Brain monitoring in adult and pediatric ECMO patients: The importance of early and late assessments

Minerva Anestesiologica

Volumn 83, Issue 10, 2017, Pages 1061-1074

  Lorusso, Roberto ^a   Tacco Ne, Fabio S ^b   Belliato, Mirko ^c   Delnoij, Thijs ^a   Zanatta, Paolo ^d   Cvetkovic, Mirjana ^e   Davidson, Mark ^f   Belohlavek, Jan ^g   Matta, Nashwa ^h   Davis, Carl ^f   Ijsselstijn, Hanneke ⁱ   Mueller, Thomas ^j   Muellenbach, Ralf ^k   Donker, Dirk ^l   David, Piero ^m   Di Nardo, Matteo ⁿ   Vlasselaers, Dirk ^o   Dos Reis Miranda, Dinis ^p   Hoskote, Aparna ^q  

^a MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b ERASME HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

^c San Matteo Medical Center   (Italy)

^d TREVISO REGIONAL HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^e GLENFIELD HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^f ROYAL HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN   (United Kingdom)

^g CHARLES UNIVERSITY   (Czech Republic)

^h UK   (United Kingdom)

ⁱ SOPHIA CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Netherlands)

^j UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL REGENSBURG   (Germany)

^k Department of Intensive Care ^*  (Germany)

^l UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

^m SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

ⁿ BAMBINO GESÙ CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^o UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^p ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^q GREAT ORMOND STREET HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

more..

Author keywords

Complications; Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; Neurophysiological monitoring.

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; OXYHEMOGLOBIN;

BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN INJURY; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; BRAIN STEM RESPONSE; CARDIOPULMONARY INSUFFICIENCY; CELL ADHESION; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EXTRACORPOREAL OXYGENATION; HEMODYNAMICS; HOSPITAL MORTALITY; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; NERVOUS SYSTEM INFLAMMATION; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATION; NEUROMONITORING; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PEDIATRICS; PERFUSION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEIZURE; SOMATOSENSORY EVOKED POTENTIAL; SPECTROPHOTOMETRY; TISSUE OXYGENATION; BRAIN; INTRAOPERATIVE NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL MONITORING; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; TIME FACTOR;

BRAIN; EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION; HUMANS; INTRAOPERATIVE NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL MONITORING; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 85032452779     PISSN: 03759393     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.23736/S0375-9393.17.11911-5     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Cheng R, Hachamovitch R, Kittleson M, Patel J, Arabia F, Moriguchi J, et al. Complications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for treatment of cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest: A meta-Analysis of 1, 866 adult patients. Ann Thorac Surg 2014;97:610-6.
2. Zangrillo A, Landoni G, Biondi-Zoccai G, Greco M, Greco T, Frati G, et al. A meta-Analysis of complications and mortality of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Crit Care Resusc 2013;15:172-8.
3. Lorusso R, Barili F, Mauro MD, Gelsomino S, Pariso O, Rycus PT, et al. In-Hospital Neurologic Complications in Adult Patients Undergoing Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Results From the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry. Crit Care Med 2016;44:e964-72.
4. Nasr DM, Rabinstein AA. Neurologic Complications of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. J Clin Neurol 2015;11:383-9.
5. Kasirajan V, Smedira NG, McCarthy JF, Casselman F, Boparai N, McCarthy PM. Risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage in adults on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1999;15:508-14.
6. Gray BW, Haft JW, Hirsch JC, Annich GM, Hirschl RB, Bartlett RH. Extracorporeal life support: experience with 2, 000 patients. ASAIO J 2015;61:2-7.
7. Zanatta P, Forti A, Bosco E, Salvador L, Borsato M, Baldanzi F, et al. Microembolic signals and strategy to prevent gas embolism during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Cardiothorac Surg 2010;5:1-5
8. Papademetriou MD, Tachtsidis I, Elliot MJ, Hoskote A, Elwell CE. Multichannel near infrared spectroscopy indicates regional variations in cerebral autoregulation in infants supported on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Biomed Opt 2012;17.
9. Liem KD, Hopman JC, Oeseburg B, de Haan AF, Festen C, Kollee LA. Cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics during induction of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as investigated by near infrared spectrophotometry. Pediatrics 1995;95:555-61.
10. Muellenbach RM, Kilgenstein C, Kranke P, Kustermann J, Kredel M, Roewer N, et al. Effects of venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on cerebral oxygenation in hypercapnic ARDS. Perfusion 2014;29:139-41.
11. Taccone FS, Fagnoul D, Rondelet B, Vincent JL, de Backer D. Cerebral oxymetry iduring extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care 2013;17:409.
12. Paden ML, Rycus PT, Thiagarajan RR. Update and outcomes in extracorporeal life support. Semin Perinatol 2014;38:65-70.
13. Combes A, Bacchetta M, Brodie D, Muller T, Pellegrino V. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for respiratory failure in adults. Current Opin Crit Care 2012;18:99-104.
14. Brogan TV, Thiagarajan RR, Rycus PT, Bartlett RH, Bratton SL. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adults with severe respiratory failure: A multi-center database. Intensive Care Med 2009;35:2105-14.
15. Kredel M, Lubnow M, Westermaier T, Mueller T, Philipp A, Lotz C, et al. Cerebral tissue oxygenation during the initiation of venovenous ECMO. ASAIO J 2014;60:694-700.
16. Owen-Reece H, Smith M, Elwell CE, Goldstone JC. Near infrared spectroscopy. Br J Anaesth 1999; 82:418-26.
17. Wong JK, Smith TN, Pitcher HT, Hirose H, Cavarocchi NC. Cerebral and lower limb near-infrared spectroscopy in adults on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Artif Organs 2012;36:659-67.
18. Ostadal P, Kruger A, Vondrakova D, Janotka M, Psotova H, Neuzil P. Noninvasive assessment of hemodynamic variables using near-infrared spectroscopy in patients experiencing cardiogenic shock and individuals undergoing venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Crit Care 2014;29:690.
19. Zanatta P, Forti A. Effectiveness of NIRS to sample the frontal brain cortex in all cardiac surgery patients. Minerva Anestesiol 2011;77:1124-5.
20. Yoshitani K, Kawaguchi M, Miura N, Okuno T, Kanoda T, Ohnishi Y, et al. Measurements of optical pathlength using phase-resolved spectroscopy in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg 2007;104:341-6.
21. McCormick PW, Stewart M, Goetting MG, Balakrishnan G. Regional cerebrovascular oxygen saturation measured by optical spectroscopy in humans. Stroke 1991;22:596-602.
22. Watzman HM, Kurth CD, Montenegro LM, Rome J, Steven JM, Nicolson SC. Arterial and venous contributions to near-infrared cerebral oximetry. Anesthesiology 2000;93:947-53.
23. Yoshitani K, Kawaguchi M, Iwata M, Sasaoka N, Inoue S, Kurumatani N, et al. Comparison of changes in jugular venous bulb oxygen saturation and cerebral oxygen saturation during variations of haemoglobin concentration under propofol and sevoflurane anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2005;94:341-6.
24. Lidegran MK, Mosskin M, Ringertz HG, Frenckner BP, Linden VB. Cranial CT for diagnosis of intracranial complications in adult and pediatric patients during ECMO: Clinical benefits in diagnosis and treatment. Acad Radiol 2007;14:62-71.
25. Lidegran MK, Ringertz HG, Frenckner BP, Linden VB. Chest and abdominal CT during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Clinical benefits in diagnosis and treatment. Acad Radiol 2005;12:276-85.
26. Nguyen DN, Huyghens L, Wellens F, Schiettecatte J, Smitz J, Vincent JL. Serum S100B protein could help to detect cerebral complications associated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Neurocrit Care 2014;20:367-74.
27. Bembea MM, Rizkalla N, Freedy J, Barasch N, Vaidya D, Pronovost PJ, et al. Plasma biomarkers of brain injury as diagnostic tools and outcome predictors after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Crit Care Med 2015;43:2202-11.
28. Floerchinger B, Philipp A, Foltan M, Keyser A, Camboni D, Lubnow M, et al. Neuron-specific enolase serum levels predict severe neuronal injury after extracorporeal life support in resuscitation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2014;45:496-501.
29. Gazzolo D, Abella R, Marinoni E, di Iorio R, Li Volti G, Galvano F, et al. New markers of neonatal neurology. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009;22(Suppl 3):57-61.
30. Bembea MM, Savage W, Strouse JJ, Schwartz JM, Graham E, Thompson CB, et al. Glial fibrillary acidic protein as a brain injury biomarker in children undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatric Crit Care Med 2011;12:572-9.
31. Marinoni M, Migliaccio ML, Trapani S, Bonizzoli M, Gucci L, Cianchi G, et al. Cerebral microemboli detected by transcranial doppler in patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Acta Anaesthesiologic Scand 2016;60:934-44.
32. Raffiz M, Abdullah JM. Optic nerve sheath diameter measurement: A means of detecting raised intracranial pressure in adult traumatic and non-Traumatic neurosurgical patients. Am J Emerg Med 2017;35:150-3.
33. Zanatta P, Linassi F, Mazzarolo AP, Arico M, Bosco E, Bendini M, et al. Pain-related somatosensory evoked potentials: A potential new tool to improve the prognostic prediction of coma after cardiac arrest. Crit Care 2015;19:403.
34. Rastan AJ, Dege A, Mohr M, Doll N, Falk V, Walther T, et al. Early and late outcomes of 517 consecutive adult patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010;139:302-11.
35. Mateen FJ, Muralidharan R, Shinohara RT , Parisi JE, Schears GJ, Wijdicks EF. Neurological injury in adults treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Arch Neurol 2011;68:1543-9.
36. Aubron C, Cheng AC, Pilcher D, Leong T, Magrin G, Cooper DJ, et al. Factors associated with outcomes of patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support: A 5-year cohort study. Crit Care 2013;17:R73.
37. Madderom MJ, Schiller RM, Gischler SJ, van Heijst AF, Tibboel D, Aarsen FK, et al. Growing up after critical illness: verbal, visual-spatial, and working memory problems in neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation survivors. Crit Care Med 2016;44:1182-90.
38. Madderom MJ, Reuser JJ, Utens EM, van Rosmalen J, Raets M, Govaert P, et al. Neurodevelopmental, educational and behavioral outcome at 8 years after neonatal ECMO: A nationwide multicenter study. Intensive Care Med 2013;39:1584-93.
39. Ijsselstijn H, van Heijst AF. Long-Term outcome of children treated with neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: increasing problems with increasing age. Semin Perinatol 2014;38:114-21.
40. Risnes I, Wagner K, Nome T, Sundet K, Jensen J, Hynas IA, et al. Cerebral outcome in adult patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Ann Thorac Surg 2006;81:1401-6
41. Risnes I, Heldal A, Wagner K, Boye B, Haraldsen I, Leganger S, et al. Psychiatric outcome after severe cardio-respiratory failure treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A case-series. Psychosomatics 2013;54:418-27.
42. Polito A, Barrett CS, Peter RT , Netto R, Cogo PE, Thiagarajan RR. Acute neurologic injury in neonates supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: An analysis of elso registry data. Intensive Care Med 2012;38:S57.
43. Hervey-Jumper SL, Annich GM, Yancon AR, Garton HJ, Muraszko KM, Maher CO. Neurological complications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in children. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2011;7:338-44.
44. Cengiz P, Seidel K, Rycus PT, Brogan TV, Roberts JS. Central nervous system complications during pediatric extracorporeal life support: incidence and risk factors. Crit Care Med 2005;33:2817-24.
45. Barrett CS, Bratton SL, Salvin JW, Laussen PC, Rycus PT, Thiagarajan RR. Neurological injury after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use to aid pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2009;10:445-51.
46. Hanekamp MN, Mazer P, van der Cammen-van Zijp MH, van Kessel-Feddema BJ, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MV, Knuijt S, et al. Follow-up of newborns treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A nationwide evaluation at 5 years of age. Crit Care 2006;10:R127.
47. Polito A, Barrett CS, Wypij D, Rycus PT, Netto R, Cogo PE, et al. Neurologic complications in neonates supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. An analysis of ELSO registry data. Intensive Care Med 2013;39:1594-601.
48. Hardart GE, Fackler JC. Predictors of intracranial hemorrhage during neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr 1999;134:156-9.
49. Short BL. The effect of extracorporeal life support on the brain: A focus on ECMO. Semin Perinatol 2005;29:45-50.
50. Rollins MD, Hubbard A, Zabrocki L, Barnhart DC, Bratton SL. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulation trends for pediatric respiratory failure and central nervous system injury. J Pediatr Surg 2012;47:68-75.
51. Graziani LJ, Gringlas M, Baumgart S. Cerebrovascular complications and neurodevelopmental sequelae of neonatal ECMO. Clin Perinatol 1997;24:655-75.
52. Van Heijst A, Liem D, Hopman J, Van Der Staak F, Sengers R. Oxygenation and hemodynamics in left and right cerebral hemispheres during induction of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr 2004;144:223-8.
53. Bulas DI, Taylor GA, ODonnell RM, Short BL, Fitz CR, Vezina G. Intracranial abnormalities in infants treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: update on sonographic and CT findings. Am J Neuroradiol 1996;17:287-94.
54. Graziani LJ, Baumgart S, Desai S, Stanley C, Gringlas M, Spitzer AR. Clinical antecedents of neurologic and audiologic abnormalities in survivors of neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Child Neurol 1997;12:415-22.
55. Nijhuis-van der Sanden MW, van der Cammen-van Zijp MH, Janssen AJ, Reuser JJ, Mazer P, van Heijst AF, et al. Motor performance in five-year-old extracorporeal membrane oxygenation survivors: A population-based study. Crit Care 2009;13:R47.
56. Toussaint LC, van der Cammen-van Zijp MH, Janssen AJ, Tibboel D, van Heijst AF, H IJ. Perceived motor competence differs from actual performance in 8-yearold neonatal ECMO survivors. Pediatrics 2016;137:1-9.
57. Bulas DI, Taylor GA, Fitz CR, Revenis ME, Glass P, Ingram JD. Posterior fossa intracranial hemorrhage in infants treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: sonographic findings. Am J Roentgenol 1991;156:571-5.
58. Iguchi A, Ridout DA, Galan S, Bodlani C, Squire K, OCallaghan M, et al. Long-Term survival outcomes and causes of late death in neonates, infants, and children treated with extracorporeal life support. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2013;14:580-6.
59. Brown KL, MacLaren G, Marino BS. Looking beyond survival rates: neurological outcomes after extracorporeal life support. Intensive Care Med 2013; 39:1870-2.
60. van der Cammen-van Zijn MHM, Janssen AJWM, Raets MMA, van Rosmalen J, Govaert P, Steiner K, et al. Motor performance after neonatal ECMO: A longitudinal evaluation. Pediatrics 2014;134:427-35
61. Madderon MJ, Reuser JJ, Utens EM, van Rosmalen J, Raets M, Govaert P, et al. Neurodevelopmental, educational and behavioral outcome at 8 years from neonatal ECMO: A nationwide multicentre study. Intensive Care Med 2013;39:1584-93
62. Madderon MJ, Schiller RM, Gischler SM, van Heijlst AF, Tibboel D, Aaarsen FK, et al. Growing up after critical illness: verbal, visual-spatial, and working memory problems in neonatal ECMO survivors. Crit Care Med 2016;44:1182-90
63. Schiller RM, Madderom MJ, Reuser JJCM, Steiner K, Gischler SJ, Tibboel D, et al. Neuropsychological follow-up after neonatal ECMO. Pediatrics 2016;138:e20161313.
64. Bulas D, Glass P. Neonatal ECMO: neuroimaging and neurodevelopmental outcome. Semin Perinatol 2005;29:58-65.
65. Raets MM, Dudink J, Ijsselstijn H, van Heijlst AF, Lequin MH, Houmes RJ, et al. Brain injury associated with neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the Netherlands: A nationwide evaluation spanning two decades. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2013;14:884-92.
66. van Wezel-Meijler G, Steggerda SJ, Leijser LM. Cranial ultrasonography in neonates: role and limitations. Semin Perinatol 2010;34:28-38.
67. Groenendaal F, de Vries LS. Fifty years of brain imaging in neonatal encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia. Pediatr Res 2017;81:150-55
68. Bembea MM. Neuromonitoring of neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients using serial cranial ultrasounds. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2013;14:903-4.
69. Khan AM, Shabarek FM, Zwischenberger JB, Warner BW, Cheu HW, Jaksic T, et al. Utility of daily head ultrasonography for infants on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr Surg 1998;33:1229-32.
70. von Allmen D, Babcock D, Matsumoto J, Flake A, Warmer BW, Stevenson RJ, et al. The predictive value of head ultrasound in the ECMO candidate. J Pediatr Surg 1992;27:36-9.
71. Graziani LJ, Gringlas M, Baungart S. Cerebrovascular complications and neurodeelopmental sequelae of neonatal ECMO. Clin Perinatol 1997;24:655-75
72. Mitchell DG, Merton DA, Graziani LJ, Desai HJ, Desai SA, Wolfson PJ, et al. Right carotid artery ligation in neonates: classification of collateral flow with color Doppler imaging. Radiology 1990;175:117-23
73. O Brien NF, Hall MW. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and cerebral blood flow velocity in children. Pediatric Crit Care Med 2013;14:e126-e34.
74. Fukuda S, Aoyama M, Yamada Y, Saitoh N, Honjoh T, Hasegawa T, et al. Comparison of venoarterial versus venovenous access in the cerebral circulation of newborn undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Surg Int 1999;2:78-84
75. LaRovere KL, Brett MS, Tasker RC, Strauss KJ, Burns JP. Head computed tomography scanning during pediatric neurocritical care: diagnostic yield and the utility of portable studies. Neurocrit Care 2012;16:251-7.
76. Ejike JC, Schenkman KA, Seidel K, Ramamoorthy C, Roberts JS. Cerebral oxygenation in neonatal and pediatric patients during veno-Arterial extracorporeal life support. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2006;7:154-8.
77. Papademetriou MD, Tachtsidis I, Leung TS, Elliott MJ, Hoskote A, Elwell CE. Cerebral and peripheral tissue oxygenation in children supported on ECMO for cardiorespiratory failure. Adv Exp Med Biol 2010;662:447-53.
78. Papademetriou MD, Tachtsidis I, Banaji M, Elliott MJ, Hoskote A, Elwell CE. Regional cerebral oxygenation measured by multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy (optical topography) in an infant supported on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011;141:e31-3.
79. Rowley AB, Payne SJ, Tachtsidis I, Ebden MJ, Whitley JP, Gavaghan DJ, et al. Synchronization between arterial blood pressure and cerebral oxyhaemoglobin concentration investigated by wavelet cross-correlation. Physiol Meas 2007;28:161-73.
80. Hoskote AU, Tume LN, Trieschmann U, Menzel C, Cogo P, Brown KL, et al. A Cross-Sectional Survey of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Use in Pediatric Cardiac ICUs in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy, and Germany. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2016;17:36-44.
81. Rais-Bahrami K, Rivera O, Short BL. Validation of a noninvasive neonatal optical cerebral oximeter in venovenous ECMO patients with a cephalad catheter. J Perinatol 2006;26:628-35.
82. Maldonado Y, Singh S, Taylor MA. Cerebral nearinfrared spectroscopy in perioperative management of left ventricular assist device and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2014;27:81-8.
83. Bennett CC, Johnson A, Field DJ. A comparison of clinical variables that predict adverse outcome in term infants with severe respiratory failure randomised to a policy of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or to conventional neonatal intensive care. J Perinatal Med 2002;30:225-30.
84. Topjian AA, Sanchez SM, Shults J, Berg RA, Dlugos DJ, Abend NS. Early Electroencephalographic Background Features Predict Outcomes in Children Resuscitated From Cardiac Arrest. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2016;17:547-57.
85. Streletz LJ, Bej MD, Graziani LJ, Desai HJ, Beacham SG, Cullen J, et al. Utility of serial EEGs in neonates during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Neurol 1992;8:190-6.
86. Gannon CM, Kornhauser MS, Gross GW, Wiswell TE, Baumgart S, Streletz IJ, et al. When combined, early bedside head ultrasound and electroencephalography predict abnormal computerized tomography or magnetic resonance brain images obtained after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation treatment. J Perinatol 2001;21:451-5.
87. Herman ST, Abend NS, Bleck TP, Chapman KE, Drislane FW, Emerson RG, et al. Consensus statement on continuous EEG in critically ill adults and children, part I: indications. J Clin Neurophysiol 2015;32:87-95.
88. Herman ST, Abend NS, Bleck TP, Chapman KE, Drislane FW, Emerson RG, et al. Consensus statement on continuous EEG in critically ill adults and children, part II: personnel, technical specifications, and clinical practice. J Clin Neurophysiol 2015;32:96-108.
89. Pappas A, Shankaran S, Stockmann PT, Bara R. Changes in amplitude-integrated electroencephalography in neonates treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A pilot study. J Pediatr 2006;148:125-7.
90. Horan M, Azzopardi D, Edwards AD, Firmin RK, Field D. Lack of influence of mild hypothermia on amplitude integrated-electroencephalography in neonates receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Early Hum Dev 2007;83:69-75.
91. Pappas A, Shankaran S, Stockmann P. Predictive value of amplitude-integrated electroencephalography on outcome in neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatrics 2008;121:S140-S.
92. Gazzolo D, Abella R, Marinoni E, Di Iorio R, Li Volti G, Galvano F, et al. Circulating biochemical markers of brain damage in infants complicated by ischemia reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Hematolog Agents Med Chem 2009;7:108-26.
93. Gazzolo D, Masetti P, Meli M, Grutzfeld D, Michetti F. Elevated S100B protein as an early indicator of intracranial haemorrhage in infants subjected to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Acta Paediatrica 2002;91:218-21.
94. Carter BG, Butt WW. Median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials in children receiving ECMO. Pediatr Neurol 1995;12:42-6.
95. Friberg H, Cronberg T. Prognostication after cardiac arrest. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2013;27:359-72.
96. Daltrozzo J, Wioland N, Mutschler V, Kotchoubey B. Predicting coma and other low responsive patients outcome using event-related brain potentials: A meta-Analysis. Clin Neurophysiol 2007;118:606-14.
97. Rodriguez RA, Shamy M, Dowlatshahi D, Nathan HJ. Can Mismatch Negativity Reduce Uncertainty in the Prediction of Awakening From Coma During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation? J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2015;29:1627-31.
98. Goodman M, Gringlas M, Baumgart S, Stanley C, Desai SA, Turner M, et al. Neonatal electroencephalogram does not predict cognitive and academic achievement scores at early school age in survivors of neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Child Neurol 2001;16:745-50.
99. Kumar P, Gupta R, Shankaran S, Bedard MP, Delaney-Black V. EEG abnormalities in survivors of neonatal ECMO: its role as a predictor of neurodevelopmental outcome. Am J Perinatol 1999;16:245-50.
100. Bulas DI, Glass P, ODonnell RM, Taylor GA, Short BL, Vezina GL. Neonates treated with ECMO: predictive value of early CT and US neuroimaging findings on short-Term neurodevelopmental outcome. Radiology 1995;195:407-12.
101. Rollins MD, Yoder BA, Moore KR, Barnhart DC, Jones C, Null DM, et al. Utility of neuroradiographic imaging in predicting outcomes after neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr Surg 2012;47:76-80.
102. The collaborative UK ECMO (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation) trial: follow-up to 1 year of age. Pediatrics 1998;101:E1.
103. Schiller RM, van de Bosch GM, Muetzel ML, Smits M, Dudink J, Tibboel D, et al. Neonatal critical illness and development: whote matter and hippocampus alterations in school-Age neonatal ECMO survivors. Dev Med Child Neurol 2017;59:304-10.
104. Cheung PY, Haluschak MM, Finer NN, Robertson CM. Sensorineural hearing loss in survivors of neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Early Hum Dev 1996;44:225-33.
105. Fligor BJ, Neault MW, Mullen CH, Feldman HA, Jones DT. Factors associated with sensorineural hearing loss among survivors of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy. Pediatrics 2005;115:1519-28.
106. Bembea MM, Felling R, Anton B, Salorio CF, Johnston MV. Neuromonitoring during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A systematic review of the literature. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015;16:558-564