenbach with perspectives from research on financial credits and risk factor trends. Social Science & Medicine 2012;75(4):770-3.
194. Pega F, Carter K, Blakely T, Lucas P. In-work tax credits for families and their impact on health status in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009963.pub2]
195. Pega F, Walter S, Liu SY, Pababyo R, Lhachimi SK, Saith R. Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 6. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011135]
196. Pega F, Liu SY, Walter S, Lhachimi S. Unconditional cash transfers for assistance in humanitarian disasters: effect on use of health services and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 9. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011247.pub2]
197. Pega F, Shaw C, Rasanathan K, Yablonski J, Kawachi I, Hales S. Climate change, cash transfers and health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2015;93(8):559-65. [DOI: 10.2471/BLT.14.150037]
198. Pega F, Blakely T, Glymour MM, Carter KN, Kawachi I. Using marginal structural modeling to estimate the cumulative impact of an unconditional tax credit on self-rated health. American Journal of Epidemiology 2016;183(4):315-24. [DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv211]
199. Pega F. Using financial credits as instrumental variables for estimating the causal relationship between income and health. American Journal of Epidemiology 2016;183(9):785-9. [DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv312]
200. Pettifor A, MacPhail C, Nguyen N, Rosenberg M. Can money prevent the spread of HIV? A review of cash payments for HIV prevention. AIDS & Behavior 2012;16(7):1729-38.
201. Raudenbush SW. Comparing personal trajectories and drawing causal inferences from longitudinal data. Annual Review of Psychology 2001;52:501-25. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.501]
202. Raudenbush SW, Bryk AS. Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. 2nd Edition. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage Publications Inc, 2002.
203. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
204. Robertson L, Mushati P, Eaton JW, Dumba L, Mavise G, Makoni J, et al. Effects of unconditional and conditional cash transfers on child health and development in Zimbabwe: a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet 2013;381(9874):1283-92.
205. Sanderson S, Tatt ID, Higgins JP. Tools for assessing quality and susceptibility to bias in observational studies in epidemiology: a systematic review and annotated bibliography. International Journal of Epidemiology 2007;36(3):666-76.
206. Schubert B, Slater R. Social cash transfers in low-income African countries: conditional or unconditional?. Development Policy Review 2006;24(5):571-8.
207. Scientific Software International. Hierarchical Linear Modeling Software. Skokie (IL): Scientific Software International, 2015.
208. Sjöberg O. Social insurance as a collective resource: unemployment benefits, job insecurity and subjective wellbeing in a comparative perspective. Social Forces 2010;88(3):1281-304.
209. Sridhar D, Duffield A. A review of the impact of cash transfer programmes on child nutrition status and some implications for Save the Children UK programmes. London: Save The Children, 2006.
210. StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software. Version 14. College Station (TX): StataCorp, 2015.
211. Stover J, Bollinger L, Walker N, Monasch R. Resource needs to support orphans and vulnerable children in sub-Saharan Africa. Health Policy and Planning 2007;22(1):21-7.
212. Ueffing E, Tugwell P, Welch V, Petticrew M, Kristjansson E for the Campbell and Cochrane Equity Methods Group. Equity Checklist for Systematic Review Authors. Version 2012-10-02. Accessed at http://equity.cochrane.org/sites/equity.cochrane.org/files/uploads/EquityChecklist2012.pdf on 5 May 2014.
213. United Nations General Assembly. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/70/1). New York, NY: United Nations, 2015.
214. United Nations Children's Fund. Nutrition: definitions of the indicators. UNICEF, 2015. www.unicef.org/infobycountry/stats_popup2.html (accessed prior to 26 September 2017).
215. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. Combating Poverty and Inequality: Structural Change, Social Policy and Politics. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 2010.
216. VanderWeele TJ. Concerning the consistency assumption in causal inference. Epidemiology 2009;20(6):880-3. [DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181bd5638]
217. Whiting P, Savović J, Higgins JP, Caldwell DM, Reeves BC, Shea B, et al. ROBIS: A new tool to assess risk of bias in systematic reviews was developed. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2016;69:225-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.06.005]
218. World Health Organization. Closing the Gap: Policy into Practice on Social Determinants of Health: Discussion Paper. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011.
219. World Health Organization. Nutrition: moderate malnutrition. www.who.int/nutrition/topics/moderate_malnutrition/en/ (accessed 14 July 2016).
220. Wooldridge JM. Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data. 2nd Edition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010.
221. World Bank. Ecuador - Bono de Desarrollo Humano Project. World Bank, 2006. www.documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2006/04/6704730/ecuador-bono-de-desarrollo-humano-project (accessed 8 July 2015).
222. World Bank. A ten-year strategy to support the development of social protection systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank, 2012. www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2012/12/18/a-ten-year-strategy-to-support-the-development-of-social-protection-systems-in-sub-saharan-africa (accessed 27 May 2014).
223. World Bank. Country and lending groups. www.data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups#Low_income (accessed 27 May 2014).
224. Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, Lum O, Huang V, Adey M, Leirer VO. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1982;17(1):37-49.