Climatology versus Pseudoscience: Exposing the Failed Predictions of Global Warming Skeptics

Climatology versus Pseudoscience: Exposing the Failed Predictions of Global Warming Skeptics

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 1-213

  Dana, Nuccitelli ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85029669332     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (164)

1. Spencer Weart. The Discovery of Global Warming. http://www.aip.org/history/climate/index.htm.
2. 2 and Climate Change? http://www.theonelightgroup.com/latest/what-do-you-know-about-co2-andclimate-change.
3. J. Tyndall. (1861). On the Absorption and Radiation of Heat by Gases and Vapours. Philosophical Magazine, Series 4, 22: 169-94, 273-85.
4. K. Braganza, D.J. Karoly, and J.M. Arblaster. (2004). Diurnal Temperature Range as an Index of Global Climate Change during the Twentieth Century. Geophysical Research Letters, 31: L13217.
5. M.J. Jarvis, B. Jenkins, and G.A. Rodgers. (1998). Southern Hemisphere Observations of a Long-Term Decrease in F Region Altitude and Thermospheric Wind Providing Possible Evidence for Global Thermospheric Cooling. Journal of Geophysical Research, Space Physics, 103: 20775-787.
6. J. Lastovicka et al. (2006). Global Change in the Upper Atmosphere. Science, 314: 1253-54.
7. Svante Arrhenius. (1896). On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground. Philosophical Magazine, 41: 237-76.
8. Svante Arrhenius. (1908). Worlds in the Making. New York: Harper & Brothers.
9. R.R. Nemani et al. (2003). Climate-Driven Increases in Global Terrestrial Net Primary Production from 1982 to 1999. Science, 300: 1560-63.
10. A. Dai. (2011). Drought under Global Warming: A Review. Wiley Interdis-ciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 2: 45-65. doi:10.1002/wcc.81.
11. John E. Harries et al. (2001). Increases in Greenhouse Forcing Inferred from the Outgoing Longwave Radiation Spectra of the Earth in 1970 and 1997. Nature 410, 355-57. doi:10.1038/35066553.
12. R. Philipona et al. (2004). Radiative Forcing—Measured at Earth's Surface—Corroborate the Increasing Greenhouse Effect. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L03202: 1-4. doi:10.1029/2003GL018765.
13. W.F.J. Evans et al. (2006). Measurements of the Radiative Surface Forcing of Climate. 18th Conference on Climate Variability and Change, American Meteorological Society, January 30.
14. George Santayana. (1905). Reason in Common Sense. The Life of Reason, 1:284.
15. G.S. Callendar. (1938). The Artificial Production of Carbon Dioxide and Its Influence on Temperature. Quarterly Journal Royal Meteorological Society, 64: 223-40.
16. Gerald A. Meehl et al. (2004). Combinations of Natural and Anthropogenic Forcings in Twentieth-Century Climate. American Meteorological Society Journal of Climate, 17: 3721-27.
17. Gilbert N. Plass. (1956). The Carbon Dioxide Theory of Climatic Change. Tellus, 8: 140-54.
18. Gilbert N. Plass. (1956). Effect of Carbon Dioxide Variations on Climate. American Journal of Physics, 24: 376-87.
19. R. Knutti and G. Hegerl. (2008). The Equilibrium Sensitivity of the Earth's Temperature to Radiation Changes. Nature Geoscience, 1: 735-43.
20. A. Otto et al. (2013). Energy Budget Constraints on Climate Response. Nature Geoscience, 6: 415-16.
21. M.J. Ring et al. (2012). Causes of the Global Warming Observed since the 19th Century. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 2: 401.
22. N. Lewis. (2013). An Objective Bayesian Improved Approach for Applying Optimal Fingerprint Techniques to Estimate Climate Sensitivity. Journal of Climate, 26: 7414-29.
23. D.T. Shindell. (2014). Inhomogeneous Forcing and Transient Climate Sensitivity. Nature Climate Change, 4: 274-77.
24. J. Hansen, M. Sato, and R. Ruedy. (1997). Radiative Forcing and Climate Response. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984-2012), 102(D6): 6831-64.
25. J.R. Kummer and A.E. Dessler. (2014). The Impact of Forcing Efficacy on the Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity. Geophysical Research Letters, 41: 3565-68.
26. A.E. Dessler. (2010). A Determination of the Cloud Feedback from Climate Variations over the Past Decade. Science, 330(6010): 1523-27.
27. S.I. Rasool and S.H. Schneider (1971). Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Aerosols: Effects of Large Increases on Global Climate. Science, 173, (3992): 138-41.
28. T. Peterson et al. (2008). The Myth of the 1970s Global Cooling Scientific Consensus. 20th Conference on Climate Variability and Change, P4.7.
29. J.S. Sawyer. (1972). Man-Made Carbon Dioxide and the "Greenhouse" Effect. Nature, 239(5366): 2.
30. S. Manabe and R.T. Wetherald. (1967). Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Given Distribution of Relative Humidity. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 24: 241-59.
31. A.E. Dessler and S. Wong. (2009). Estimates of the Water Vapor Climate Feedback during El Nino-Southern Oscillation. Journal of Climate, 22(23): 6404-12.
32. W. Broecker. (1975). Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming? Science, 189(4201): 460-63.
33. M. Ahmed et al. (2013). Continental-Scale Temperature Variability during the Past Two Millennia. Nature Geoscience, 6: 339-46.
34. G. Feulner and S. Rahmstorf. (2010). On the Effect of a New Grand Minimum of Solar Activity on the Future Climate on Earth. Geophysical Research Letters, 37(5): L05707.
35. Gareth S. Jones, Mike Lockwood, and Peter A. Stott. (2012). What Influence Will Future Solar Activity Changes over the 21st Century Have on Projected Global Near-Surface Temperature changes? Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984-2012), 117(D5).
36. J.G. Anet et al. (2013). Impact of a Potential 21st Century "Grand Solar Minimum" on Surface Temperatures and Stratospheric Ozone. Geophysical Research Letters, 40: 4420-25.
37. G.A. Meehl, J.M. Arblaster, and D.R. Marsh. (2013). Could a Future "Grand Solar Minimum" Like the Maunder Minimum Stop Global Warming? Geophysical Research Letters, 40: 1789-93.
38. A.P. Schurer, S.F. Tett, and G.C. Hegerl. (2014). Small Influence of Solar Variability on Climate over the Past Millennium. Nature Geoscience, 7(2): 104-8.
39. W. Kellogg. (1979). Influences of Mankind on Climate. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 7: 63.
40. J. Hansen et al. (1981). Climate Impact of Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. Science, 213(4511): 957-66.
41. J. Hansen et al. (1988). Global Climate Changes as Forecast by Goddard Institute for Space Studies Three-Dimensional Model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93: 9341-64. doi:10.1029/JD093iD08p09341.
42. N. Oreskes. (2004). Beyond the Ivory Tower: The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change. Science, 306(5702): 1686.
43. P. Doran and M. Zimmerman. (2009). Examining the Scientific Consensus on Climate Change. EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 90(3): 22.
44. W. Anderegg et al. (2010). Expert Credibility in Climate Change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107: 12107-9.
45. Cato Institute. (2014). Richard Lindzen, Distinguished Senior Fellow, Center for the Study of Science. http://www.cato.org/people/richard-lindzen.
46. E. Mallove. (1989). Lindzen Critical of Global Warming Prediction. MIT Tech Talk. http://www.fortfreedom.org/s46.htm.
47. R.S. Lindzen and Y.S. Choi. (2009). On the Determination of Climate Feedbacks from ERBE Data. Geophysical Research Letters, 36(16): L16705.
48. K.E. Trenberth et al. (2010). Relationships between Tropical Sea Surface Temperature and Top-of-Atmosphere Radiation. Geophysical Research Letters, 37(3): L03702.
49. E.S. Chung, B.J. Soden, and B.J. Sohn. (2010). Revisiting the Determination of Climate Sensitivity from Relationships between Surface Temperature and Radiative Fluxes. Geophysical Research Letters, 37(10): L10703.
50. D.M. Murphy. (2010). Constraining Climate Sensitivity with Linear Fits to Outgoing Radiation. Geophysical Research Letters, 37(9): L09704.
51. A.E. Dessler. (2011). Cloud Variations and the Earth's Energy Budget. Geophysical Research Letters, 38(19): L19701.
52. R.S. Lindzen and Y.S. Choi (2011). On the Observational Determination of Climate Sensitivity and Its Implications. Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 47(4): 377-90.
53. E. Epstein. (2014). What Catastrophe? The Weekly Standard. http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/what-catastrophe_773268.html.
54. N. Oreskes. (2004). The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change. Science, 306(5702): 1686-1686.
55. P.T. Doran and M.K. Zimmerman. (2009). Examining the Scientific Consensus on Climate Change. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 90(3): 22.
56. W.R. Anderegg et al. (2010). Expert Credibility in Climate Change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(27): 12107-9.
57. A. Leiserowitz et al. (2014). Climate Change in the American Mind: April, 2014. Yale University and George Mason University. New Haven, CT: Yale Project on Climate Change Communication. http://research.greenpeaceusa.org/?a=view&d=2950.
58. F. Luntz. (2002). The Environment: A Cleaner, Safer, Healthier America. http://www.motherjones.com/files/LuntzResearch_environment.pdf.
59. D. Ding et al. (2011). Support for Climate Policy and Societal Action Are Linked to Perceptions about Scientific Agreement. Nature Climate Change, 1(9): 462-66.
60. S. Lewandowsky, G.E. Gignac, and S. Vaughan. (2012). The Pivotal Role of Perceived Scientific Consensus in Acceptance of Science. Nature Climate Change, 3(4): 399-404.
61. M. Greenberg, D. Robbins, and S. Theel. (2013). STUDY: Media Sowed Doubt in Coverage of UN Climate Report. Media Matters for America. http://mediamatters.org/research/2013/10/10/study-media-sowed-doubt-incoverage-of-un-clima/196387.
62. K. Brysse et al. (2012). Climate Change Prediction: Erring on the Side of Least Drama? Global Environmental Change, 23: 327-37.
63. C. Heath and D. Heath. (2007). Made to Stick: Why Some Ideas Survive and Others Die. Random House Digital, Inc.
64. D.R. Legates, W. Soon, and W.M. Briggs. (2013). Climate Consensus and "Misinformation": A Rejoinder to Agnotology, Scientific Consensus, and the Teaching and Learning of Climate Change. Science & Education, 1-20.
65. D. Bedford and J. Cook. (2013). Agnotology, Scientific Consensus, and the Teaching and Learning of Climate Change: A Response to Legates, Soon and Briggs. Science & Education, 22: 2019-30.
66. Richard S. Tol. (2014). Quantifying the Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming in the Literature: A re-analysis. Energy Policy, 73: 701-5.
67. S.L. van der Linden et al. (2014). How to Communicate the Scientific Consensus on Climate Change: Plain Facts, Pie Charts or Metaphors? Climatic Change, 126: 255-62.
68. N. Stenhouse et al. (2013). Meteorologists' Views about Global Warming: A Survey of American Meteorological Society Professional Members. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 95: 1029-40.
69. G. Musser. (2001). Climate of Uncertainty. Scientific American. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/climate-of-uncertainty/.
70. W. Rea et al. (2011). Long Memory in Temperature Reconstructions. Climatic Change, 107(3-4): 247-65.
71. T. Crowley et al. (2000). Causes of Climate Change over the Past 1000 Years. Science, 289: 270.
72. W. Broecker. (2000). Was a Change in Thermohaline Circulation Responsible for the Little Ice Age? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97(4): 1339-42.
73. W. Ruddiman. (2003). The Anthropogenic Greenhouse Era Began Thousands of Years Ago. Climatic Change, 61: 261-93.
74. Syun-Ichi Akasofu. (2013). On the Present Halting of Global Warming. Climate, 1.1: 4-11.
75. Dana A. Nuccitelli et al. (2013). Comment on: Akasofu, S.-I. On the Present Halting of Global Warming. Climate, 1: 76-83.
76. C. Loehle and N. Scafetta. (2011). Climate Change Attribution Using Empirical Decomposition of Climatic Data. Bentham Open Atmospheric Science Journal, 5: 74-86.
77. Attributed to von Neumann by Enrico Fermi, as quoted by Freeman Dyson. (January 22, 2004). A Meeting with Enrico Fermi. Nature, 427: 297.
78. C. Loehle and J.H. McCulloch. (2008). Correction to: A 2000-Year Global Temperature Reconstruction Based on Non-tree Ring Proxies. Energy & Environment, 19(1): 93-100.
79. A. Moberg et al. (2005). Highly Variable Northern Hemisphere Temperatures Reconstructed from Low- and High-Resolution Proxy Data. Nature, 433(7026): 613-17.
80. Q.B. Lu. (2013). Cosmic-Ray-Driven Reaction and Greenhouse Effect of Halogenated Molecules: Culprits for Atmospheric Ozone Depletion and Global Climate Change. International Journal of Modern Physics B, 27.
81. D. Nuccitelli et al. (2014). Comment on "Cosmic-Ray-Driven Reaction and Greenhouse Effect of Halogenated Molecules: Culprits for Atmospheric Ozone Depletion and Global Climate Change." International Journal of Modern Physics B, 28(13).
82. J. McLean et al. (2009). Influence of the Southern Oscillation on Tropospheric Temperature. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, D14104: 8.
83. K. Cowtan and R.G. Way. (2013). Coverage Bias in the HadCRUT4 Temperature Series and Its Impact on Recent Temperature Trends. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 140: 1935-44.
84. Y. Kosaka and S.P. Xie. (2013). Recent Global-Warming Hiatus Tied to Equatorial Pacific Surface Cooling. Nature, 501: 403-7.
85. J.S. Risbey et al. (2014). Well-Estimated Global Surface Warming in Climate Projections Selected for ENSO Phase. Nature Climate Change, 4: 835-40.
86. M. Huber and R. Knutti. (2014). Natural Variability, Radiative Forcing and Climate Response in the Recent Hiatus Reconciled. Nature Geoscience, 7, 651-56.
87. M. Watanabe et al. (2013). Strengthening of Ocean Heat Uptake Efficiency Associated with the Recent Climate Hiatus. Geophysical Research Letters, 40: 3175-79.
88. G.A. Meehl et al. (2011). Model-Based Evidence of Deep-Ocean Heat Uptake during Surface-Temperature Hiatus Periods. Nature Climate Change, 1: 360-64.
89. Gerald A. Meehl et al. (2013). Externally Forced and Internally Generated Decadal Climate Variability Associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation. Journal of Climate, 26: 7298-310.
90. V. Guemas et al. (2013). Retrospective Prediction of the Global Warming Slowdown in the Past Decade. Nature Climate Change, 3: 649-53.
91. S. Levitus et al. (2012). World Ocean Heat Content and Thermosteric Sea Level Change (0-2000 m), 1955-2010. Geophysical Research Letters, 39: L10603.
92. D.H. Douglass and R.S. Knox. (2012). Ocean Heat Content and Earth's Radiation Imbalance. II. Relation to Climate Shifts. Physics Letters A, 376(14), 1226-29.
93. D. Nuccitelli et al. (2012). Comment on "Ocean Heat Content and Earth's Radiation Imbalance. II. Relation to Climate Shifts." Physics Letters A, 376: 3466-68
94. M.A. Balmaseda, K.E. Trenberth, and E. Källen. (2013). Distinctive Climate Signals in Reanalysis of Global Ocean Heat Content. Geophysical Research Letters, 40: 1754-59.
95. M.H. England et al. (2014). Recent Intensification of Wind-Driven Circulation in the Pacific and the Ongoing Warming Hiatus. Nature Climate Change, 4: 222-27.
96. M.E. Mann, R.S. Bradley, and M.K. Hughes. (1998). Global-Scale Temperature Patterns and Climate Forcing over the Past Six Centuries. Nature, 392(6678): 779-87.
97. M.E. Mann, R.S. Bradley, and M.K. Hughes. (1999). Northern Hemisphere Temperatures during the Past Millennium: Inferences, Uncertainties, and Limitations. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(6): 759-62.
98. S. Mclntyre and R. McKitrick. (2005). Hockey Sticks, Principal Components, and Spurious Significance. Geophysical Research Letters, 32: L03710.
99. M. Ahmed et al. (2013). Continental-Scale Temperature Variability during the Past Two Millennia. Nature Geoscience, 6: 339-46.
100. M.E. Mann. (2012). The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars. New York: Columbia University Press.
101. S. Rahmstorf et al. (2007). Recent Climate Observations Compared to Projections. Science, 316(5825), 709-709.
102. M. Hoerling et al. (2012). On the Increased Frequency of Mediterranean Drought. Journal of Climate, 25: 2146-61.
103. F. Ackerman and C. Munitz. (2012). Climate Damages in the FUND Model: A Disaggregated Analysis. Ecological Economics, 77: 219-24.
104. D.I. Stern. (2012). Letter from the Associate Editor Concerning the Comments from Anthoff and Tol and Ackerman and Munitz. Ecological Economics, 81: 41-41.
105. J. Kuylenstierna and J. Rockström. (2013). Statement from SEI Leadership. http://frankackerman.com/Tol/SEI_Statement.pdf.
106. United Nations Environment Programme. (2014). A Changing Climate Creates Pervasive Risks but Opportunities Exist for Effective Responses—IPCC Report. http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=2764&ArticleID=10773&l=en.
107. G. Lloyd. (2014). Carbon Cure Cost More Painful Than the Illness, Says Bjorn Lomborg. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/policy/carbon-cure-cost-more-painful-than-the-illness-says-bjorn-lomborg/story-e6frg6xf-1226884300046#.
108. D. Nuccitelli. (2014). Climate Dollars and Sense—Preventing Global Warming Is the Cheap Option. The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2014/apr/22/preventing-global-warming cheaper-than-adapting.
109. W. Nordhaus and P. Sztorc. (2013). DICE 2013: Introduction and User's
110. M. Mann et al. (2003). On Past Temperatures and Anomalous Late-20th Century Warmth. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 84(27): 256-256.
111. R.W. Spencer and W.D. Braswell. (2011). On the Misdiagnosis of Surface Temperature Feedbacks from Variations in Earth's Radiant Energy Balance. Remote Sensing, 3(8): 1603-13.
112. W. Wagner. (2011). Taking Responsibility on Publishing the Controversial Paper "On the Misdiagnosis of Surface Temperature Feedbacks from Variations in Earth's Radiant Energy Balance" by Spencer and Braswell. Remote Sensing, 3(8): 1603-13; Remote Sensing, 3(9): 2002-4.
113. K.E. Trenberth, J.T. Fasullo, and J.P. Abraham. (2011). Issues in Establishing Climate Sensitivity in Recent Studies. Remote Sensing, 3(9): 2051-56.
114. R.S. Lindzen and Y.S. Choi. (2009). On the Determination of Climate Feedbacks from ERBE Data. Geophysical Research Letters, 36(16): L16705.
115. K.E. Trenberth et al. (2010). Relationships between Tropical Sea Surface Temperature and Top-of-Atmosphere Radiation. Geophysical Research Letters, 37(3): L03702.
116. R.W. Spencer and W.D. Braswell. (2013). The Role of ENSO in Global Ocean Temperature Changes during 1955-2011 Simulated with a 1D Climate Model. Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 50: 229-37.
117. R.W. Spencer. (2011). FUNDANOMICS: The Free Market, Simplified. http://www.drroyspencer.com/2011/07/fundanomics-the-free-market-simplified/.
118. Scholarly Open Access. (2013). Recognizing a Pattern of Problems in "Pattern Recognition in Physics." http://scholarlyoa.com/2013/07/16/recognizing-a-pattern-of-problems-in-pattern-recognition-in-physics/.
119. M. Rasmussen. (2014). Termination of the journal Pattern Recognition in Physics. http://www.pattern-recognition-in-physics.net/.
120. M. Rasmussen. (2014). Termination of the Journal Pattern Recognition in Physics. http://www.pattern-recognition-in-physics.net/.
121. P. Thornton. (2013). The Obamacare Exemptions That Aren't. LA Times. http://www.latimes.com/opinion/letters/la-le-1005-shutdown-obamacaremailbag-2013100503748083.story#axzz2r5xtNQSW.
122. P. Thornton. (2013). On Letters from Climate-Change Deniers. LA Times. http://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-ol-climate-change-letters201310080871615.story#axzz2r5xtNQSW.
123. G. Readfearn. (2013). Climate Sceptic Group Reveals Strategy Document to Win Hearts and Minds. DeSmogBlog. http://www.desmogblog.com/climate-sceptic-group-reveals-strategy-document-win-hearts-and-minds.
124. A. Barnosky. (2011). Has the Earth's Sixth Mass Extinction Already Arrived? Nature, 471: 51-57.
125. S. Pacala and R. Socolow. (2004). Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies. Science, 305(5686): 968-72.
126. J. Hansen. The High Cost of Inaction. http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2011/10/the-cost-of-inaction/.
127. N. Chestney. Warming Limit Risk If No Climate Action by 2017: IEA. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/11/us-climate-iea-idUSTRE7AA38C20111111.
128. P. Krugman. (2011). Markets Can Be Very, Very Wrong. New York Times. http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/30/markets-can-be-very-very-wrong/.
129. A. Benjamin. (2007). Stern: Climate Change a "Market Failure." The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/nov/29/climatechange.carbonemissions.
130. R.S. Tol. (2009). The Economic Effects of Climate Change. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23(2): 29-51.
131. W.D. Nordhaus. (2012). Why the Global Warming Skeptics Are Wrong. The New York Review of Books. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/mar/22/why-global-warming-skeptics-are-wrong/.
132. 2 from the PAGE09 Model. Economics Discussion Paper, 2011-39.
133. F. Ackerman and E.A. Stanton. (2010). The Social Cost of Carbon. Economics for Equity and Environment (E3 Network). http://www.e3network.org/papers/SocialCostOfCarbon_SEI_20100401.pdf.
134. J. Samson et al. (2011). Geographic Disparities and Moral Hazards in the Predicted Impacts of Climate Change on Human Populations. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 20(4): 532-44.
135. R. Tol. (2014). The Economic Impact of Climate Change in the 20th and 21st Centuries. Copenhagen Consensus Center. http://www.copenhagenconsen sus.com/sites/default/files/climate_change.pdf.
136. B. Plumer. (2013). An Obscure New Rule on Microwaves Can Tell Us a Lot about Obama's Climate Policies. The Washington Post Wonkblog. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/06/05/what-an-obscure-microwave-rule-says-about-obamas-climate-plans/.
137. National Geographic. The Great Energy Challenge. http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/energy/great-energy-challenge/global-energy-subsidies-map/.
138. R. Conniff. (2009). The Political History of Cap-and-Trade. Smithsonian Magazine. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Presence-of-Mind-Blue-Sky-Thinking.html.
139. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2011). The Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air Act from 1990 to 2020. http://www.epa.gov/air/sect812/feb11/summaryreport.pdf.
140. D.S. Elgie and J.A. McClay. (2013). BC's Carbon Tax Shift after Five
141. The Environics Institute. (2012). Focus Canada 2012—Climate Change: Do Canadians Still Care? http://www.environicsinstitute.org/institute-projects/completed-projects/focus-canada-2012.
142. US EPA. (2003). EPA Denies Petition to Regulate Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Motor Vehicles. http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/fb3 6d84bf0a1390c8525701c005e4918/694c8f3b7c16ff6085256d900065fdad!OpenDocu ment.
143. US EPA (2009). Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act. http://www.epa. gov/climatechange/endangerment/.
144. FindLaw. Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc., et al., Petitioners v. Environmental Protection Agency, Respondent. http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-dc-circuit/1604469.html.
145. US EPA. (2013). Vehicle Standards and Regulations. http://www.epa.gov/otaq/standards.htm.
146. US EPA. (2013). 2013 Proposed Carbon Pollution Standard for New Power Plants. http://www2.epa.gov/carbon-pollution-standards/2013-proposed-carbon-pollution-standard-new-power-plants.
147. S. Cardoni. (2013). Obama to Congress: Act on Climate Change, or I Will. Yahoo News. http://news.yahoo.com/obama-congress-act-climate-change-155810445.html.
148. S. Jones. (2013). Kerry: Obama Will Act on Climate Change with-out Congressional Approval. CSN News. http://cnsnews.com/news/article/kerry-obama-will-act-climate-change-without-congressional-approval.
149. Energy and Enterprise Initiative. (2014). Putting Free Enterprise to Work on Energy and Climate. http://energyandenterprise.com/.
150. The White House. (2013). The President's Climate Action Plan. http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/image/president27sclimateactionplan.pdf.
151. A. Freedman. (2014). Obama's State of the Union Climate Mention Fits Pattern. Climate Central. http://www.climatecentral.org/news/obamas-latest-state-of-the-union-climate-mention-fits-pattern-17007.
152. California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board. Cap-and-Trade. http://arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/capandtrade.htm.
153. C. Johnson. (2013). Most Want to Keep Carbon Tax: Poll. The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/most-want-to-keep-carbon-tax-poll-20130713-2px4d.html.
154. M. Griffin. (2013). Anti-Carbon Price Party Wins Australian Election; New Senate Likely to Favor Repeal. Bloomberg BNA. http://www.bna.com/anticarbon-price-party-n17179876974/.
155. Gerard Wynn. (2014). China Completes Rollout of Pilot Carbon Markets. Responding to Climate Change. http://www.rtcc.org/2014/06/19/china-completes-rollout-of-pilot-carbon-markets/.
156. L.T. Johnson and C. Hope. (2012). The Social Cost of Carbon in US Regulatory I.mpact Analyses: An Introduction and Critique. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 2(3): 205-21.
157. Union of Concerned Scientists. State of Charge: Electric Vehicles' Global Warming Emissions and Fuel-Cost Savings across the United States. http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/smart-transportation-solutions/advanced-vehicle-technologies/electric-cars/emissions-and-charging-costs-electric-cars.html.
158. D. Undercoffler. (2013). Tesla Motors Plans to Debut Cheaper Car in Early 2015. Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2013/dec/15/autos/la-fi-hy-autos-tesla-model-e-debut-2015-20131213.
159. George Mason University Center for Climate Change Communication. (2011). Politics and Global Warming; Democrats, Republicans, Independents, and the Tea Party. http://www.climatechangecommunication.org/images/files/PoliticsGlobalWarming2011.pdf.
160. L. Feldman et al. (2014). The Mutual Reinforcement of Media Selectivity and Effects: Testing the Reinforcing Spirals Framework in the Context of Global Warming. Journal of Communication, 64(4): 590-611.
161. C. Sagan. (1980). Broca's Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science. Random House LLC.
162. F. Guterl. (2001). The Truth about Global Warming. Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/truth-about-global-warming-154937.
163. J. Romm. (2014). Quoting John Christy on Climate Change Is Like Quoting Dick Cheney on Iraq. Climate Progress. Retrieved from http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2014/07/17/3461320/john-christy-climate-change-dick-cheney-iraq/.
164. Interview on Real Time with Bill Maher on February 4, 2011. http://www.hbo.com/real-time-with-bill-maher/episodes/0/201-episode/synopsis/quotes.html#/.