메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 53, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 635-653

Claims to legitimacy count: Why sanctions fail to instigate democratisation in authoritarian regimes

Author keywords

Authoritarian regimes; Claims to legitimacy; Democratisation; FsQCA; Sanctions

Indexed keywords


EID: 85027935031     PISSN: 03044130     EISSN: 14756765     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1475-6765.12065     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (121)

References (100)
  • 1
    • 73649093099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Ethiopian second republic and the fragile 'social contract'
    • Abbink, J. (2009). The Ethiopian second republic and the fragile 'social contract'. Africa Spectrum 44(2): 3-28.
    • (2009) Africa Spectrum , vol.44 , Issue.2 , pp. 3-28
    • Abbink, J.1
  • 3
    • 20744432782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The determinants of economic sanctions success and failure
    • Allen, S.H. (2005). The determinants of economic sanctions success and failure. International Interactions 31(2): 117-138.
    • (2005) International Interactions , vol.31 , Issue.2 , pp. 117-138
    • Allen, S.H.1
  • 6
    • 33745403794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Qualitative research: Recent developments in case study methods
    • Bennett, A. & Elman, C. (2006). Qualitative research: Recent developments in case study methods. Annual Review of Political Science 9: 455-476.
    • (2006) Annual Review of Political Science , vol.9 , pp. 455-476
    • Bennett, A.1    Elman, C.2
  • 7
    • 33645159005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Political legitimacy and participation in Costa Rica: Evidence of arena shopping
    • Booth, J.A. & Seligson, M.A. (2005). Political legitimacy and participation in Costa Rica: Evidence of arena shopping. Political Research Quarterly 58(4): 537-550.
    • (2005) Political Research Quarterly , vol.58 , Issue.4 , pp. 537-550
    • Booth, J.A.1    Seligson, M.A.2
  • 8
    • 70350448563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mass persuasion as a means of legitimation and China's popular authoritarianism
    • Brady, A.-M. (2009). Mass persuasion as a means of legitimation and China's popular authoritarianism. American Behavioral Scientist 53(3): 434-457.
    • (2009) American Behavioral Scientist , vol.53 , Issue.3 , pp. 434-457
    • Brady, A.-M.1
  • 10
    • 33645664538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diffusion is no illusion: Neighbor emulation in the third wave of democracy
    • Brinks, D. & Coppedge, M. (2006). Diffusion is no illusion: Neighbor emulation in the third wave of democracy. Comparative Political Studies 39(4): 463-489.
    • (2006) Comparative Political Studies , vol.39 , Issue.4 , pp. 463-489
    • Brinks, D.1    Coppedge, M.2
  • 11
    • 84937380642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sanctions and regime type: What works and when?
    • Brooks, R.A. (2002). Sanctions and regime type: What works and when? Security Studies 11(4): 1-50.
    • (2002) Security Studies , vol.11 , Issue.4 , pp. 1-50
    • Brooks, R.A.1
  • 12
    • 33744923449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autocratic opening to democracy: Why legitimacy matters
    • Burnell, P. (2006). Autocratic opening to democracy: Why legitimacy matters. Third World Quarterly 27(4): 545-562.
    • (2006) Third World Quarterly , vol.27 , Issue.4 , pp. 545-562
    • Burnell, P.1
  • 13
    • 0036001769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The end of the transition paradigm
    • Carothers, T. (2002). The end of the transition paradigm. Journal of Democracy 13(1): 5-21.
    • (2002) Journal of Democracy , vol.13 , Issue.1 , pp. 5-21
    • Carothers, T.1
  • 14
    • 0001900464 scopus 로고
    • Malaysia: Aspects and audiences of legitimacy
    • In M. Alagappa (ed.), Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
    • Case, W. (1995). Malaysia: Aspects and audiences of legitimacy. In M. Alagappa (ed.), Political legitimacy in Southeast Asia: The quest for moral authority. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
    • (1995) Political legitimacy in Southeast Asia: The quest for moral authority
    • Case, W.1
  • 15
    • 77949912357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Democracy and dictatorship revisited
    • Cheibub, J.A., Gandhi, J. & Vreeland, J.R. (2009). Democracy and dictatorship revisited. Public Choice 143(1-2): 67-101.
    • (2009) Public Choice , vol.143 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 67-101
    • Cheibub, J.A.1    Gandhi, J.2    Vreeland, J.R.3
  • 18
    • 34347343872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State repression and political order
    • Davenport, C. (2007). State repression and political order. Annual Review of Political Science 10(1): 1-23.
    • (2007) Annual Review of Political Science , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-23
    • Davenport, C.1
  • 19
    • 85028095637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mugabe's ZANU-PF dismisses partial suspension of EU sanctions
    • Deutsche Welle. Deutsche Welle, 19 February. Available online at:
    • Deutsche Welle (2014). Mugabe's ZANU-PF dismisses partial suspension of EU sanctions. Deutsche Welle, 19 February. Available online at: www.dw.de/mugabes-zanu-pf-dismisses-partial-suspension-of-eu-sanctions/a-17442861
    • (2014)
  • 20
    • 85028113974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How Do Autocrats Legitimate Their Rule? First Findings from a New Regime Legitimation Survey. Paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association (MPSA) Annual Conference, Chicago, IL, 3-6 April.
    • Dodlova, M., Grauvogel, J. & Von Soest, C. (2014). How Do Autocrats Legitimate Their Rule? First Findings from a New Regime Legitimation Survey. Paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association (MPSA) Annual Conference, Chicago, IL, 3-6 April.
    • (2014)
    • Dodlova, M.1    Grauvogel, J.2    Von Soest, C.3
  • 21
    • 0042380058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hidden hand of economic coercion
    • Drezner, D.W. (2003). The hidden hand of economic coercion. International Organization 57(3): 643-659.
    • (2003) International Organization , vol.57 , Issue.3 , pp. 643-659
    • Drezner, D.W.1
  • 22
    • 0038979475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revisiting economic sanctions reconsidered
    • Drury, A.C. (1998). Revisiting economic sanctions reconsidered. Journal of Peace Research 35(4): 497-509.
    • (1998) Journal of Peace Research , vol.35 , Issue.4 , pp. 497-509
    • Drury, A.C.1
  • 23
    • 33745777180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction: Repression and the social control of protest
    • Earl, J. (2006). Introduction: Repression and the social control of protest. Mobilization: An International Quarterly 11(2): 129-143.
    • (2006) Mobilization: An International Quarterly , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 129-143
    • Earl, J.1
  • 24
    • 80053903274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unmasking the black knights: Sanctions busters and their effects on the success of economic sanctions
    • Early, B.R. (2011). Unmasking the black knights: Sanctions busters and their effects on the success of economic sanctions. Foreign Policy Analysis 7(4): 381-402.
    • (2011) Foreign Policy Analysis , vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp. 381-402
    • Early, B.R.1
  • 26
    • 0034409889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gradations of democracy? Empirical tests of alternative conceptualizations
    • Elkins, Z. (2000). Gradations of democracy? Empirical tests of alternative conceptualizations. American Journal of Political Science 44(2): 293-300.
    • (2000) American Journal of Political Science , vol.44 , Issue.2 , pp. 293-300
    • Elkins, Z.1
  • 27
    • 79952747142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Job security regulations in Western democracies: A fuzzy set analysis
    • Emmenegger, P. (2011). Job security regulations in Western democracies: A fuzzy set analysis. European Journal of Political Research 50(3): 336-364.
    • (2011) European Journal of Political Research , vol.50 , Issue.3 , pp. 336-364
    • Emmenegger, P.1
  • 29
    • 84860759052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Authoritarian responses to foreign pressure: Spending, repression and sanctions
    • Escribà-Folch, A. (2012). Authoritarian responses to foreign pressure: Spending, repression and sanctions. Comparative Political Studies 45(6): 683-713.
    • (2012) Comparative Political Studies , vol.45 , Issue.6 , pp. 683-713
    • Escribà-Folch, A.1
  • 30
    • 77954567759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dealing with tyranny: International sanctions and the survival of authoritarian rulers
    • Escribà-Folch, A. & Wright, J. (2010). Dealing with tyranny: International sanctions and the survival of authoritarian rulers. International Studies Quarterly 54(2): 335-359.
    • (2010) International Studies Quarterly , vol.54 , Issue.2 , pp. 335-359
    • Escribà-Folch, A.1    Wright, J.2
  • 31
    • 79955593175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Building better causal theories: A fuzzy set approach to typologies in organization research
    • Fiss, P.C. (2011). Building better causal theories: A fuzzy set approach to typologies in organization research. Academy of Management Journal 54(2): 393-420.
    • (2011) Academy of Management Journal , vol.54 , Issue.2 , pp. 393-420
    • Fiss, P.C.1
  • 32
    • 84907858987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opposites attract? Opportunities and challenges for integrating large-N QCA and econometric analysis
    • Fiss, P.C., Sharapov, D. & Cronqvist, L. (2013). Opposites attract? Opportunities and challenges for integrating large-N QCA and econometric analysis. Political Research Quarterly 66(1): 191-198.
    • (2013) Political Research Quarterly , vol.66 , Issue.1 , pp. 191-198
    • Fiss, P.C.1    Sharapov, D.2    Cronqvist, L.3
  • 33
    • 85028110097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The link between EU sanctions and repression in Belarus
    • Gaidelyté, R. (2010). The link between EU sanctions and repression in Belarus. Lithuanian Foreign Policy Review (24): 41-80.
    • (2010) Lithuanian Foreign Policy Review , vol.24 , pp. 41-80
    • Gaidelyté, R.1
  • 34
    • 33744994423 scopus 로고
    • On the effects of international economic sanctions: With examples from the case of Rhodesia
    • Galtung, J. (1967). On the effects of international economic sanctions: With examples from the case of Rhodesia. World Politics 19(3): 378-416.
    • (1967) World Politics , vol.19 , Issue.3 , pp. 378-416
    • Galtung, J.1
  • 35
    • 85028120187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global Political Regimes Codebook. Available online at:
    • Geddes, B., Wright, J. & Frantz, E. (2011). Global Political Regimes Codebook. Available online at: www.dictators.la.psu.edu/pdf/gwf-code-book-1.1
    • (2011)
    • Geddes, B.1    Wright, J.2    Frantz, E.3
  • 36
    • 84873475303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The three pillars of stability: Legitimation, repression and co-optation in autocratic regimes
    • Gerschewski, J. (2013). The three pillars of stability: Legitimation, repression and co-optation in autocratic regimes. Democratization 20(1): 13-38.
    • (2013) Democratization , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 13-38
    • Gerschewski, J.1
  • 38
    • 85028115254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distance between Capital Cities Dataset. Available online at:
    • Gleditsch, K.S. (2001). Distance between Capital Cities Dataset. Available online at: http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~ksg/data-5.html
    • (2001)
    • Gleditsch, K.S.1
  • 40
    • 33947356631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diffusion and the international context of democratization
    • Gleditsch, K.S. & Ward, M.D. (2006). Diffusion and the international context of democratization. International Organization 60(4): 911-933.
    • (2006) International Organization , vol.60 , Issue.4 , pp. 911-933
    • Gleditsch, K.S.1    Ward, M.D.2
  • 41
    • 77955748872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • And they are still targeting: Assessing the effectiveness of targeted sanctions against Zimbabwe
    • Grebe, J. (2010). And they are still targeting: Assessing the effectiveness of targeted sanctions against Zimbabwe. Africa Spectrum 45(1): 3-29.
    • (2010) Africa Spectrum , vol.45 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-29
    • Grebe, J.1
  • 42
    • 70449711038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An introduction to crisp set QCA, with a comparison to binary logistic regression
    • Grofman, B. & Schneider, C.Q. (2009). An introduction to crisp set QCA, with a comparison to binary logistic regression. Political Research Quarterly 62(4): 662-672.
    • (2009) Political Research Quarterly , vol.62 , Issue.4 , pp. 662-672
    • Grofman, B.1    Schneider, C.Q.2
  • 43
    • 0003957190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: Peterson Institute of International Economics.
    • Hufbauer, G.C. etal. (2007). Economic sanctions reconsidered. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute of International Economics.
    • (2007) Economic sanctions reconsidered
    • Hufbauer, G.C.1
  • 45
    • 33645062151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Legitimacy and the use of force: Can the circle be squared?
    • Hurrell, A. (2005). Legitimacy and the use of force: Can the circle be squared? Review of International Studies 31(Supplement 1): 15-32.
    • (2005) Review of International Studies , vol.31 , pp. 15-32
    • Hurrell, A.1
  • 46
    • 33645751046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic sanctions and post-Cold War conflicts: Challenges for theory and policy
    • In D. Druckman & P.C. Stern (eds), Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
    • Jentleson, B.W. (2000). Economic sanctions and post-Cold War conflicts: Challenges for theory and policy. In D. Druckman & P.C. Stern (eds), International conflict resolution after the Cold War. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
    • (2000) International conflict resolution after the Cold War
    • Jentleson, B.W.1
  • 47
    • 0042854773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instrument choice and the effectiveness of international sanctions: A simultaneous equations approach
    • Jing, C., Kaempfer, W.H. & Lowenberg, A.D. (2003). Instrument choice and the effectiveness of international sanctions: A simultaneous equations approach. Journal of Peace Research 40(5): 519-535.
    • (2003) Journal of Peace Research , vol.40 , Issue.5 , pp. 519-535
    • Jing, C.1    Kaempfer, W.H.2    Lowenberg, A.D.3
  • 48
    • 33847115380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determinants of nuclear weapons proliferation
    • Jo, D.-J. & Gartzke, E. (2007). Determinants of nuclear weapons proliferation. Journal of Conflict Resolution 51(1): 167-194.
    • (2007) Journal of Conflict Resolution , vol.51 , Issue.1 , pp. 167-194
    • Jo, D.-J.1    Gartzke, E.2
  • 49
    • 85028104193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating the 'Success' of International Economic Sanctions: Multiple Goals, Interpretive Methods and Critique. Working Paper 3. London: Centre for the Study of Global Security and Development.
    • Jones, L. & Portela, C. (2014) Evaluating the 'Success' of International Economic Sanctions: Multiple Goals, Interpretive Methods and Critique. Working Paper 3. London: Centre for the Study of Global Security and Development.
    • (2014)
    • Jones, L.1    Portela, C.2
  • 50
    • 84873458519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Classifying political regimes revisited: Legitimation and durability
    • Kailitz, S. (2013). Classifying political regimes revisited: Legitimation and durability. Democratization 20(1): 39-60.
    • (2013) Democratization , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 39-60
    • Kailitz, S.1
  • 54
    • 36148959398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An institutional theory of sanctions onset and success
    • Lektzian, D. & Souva, M. (2007). An institutional theory of sanctions onset and success. Journal of Conflict Resolution 51(6): 848-871.
    • (2007) Journal of Conflict Resolution , vol.51 , Issue.6 , pp. 848-871
    • Lektzian, D.1    Souva, M.2
  • 55
    • 85028110381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Competitive Authoritarianism: International Linkage, Organizational Power and the Fate of Hybrid Regimes. Paper prepared for the Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, 30 August-2 September.
    • Levitsky, S. & Way, L.A. (2006). Competitive Authoritarianism: International Linkage, Organizational Power and the Fate of Hybrid Regimes. Paper prepared for the Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, 30 August-2 September.
    • (2006)
    • Levitsky, S.1    Way, L.A.2
  • 57
    • 84880394654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The durability of revolutionary regimes
    • Levitsky, S. & Way, L.A. (2013). The durability of revolutionary regimes. Journal of Democracy 24(3): 5-17.
    • (2013) Journal of Democracy , vol.24 , Issue.3 , pp. 5-17
    • Levitsky, S.1    Way, L.A.2
  • 58
    • 84928447881 scopus 로고
    • Trade sanctions as policy instruments: A re-examination
    • Lindsay, J.M. (1986). Trade sanctions as policy instruments: A re-examination. International Studies Quarterly 30(2): 153-173.
    • (1986) International Studies Quarterly , vol.30 , Issue.2 , pp. 153-173
    • Lindsay, J.M.1
  • 60
    • 0042412988 scopus 로고
    • Some social requisites of democracy: Economic development and political legitimacy
    • Lipset, S.M. (1959). Some social requisites of democracy: Economic development and political legitimacy. American Political Science Review 53(1): 69-105.
    • (1959) American Political Science Review , vol.53 , Issue.1 , pp. 69-105
    • Lipset, S.M.1
  • 64
    • 0035583901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monarchy and political reform in Morocco
    • Maghraoui, A. (2001). Monarchy and political reform in Morocco. Journal of Democracy 12(1): 73-86.
    • (2001) Journal of Democracy , vol.12 , Issue.1 , pp. 73-86
    • Maghraoui, A.1
  • 65
    • 1342287156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From Leninism to Karimovism: Hegemony, ideology and authoritarian legitimation
    • March, A.F. (2003). From Leninism to Karimovism: Hegemony, ideology and authoritarian legitimation. Post-Soviet Affairs 19(4): 307-336.
    • (2003) Post-Soviet Affairs , vol.19 , Issue.4 , pp. 307-336
    • March, A.F.1
  • 66
    • 78650091041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crisp-set qualitative comparative analysis (csQCA) and model specification: Benchmarks for future csQCA applications
    • Marx, A. (2010). Crisp-set qualitative comparative analysis (csQCA) and model specification: Benchmarks for future csQCA applications. International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches 4(2): 138-158.
    • (2010) International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches , vol.4 , Issue.2 , pp. 138-158
    • Marx, A.1
  • 67
    • 77954578832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Friends or foes? Major trading partners and the success of economic sanctions
    • McLean, E.V. & Whang, T. (2010). Friends or foes? Major trading partners and the success of economic sanctions. International Studies Quarterly 54(2): 427-447.
    • (2010) International Studies Quarterly , vol.54 , Issue.2 , pp. 427-447
    • McLean, E.V.1    Whang, T.2
  • 71
    • 84975992706 scopus 로고
    • International sanctions as international punishment
    • Nossal, K.R. (1989). International sanctions as international punishment. International Organization 43(2): 301-322.
    • (1989) International Organization , vol.43 , Issue.2 , pp. 301-322
    • Nossal, K.R.1
  • 73
    • 58049181719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Better or worse? The effect of economic sanctions on human rights
    • Peksen, D. (2009). Better or worse? The effect of economic sanctions on human rights. Journal of Peace Research 46(1): 59-77.
    • (2009) Journal of Peace Research , vol.46 , Issue.1 , pp. 59-77
    • Peksen, D.1
  • 74
    • 77956025617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coercive or corrosive: The negative impact of economic sanctions on democracy
    • Peksen, D. & Drury, A.C. (2010). Coercive or corrosive: The negative impact of economic sanctions on democracy. International Interactions 36(3): 240-264.
    • (2010) International Interactions , vol.36 , Issue.3 , pp. 240-264
    • Peksen, D.1    Drury, A.C.2
  • 75
    • 85028126625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GIGA Sanctions Dataset Codebook, 12 August version. Hamburg: GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies.
    • Portela, C. & Von Soest, C. (2012). GIGA Sanctions Dataset Codebook, 12 August version. Hamburg: GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies.
    • (2012)
    • Portela, C.1    Von Soest, C.2
  • 76
    • 77956029711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    • Ragin, C.C. (2000). Fuzzy-set social science. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    • (2000) Fuzzy-set social science
    • Ragin, C.C.1
  • 78
    • 33746820558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Access by accident: Legitimacy claims and democracy promotion in authoritarian Central Asia
    • Schatz, E. (2006). Access by accident: Legitimacy claims and democracy promotion in authoritarian Central Asia. International Political Science Review 27(3): 263-284.
    • (2006) International Political Science Review , vol.27 , Issue.3 , pp. 263-284
    • Schatz, E.1
  • 80
    • 79952730857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opening old bottles in search of new wine: On nondemocratic legitimacy in the Middle East
    • Schlumberger, O. (2010). Opening old bottles in search of new wine: On nondemocratic legitimacy in the Middle East. Middle East Critique 19(3): 233-250.
    • (2010) Middle East Critique , vol.19 , Issue.3 , pp. 233-250
    • Schlumberger, O.1
  • 82
    • 84974012884 scopus 로고
    • Economic coercion as an instrument of foreign policy: US economic measures against Cuba and the Dominican Republic
    • Schreiber, A.P. (1973). Economic coercion as an instrument of foreign policy: US economic measures against Cuba and the Dominican Republic. World Politics 25(3): 387-413.
    • (1973) World Politics , vol.25 , Issue.3 , pp. 387-413
    • Schreiber, A.P.1
  • 83
    • 84900578055 scopus 로고
    • The heritage of revolution and the struggle for governmental legitimacy in Mozambique
    • In I.W. Zartman (ed.), Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
    • Schutz, B. (1995). The heritage of revolution and the struggle for governmental legitimacy in Mozambique. In I.W. Zartman (ed.), Collapsed states: The disintegration and restoration of legitimate authority. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
    • (1995) Collapsed states: The disintegration and restoration of legitimate authority
    • Schutz, B.1
  • 84
    • 79956115976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the robustness of crisp-set and fuzzy-set QCA results
    • Skaaning, S.-E. (2011). Assessing the robustness of crisp-set and fuzzy-set QCA results. Sociological Methods and Research 40(2): 391-408.
    • (2011) Sociological Methods and Research , vol.40 , Issue.2 , pp. 391-408
    • Skaaning, S.-E.1
  • 85
    • 85028112441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Military Expenditure Database. Available online at:
    • Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) (2013). Military Expenditure Database. Available online at: www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex/milex_database
    • (2013)
  • 87
    • 0035598102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whatever happened to 'Asian values'?
    • Thompson, M.R. (2001). Whatever happened to 'Asian values'? Journal of Democracy 12(4): 154-165.
    • (2001) Journal of Democracy , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. 154-165
    • Thompson, M.R.1
  • 88
    • 72649107230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ambiguous elections: The influence of non-electoral politics in Ethiopian democratisation
    • Tronvoll, K. (2009). Ambiguous elections: The influence of non-electoral politics in Ethiopian democratisation. Journal of Modern African Studies 47(3): 449-474.
    • (2009) Journal of Modern African Studies , vol.47 , Issue.3 , pp. 449-474
    • Tronvoll, K.1
  • 90
    • 84938748709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are democratic sanctions really counterproductive? Democratization (online first).
    • Von Soest, C. & Wahman, M. (2014). Are democratic sanctions really counterproductive? Democratization (online first). DOI: 10.1080/13510347.2014.888418.
    • (2014)
    • Von Soest, C.1    Wahman, M.2
  • 91
    • 84876025296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Authoritarian regime types revisited: Updated data in comparative perspective
    • Wahman, M., Teorell, J. & Hadenius, A. (2013). Authoritarian regime types revisited: Updated data in comparative perspective. Contemporary Politics 19(1): 19-34.
    • (2013) Contemporary Politics , vol.19 , Issue.1 , pp. 19-34
    • Wahman, M.1    Teorell, J.2    Hadenius, A.3
  • 92
    • 84865836585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deer in headlights: Incompetence and weak authoritarianism after the Cold War
    • Way, L.A. (2012). Deer in headlights: Incompetence and weak authoritarianism after the Cold War. Slavic Review 71(3): 619-646.
    • (2012) Slavic Review , vol.71 , Issue.3 , pp. 619-646
    • Way, L.A.1
  • 93
    • 33846471930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linkage, leverage and the post-Communist divide
    • Way, L.A. & Levitsky, S. (2007). Linkage, leverage and the post-Communist divide. East European Politics and Societies 21(1): 48-66.
    • (2007) East European Politics and Societies , vol.21 , Issue.1 , pp. 48-66
    • Way, L.A.1    Levitsky, S.2
  • 98
    • 49349103713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'A hand upon the throat of the nation': Economic sanctions and state repression, 1976-2001
    • Wood, R.M. (2008). 'A hand upon the throat of the nation': Economic sanctions and state repression, 1976-2001. International Studies Quarterly 52(3): 489-513.
    • (2008) International Studies Quarterly , vol.52 , Issue.3 , pp. 489-513
    • Wood, R.M.1
  • 99
    • 77952938744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The political terror scale (PTS): A re-introduction and a comparison to CIRI
    • Wood, R.M. & Gibney, M. (2010). The political terror scale (PTS): A re-introduction and a comparison to CIRI. Human Rights Quarterly 32(2): 367-400.
    • (2010) Human Rights Quarterly , vol.32 , Issue.2 , pp. 367-400
    • Wood, R.M.1    Gibney, M.2
  • 100
    • 85028112891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Development Indicators. Available online at:
    • World Bank (2011). World Development Indicators. Available online at: http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators
    • (2011)


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.