메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 9, Issue , 2017, Pages 53-74

Intellectual Property Rights and the Ascent of Proprietary Innovation in Agriculture

Author keywords

Appropriability; Biotechnology; Innovation; Knowledge; Market power; Patents; Plant breeders' rights; Plant patents; R D; Trade secrets

Indexed keywords


EID: 85031088143     PISSN: 19411340     EISSN: 19411359     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-resource-100516-053524     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (36)

References (92)
  • 1
    • 57149092045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protection: Plant patents, utility patents, plant breeders' rights, trademarks, branding, royalties
    • ed. NO Anderson Dordrecht, Neth.: Springer
    • Aguirre P. 2006. Protection: plant patents, utility patents, plant breeders' rights, trademarks, branding, royalties. In Flower Breeding and Genetics: Issues, Challenges and Opportunities for the 21st Century, ed. NO Anderson, pp. 81-112. Dordrecht, Neth.: Springer
    • (2006) Flower Breeding and Genetics: Issues, Challenges and Opportunities for the 21st Century , pp. 81-112
    • Aguirre, P.1
  • 3
    • 31244432231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of the US Plant Variety Protection Act on wheat genetic improvement
    • Alston J, Venner RJ. 2002. The effects of the US Plant Variety Protection Act on wheat genetic improvement. Res. Policy 31:527-42
    • (2002) Res. Policy , vol.31 , pp. 527-542
    • Alston, J.1    Venner, R.J.2
  • 5
    • 0000584479 scopus 로고
    • Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for inventions
    • ed. RR Nelson Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    • Arrow KJ. 1962. Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for inventions. In The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors, ed. RR Nelson, pp. 609-26. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    • (1962) The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors , pp. 609-626
    • Arrow, K.J.1
  • 6
    • 85008740607 scopus 로고
    • Measuring the potential contribution of plant breeding to crop yields: Flue-cured tobacco, 1954-87
    • Babcock B, Foster W. 1991. Measuring the potential contribution of plant breeding to crop yields: flue-cured tobacco, 1954-87. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 73:850-59
    • (1991) Am. J. Agric. Econ. , vol.73 , pp. 850-859
    • Babcock, B.1    Foster, W.2
  • 7
    • 0842325239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Holdup and licensing ofcumulative innovations with private information
    • Bessen J. 2004. Holdup and licensing ofcumulative innovations with private information. Econ. Lett. 82(3):321-26
    • (2004) Econ. Lett. , vol.82 , Issue.3 , pp. 321-326
    • Bessen, J.1
  • 8
    • 70450177630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sequential innovation, patents, and imitation
    • Bessen J, Maskin E. 2009. Sequential innovation, patents, and imitation. Rand J. Econ. 40(4):611-35
    • (2009) Rand J. Econ. , vol.40 , Issue.4 , pp. 611-635
    • Bessen, J.1    Maskin, E.2
  • 9
    • 0000689487 scopus 로고
    • Durable goods monopolists
    • Bulow J. 1982. Durable goods monopolists. J. Pol. Econ. 90(2):314-32
    • (1982) J. Pol. Econ. , vol.90 , Issue.2 , pp. 314-332
    • Bulow, J.1
  • 11
    • 84925728351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intellectual property protection in plant varieties: A worldwide index (1961-2011)
    • Campi M, Nuvolari A. 2015. Intellectual property protection in plant varieties: a worldwide index (1961-2011). Res. Policy 44(4):951-64
    • (2015) Res. Policy , vol.44 , Issue.4 , pp. 951-964
    • Campi, M.1    Nuvolari, A.2
  • 12
    • 0346343623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying the contribution of plant breeders' rights and transgenic varieties to canola yields: Evidence from Manitoba
    • Carew R, Devadoss S. 2003. Quantifying the contribution of plant breeders' rights and transgenic varieties to canola yields: evidence from Manitoba. Can. J. Agric. Econ. 51:371-95
    • (2003) Can. J. Agric. Econ. , vol.51 , pp. 371-395
    • Carew, R.1    Devadoss, S.2
  • 13
    • 84877154464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incentives for innovation: Patents, prizes, and research contracts
    • Clancy MS, Moschini G. 2013. Incentives for innovation: patents, prizes, and research contracts. Appl. Econ. Perspect. Policy. 35(2):206-41
    • (2013) Appl. Econ. Perspect. Policy. , vol.35 , Issue.2 , pp. 206-241
    • Clancy, M.S.1    Moschini, G.2
  • 14
    • 0000669307 scopus 로고
    • Durability and monopoly
    • Coase RH. 1972. Durability and monopoly. J. Law Econ. 15:143-49
    • (1972) J. Law Econ. , vol.15 , pp. 143-149
    • Coase, R.H.1
  • 15
    • 78649536915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fifty years of empirical studies of innovative activity and performance
    • ed. B Hall, N Rosenberg Oxford, UK: Elsevier
    • Cohen WM. 2010. Fifty years of empirical studies of innovative activity and performance. In Handbook of the Economics of Innovation, Vol. 1, ed. B Hall, N Rosenberg, pp. 129-213. Oxford, UK: Elsevier
    • (2010) Handbook of the Economics of Innovation , vol.1 , pp. 129-213
    • Cohen, W.M.1
  • 17
    • 0001431899 scopus 로고
    • Hybrid corn revisited
    • Dixon R. 1980. Hybrid corn revisited. Econometrica 48(6):1451-61
    • (1980) Econometrica , vol.48 , Issue.6 , pp. 1451-1461
    • Dixon, R.1
  • 18
    • 84937393222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Premiums and discounts for plant patents and trademarks used on ornamental plant cultivars: A hedonic price analysis
    • Drew J, Yue C, Anderson N, Pardey P. 2015. Premiums and discounts for plant patents and trademarks used on ornamental plant cultivars: a hedonic price analysis. HortScience 50:879-87
    • (2015) HortScience , vol.50 , pp. 879-887
    • Drew, J.1    Yue, C.2    Anderson, N.3    Pardey, P.4
  • 20
    • 39449096001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic progress in yield of United States maize (Zea mays L.)
    • Duvick DN. 2005. Genetic progress in yield of United States maize (Zea mays L.). Maydica 50:193-202
    • (2005) Maydica , vol.50 , pp. 193-202
    • Duvick, D.N.1
  • 21
    • 84896928150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Econ. Res. Serv. ERS Web Data Prod., US Dep. Agric., Washington, DC
    • Econ. Res. Serv. 2012. Agricultural research funding in the public and private sectors. ERS Web Data Prod., US Dep. Agric., Washington, DC. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/agricultural-research-funding-in-the-public-and-private-sectors/
    • (2012) Agricultural Research Funding in the Public and Private Sectors
  • 22
    • 84991634661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The emerging patent landscape of CRISPR-Cas gene editing technology
    • Eglie KJ, Graff GD, Strand SP, Johansen B. 2016. The emerging patent landscape of CRISPR-Cas gene editing technology. Nat. Biotechnol. 34(10):1025-31
    • (2016) Nat. Biotechnol. , vol.34 , Issue.10 , pp. 1025-1031
    • Eglie, K.J.1    Graff, G.D.2    Strand, S.P.3    Johansen, B.4
  • 23
    • 33645549980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What drives business Research and Development (R&D) intensity across Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries?
    • Falk M. 2006. What drives business Research and Development (R&D) intensity across Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries? Appl. Econ. 38(5):533-47
    • (2006) Appl. Econ. , vol.38 , Issue.5 , pp. 533-547
    • Falk, M.1
  • 25
    • 84924678313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patents and cumulative innovation: Causal evidence from the courts
    • Galasso A, Schankerman M. 2015. Patents and cumulative innovation: causal evidence from the courts. Q. J. Econ. 130(1):317-69
    • (2015) Q. J. Econ. , vol.130 , Issue.1 , pp. 317-369
    • Galasso, A.1    Schankerman, M.2
  • 27
    • 85011656745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Merging innovation into antitrust agency enforcement of the Clayton Act
    • Gilbert R, Greene H. 2015. Merging innovation into antitrust agency enforcement of the Clayton Act. George Wash. Law Rev. 83(6):1919-47
    • (2015) George Wash. Law Rev. , vol.83 , Issue.6 , pp. 1919-1947
    • Gilbert, R.1    Greene, H.2
  • 28
    • 0038353751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agricultural biotechnology's complementary intellectual assets
    • Graff GD, Rausser GC, Small AA. 2003. Agricultural biotechnology's complementary intellectual assets. Rev. Econ. Stat. 85(2):349-63
    • (2003) Rev. Econ. Stat. , vol.85 , Issue.2 , pp. 349-363
    • Graff, G.D.1    Rausser, G.C.2    Small, A.A.3
  • 29
    • 85077621983 scopus 로고
    • On the division of profit in sequential innovation
    • Green JR, Scotchmer S. 1995. On the division of profit in sequential innovation. RAND J. Econ. 1:20-33
    • (1995) RAND J. Econ. , vol.1 , pp. 20-33
    • Green, J.R.1    Scotchmer, S.2
  • 30
    • 0000153011 scopus 로고
    • Hybrid corn: An exploration in the economics of technological change
    • Griliches Z. 1957. Hybrid corn: an exploration in the economics of technological change. Econometrica 25(4):501-22
    • (1957) Econometrica , vol.25 , Issue.4 , pp. 501-522
    • Griliches, Z.1
  • 31
    • 16244412905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International protection of intellectual property
    • Grossman GM, Lai EL. 2004. International protection of intellectual property. Am. Econ. Rev. 94(5):1635-53
    • (2004) Am. Econ. Rev. , vol.94 , Issue.5 , pp. 1635-1653
    • Grossman, G.M.1    Lai, E.L.2
  • 33
    • 0032076909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can patents deter innovations? the anticommons in biomedical research
    • Heller MA, Eisenberg RS. 1998. Can patents deter innovations? The anticommons in biomedical research. Science 280:698-701
    • (1998) Science , vol.280 , pp. 698-701
    • Heller, M.A.1    Eisenberg, R.S.2
  • 35
    • 85007410921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patenting plants: A comparative synthesis
    • ed. R Okediji, MA Bagley Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    • Janis MD. 2014. Patenting plants: a comparative synthesis. In Patent Law in Global Perspective, ed. R Okediji, MA Bagley, pp. 213-42. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    • (2014) Patent Law in Global Perspective , pp. 213-242
    • Janis, M.D.1
  • 36
    • 0036844273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intellectual property protection for plant innovation: Unresolved issues after J. E. M. V. Pioneer
    • Janis MD, Kesan JP. 2002a. Intellectual property protection for plant innovation: unresolved issues after J. E. M. v. Pioneer. Nat. Biotechnol. 20:1161-64
    • (2002) Nat. Biotechnol. , vol.20 , pp. 1161-1164
    • Janis, M.D.1    Kesan, J.P.2
  • 37
    • 22844448844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U. S. Plant variety protection: Sound and fury..?
    • Janis MD, Kesan JP. 2002b. U. S. plant variety protection: sound and fury..? Houston Law Rev. 39:727-78
    • (2002) Houston Law Rev. , vol.39 , pp. 727-778
    • Janis, M.D.1    Kesan, J.P.2
  • 38
    • 84946542260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ownership question of plant gene and genome intellectual properties
    • Jefferson OA, KöllhoferD, Ehrich TH, Jefferson RA. 2015. The ownership question of plant gene and genome intellectual properties. Nat. Biotechnol. 33(10):1138-43
    • (2015) Nat. Biotechnol. , vol.33 , Issue.10 , pp. 1138-1143
    • Jefferson, O.A.1    KöllhoferD Ehrich, T.H.2    Jefferson, R.A.3
  • 39
    • 84944463835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current legal issues in intellectual property rights and protection for crop plants
    • Jondle RJ, Hill KK, Sanny T. 2015. Current legal issues in intellectual property rights and protection for crop plants. Crop. Sci. 55(6):2496-503
    • (2015) Crop. Sci. , vol.55 , Issue.6 , pp. 2496-2503
    • Jondle, R.J.1    Hill, K.K.2    Sanny, T.3
  • 40
    • 0037395733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does intellectual property protection spur technological change?
    • Kanwar S, Evenson R. 2003. Does intellectual property protection spur technological change? Oxf. Econ. Pap. 55:235-64
    • (2003) Oxf. Econ. Pap. , vol.55 , pp. 235-264
    • Kanwar, S.1    Evenson, R.2
  • 41
    • 84899156435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three recent US patent decisions
    • Kershen DL. 2013. Three recent US patent decisions. GM Crops Food 4(3):122-25
    • (2013) GM Crops Food , vol.4 , Issue.3 , pp. 122-125
    • Kershen, D.L.1
  • 42
    • 0001563414 scopus 로고
    • The nature and function of the patent system
    • Kitch EW. 1977. The nature and function of the patent system. J. Law Econ. 20(2):265-90
    • (1977) J. Law Econ. , vol.20 , Issue.2 , pp. 265-290
    • Kitch, E.W.1
  • 44
    • 58149496632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • But are they meritorious? Genetic productivity gains under plant intellectual property rights
    • Kolady DE, Lesser W. 2009. But are they meritorious? Genetic productivity gains under plant intellectual property rights. J. Agric. Econ. 60(1):62-79
    • (2009) J. Agric. Econ. , vol.60 , Issue.1 , pp. 62-79
    • Kolady, D.E.1    Lesser, W.2
  • 46
    • 30844441621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protection of plant-related innovations: Evolution and current discussion
    • Le Buanec B. 2006. Protection of plant-related innovations: evolution and current discussion. World Pat. Inf. 28(1):50-62
    • (2006) World Pat. Inf. , vol.28 , Issue.1 , pp. 50-62
    • Le Buanec, B.1
  • 47
    • 84906074445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative analysis ofmaize (Zea mays) crop performance: Natural variation, incremental improvements and economic impacts
    • Leibman M, Shryock JJ, Clements MJ, Hall MA, Loida PJ, et al. 2014. Comparative analysis ofmaize (Zea mays) crop performance: natural variation, incremental improvements and economic impacts. Plant Biotechnol. J. 12:941-50
    • (2014) Plant Biotechnol. J. , vol.12 , pp. 941-950
    • Leibman, M.1    Shryock, J.J.2    Clements, M.J.3    Hall, M.A.4    Loida, P.J.5
  • 48
    • 84962313861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intellectual property in plant breeding: Comparing different levels and forms of protection
    • Lence SH, Hayes DJ, Alston JM, Smith JS. 2016. Intellectual property in plant breeding: comparing different levels and forms of protection. Eur. Rev. Agric. Econ. 43(1):1-29
    • (2016) Eur. Rev. Agric. Econ. , vol.43 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-29
    • Lence, S.H.1    Hayes, D.J.2    Alston, J.M.3    Smith, J.S.4
  • 50
    • 0005625154 scopus 로고
    • Valuation of plant variety protection certificates
    • Lesser W. 1994. Valuation of plant variety protection certificates. Rev. Agric. Econ. 16(2):231-38
    • (1994) Rev. Agric. Econ. , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 231-238
    • Lesser, W.1
  • 52
    • 23344438431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gains to research in the presence of intellectual property rights and research subsidies
    • Malla S, Gray R, Phillips P. 2004. Gains to research in the presence of intellectual property rights and research subsidies. Rev. Agric. Econ. 26(1):63-81
    • (2004) Rev. Agric. Econ. , vol.26 , Issue.1 , pp. 63-81
    • Malla, S.1    Gray, R.2    Phillips, P.3
  • 53
    • 38949195097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of patent rights in mergers: Consolidation in plant biotechnology
    • Marco AC, Rausser GC. 2008. The role of patent rights in mergers: consolidation in plant biotechnology. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 90(1):133-51
    • (2008) Am. J. Agric. Econ. , vol.90 , Issue.1 , pp. 133-151
    • Marco, A.C.1    Rausser, G.C.2
  • 55
    • 84935492637 scopus 로고
    • On the complex economics of patent scope
    • Merges RP, Nelson RR. 1990. On the complex economics of patent scope. Columbia Law Rev. 90(4):839-916
    • (1990) Columbia Law Rev. , vol.90 , Issue.4 , pp. 839-916
    • Merges, R.P.1    Nelson, R.R.2
  • 56
    • 33645776422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intellectual property rights and the World Trade Organization: Retrospect and prospects
    • ed. A Giovanni, ME Bohman, CA Carter, AF McCalla Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar
    • Moschini G. 2004. Intellectual property rights and the World Trade Organization: retrospect and prospects. In Agricultural Policy Reform and the WTO, ed. A Giovanni, ME Bohman, CA Carter, AF McCalla, pp. 474-511. Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar
    • (2004) Agricultural Policy Reform and the WTO , pp. 474-511
    • Moschini, G.1
  • 57
    • 84876441433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Competition in the US seed industry and the role of intellectual property
    • Moschini G. 2010. Competition in the US seed industry and the role of intellectual property. Choices 25(2):1-12
    • (2010) Choices , vol.25 , Issue.2 , pp. 1-12
    • Moschini, G.1
  • 58
    • 0031421766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intellectual property rights and the welfare effects of agricultural R&D
    • Moschini G, Lapan H. 1997. Intellectual property rights and the welfare effects of agricultural R&D. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 79(4):1229-42
    • (1997) Am. J. Agric. Econ. , vol.79 , Issue.4 , pp. 1229-1242
    • Moschini, G.1    Lapan, H.2
  • 59
    • 43049127229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patents, research exemption, and the incentive for sequential innovation
    • Moschini G, Yerokhin O. 2008. Patents, research exemption, and the incentive for sequential innovation. J. Econ. Manag. Strat. 17(2):379-412
    • (2008) J. Econ. Manag. Strat. , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 379-412
    • Moschini, G.1    Yerokhin, O.2
  • 60
    • 29644436035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How do patent laws influence innovation? Evidence from nineteenth-century world fairs
    • Moser P. 2005. How do patent laws influence innovation? Evidence from nineteenth-century world fairs. Am. Econ. Rev. 95(4):1214-36
    • (2005) Am. Econ. Rev. , vol.95 , Issue.4 , pp. 1214-1236
    • Moser, P.1
  • 61
    • 84867617532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Innovation without patents: Evidence from world's fairs
    • Moser P. 2012. Innovation without patents: evidence from world's fairs. J. Law Econ. 55(1):43-74
    • (2012) J. Law Econ. , vol.55 , Issue.1 , pp. 43-74
    • Moser, P.1
  • 62
    • 84994607172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patents and innovation in economic history
    • Moser P. 2016. Patents and innovation in economic history. Annu. Rev. Econ. 8:241-58
    • (2016) Annu. Rev. Econ. , vol.8 , pp. 241-258
    • Moser, P.1
  • 63
    • 84901104569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Did plant patents create the American rose?
    • ed. J Lerner, S Stern Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
    • Moser P, Rhode PW. 2011. Did plant patents create the American rose? In The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity Revisted, ed. J Lerner, S Stern, pp. 413-38. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
    • (2011) The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity Revisted , pp. 413-438
    • Moser, P.1    Rhode, P.W.2
  • 65
    • 25844501352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does plant variety intellectual property protection improve farm productivity? Evidence from cotton varieties
    • Naseem A, Oehmke J, Schimmelpfennig D. 2005. Does plant variety intellectual property protection improve farm productivity? Evidence from cotton varieties. AgBioForum 8:100-7
    • (2005) AgBioForum , vol.8 , pp. 100-107
    • Naseem, A.1    Oehmke, J.2    Schimmelpfennig, D.3
  • 66
    • 84866403482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contribution of genetic modification to changes in corn yield in the United States
    • Nolan E, Santos P. 2012. The contribution of genetic modification to changes in corn yield in the United States. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 94(5):1171-88
    • (2012) Am. J. Agric. Econ. , vol.94 , Issue.5 , pp. 1171-1188
    • Nolan, E.1    Santos, P.2
  • 69
    • 85031090904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TRIPS and the WTO: An uneasy marriage. The next trade negotiation round: Examining the agenda for seattle
    • July 23-24, 1999, ed. J Bhagwati
    • Panagariya A. 1999. TRIPS and the WTO: an uneasy marriage. In The Next Trade Negotiation Round: Examining the Agenda for Seattle. Proceedings of the Conference Held at Columbia University, July 23-24, 1999, ed. J Bhagwati, pp. 91-102
    • (1999) Proceedings of the Conference Held at Columbia University , pp. 91-102
    • Panagariya, A.1
  • 70
    • 84872179227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolving landscape of plant varietal rights in the United States, 1930-2008
    • Pardey P, Koo B, Drew J, Horwich J, Nottenburg C. 2013. The evolving landscape of plant varietal rights in the United States, 1930-2008. Nat. Biotechnol. 1(1):25-29
    • (2013) Nat. Biotechnol. , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 25-29
    • Pardey, P.1    Koo, B.2    Drew, J.3    Horwich, J.4    Nottenburg, C.5
  • 71
    • 58849118907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pricing and welfare impacts of new crop traits: The role of IPRs and Coase's conjecture revisited
    • Perrin RK, Fulginiti LE. 2008. Pricing and welfare impacts of new crop traits: the role of IPRs and Coase's conjecture revisited. AgBioForum 11(2):134-44
    • (2008) AgBioForum , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 134-144
    • Perrin, R.K.1    Fulginiti, L.E.2
  • 74
    • 84943229881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agricultural research by the private sector
    • Pray CE, Fuglie KO. 2015. Agricultural research by the private sector. Annu. Rev. Res. Econ. 7:399-424
    • (2015) Annu. Rev. Res. Econ. , vol.7 , pp. 399-424
    • Pray, C.E.1    Fuglie, K.O.2
  • 75
    • 0037423245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yield effects of genetically modified crops in developing countries
    • Qaim M, Zilberman D. 2003. Yield effects of genetically modified crops in developing countries. Science 299:900-2
    • (2003) Science , vol.299 , pp. 900-902
    • Qaim, M.1    Zilberman, D.2
  • 76
    • 34548645168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do national patent laws stimulate domestic innovation in a global patenting environment? A cross-country analysis of pharmaceutical patent protection, 1978-2002
    • Qian Y. 2007. Do national patent laws stimulate domestic innovation in a global patenting environment? A cross-country analysis of pharmaceutical patent protection, 1978-2002. Rev. Econ. Stat. 89(3):436-53
    • (2007) Rev. Econ. Stat. , vol.89 , Issue.3 , pp. 436-453
    • Qian, Y.1
  • 77
    • 0005882505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Private/public research: Knowledge assets and future scenarios
    • Rausser G. 1999. Private/public research: knowledge assets and future scenarios. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 81(5):1011-27
    • (1999) Am. J. Agric. Econ. , vol.81 , Issue.5 , pp. 1011-1027
    • Rausser, G.1
  • 80
    • 80053124757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The battle for patent rights in plant biotechnology: Evidence from opposition fillings
    • Schneider C. 2011. The battle for patent rights in plant biotechnology: evidence from opposition fillings. J. Tech. Trans. 36:565-79
    • (2011) J. Tech. Trans. , vol.36 , pp. 565-579
    • Schneider, C.1
  • 82
    • 0002730808 scopus 로고
    • Standing on the shoulders of giants: Cumulative research and the patent law
    • Scotchmer S. 1991. Standing on the shoulders of giants: cumulative research and the patent law. J. Econ. Perspec. 5(1):29-41
    • (1991) J. Econ. Perspec. , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 29-41
    • Scotchmer, S.1
  • 84
    • 0001445105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Navigating the patent thicket: Cross-licenses, patent pools, and standard-setting
    • ed. A Jaffe, J Lerner, S Stern Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • Shapiro C. 2001. Navigating the patent thicket: cross-licenses, patent pools, and standard-setting. In Innovation Policy and the Economy, Vol. 1, ed. A Jaffe, J Lerner, S Stern, pp. 119-50. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • (2001) Innovation Policy and the Economy , vol.1 , pp. 119-150
    • Shapiro, C.1
  • 87
    • 84928344235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The yield of plant variety protection
    • Thomson R. 2015. The yield of plant variety protection. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 97(3):762-85
    • (2015) Am. J. Agric. Econ. , vol.97 , Issue.3 , pp. 762-785
    • Thomson, R.1
  • 88
    • 84872416782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Open user innovation
    • ed. B Hall, N Rosenberg Oxford, UK: Elsevier
    • Von Hippel E. 2010. Open user innovation. In Handbook of the Economics of Innovation, Vol. 1, ed. B Hall, N Rosenberg, pp. 411-27. Oxford, UK: Elsevier
    • (2010) Handbook of the Economics of Innovation , vol.1 , pp. 411-427
    • Von Hippel, E.1
  • 89
    • 84875678692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intellectual property rights and innovation: Evidence from the human genome
    • Williams H. 2013. Intellectual property rights and innovation: evidence from the human genome. J. Polit. Econ. 121(1):1-27
    • (2013) J. Polit. Econ. , vol.121 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-27
    • Williams, H.1
  • 91
    • 33645784645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changing intellectual property regimes: Implications for developing country agriculture
    • Wright BD, Pardey PG. 2006. Changing intellectual property regimes: implications for developing country agriculture. Int. J. Tech. Glob. 2(1-2):93-114
    • (2006) Int. J. Tech. Glob. , vol.2 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 93-114
    • Wright, B.D.1    Pardey, P.G.2
  • 92
    • 84876453459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The realized yield effect of genetically engineered crops: US maize and soybean
    • Xu Z, Hennessy DA, Sardana K, Moschini G. 2013. The realized yield effect of genetically engineered crops: US maize and soybean. Crop. Sci. 53(3):735-45
    • (2013) Crop. Sci. , vol.53 , Issue.3 , pp. 735-745
    • Xu, Z.1    Hennessy, D.A.2    Sardana, K.3    Moschini, G.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.